Author name: Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Constitution as a Living Document Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Constitution as a Living Document NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 9

Constitution as a Living Document Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 9

Question 1.
Choose the correct statement from the following:-
A Constitution needs to be amended from time to time because
a. circumstance change and require suitable charges in the constitution.
b. a document written at one point of time becomes outdated after some time.
c. every generation should have a constitution of its own liking.
d. it must reflect the philosophy of the existing government.
Answer:
(a) Circumstance change and require suitable charges in the constitution.

Question 2.
Write True/False against the following statements :
a. The President cannot send back an amendment bill for re-consider-1 atom of the President.
b. Elected representatives alone have the power to amend the constitution
c. The Judiciary cannot initiate the process of constitutional amendment but can effectively change the Constitution by interpreting it differently.
d. The Parliament can amend any section of the constitution
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c ) True
(d) False

Question 3.
Which of the following are involved in the amendment of the Indian constitution? In what way are they involved?
Followings are involved in the amendment of the Constitution
1. President of India
2. State legislative
3. Parliament.
In the amendment of the constitution basically. Parliament, state legislature and President of India are involved.
The amendment process is initiated in the Parliament when a constitutional amendment bill is introduced in the either house and when it is passed in that house, it is sent to the next house.

When it is passed by Parliament’s . both houses with required majority then it is sent to the President of India for his assent. If the amendment affects the states, then it is required to be ratified by the assemblies of 50% states.

Question 4.
You have read in this chapter that the 42nd amendment was one of the most controversial amendments so fan Which of the following were the reasons for his controversy?
a. It was made during national emergency, and the declaration of that emergency was it self controversial
h It was made without the support of special majority.
c. It was made without the ratification by state legislature.
d It contained provisions, which were controversial.
Answer:
42nd Constitutional amendment was most controversial following were the reasons for this controversy:
(a) It was made during national emergency and. the declaration of that emergency was itself controversial.
(b) It was made without the support of special majority
(c) It was made without ratification by state legislatures.
(d) It contained provisions, which were most controversial.

Question 5.
Which of the following is not a reasonable explanation of the conflict between the legislature and the judiciary over different amendments.
(a) Different interpretations of the Constitution are possible.
(b) In a democracy, debates, and differences are natural.
(c) Constitution has given higher importance to certain rules and principles and also allowed for amendment by special majority.
(d) Legislature cannot be trusted to protect the rights of the citizens.
(e) Judiciary can only decide the constitutionality of a particular law, cannot resolve political debates about its need.
Answer:
(d) Legislature cannot be trusted to protect the rights of the citizens.

Question 6.
Identify the correct statements about the theory of basic structure. Correct the incorrect statements.
(a) Constitutions specifies the basic tenets.
(b) Legislature can amend all parts of the Constitution except the basic structure.
(c) Judiciary has defined, which aspects of the Constitution can be termed as the basic structure and which cannot
(d) The theory found its first expression is the Kesavananda Bharati case and has been discussed/ in subsequent judgements.
(e) This theory has increased the power of judiciary and has come to be accepted by different political parties and the government.
Answer:
All the above statements are correct.

Question 7.
From the information that many amendments were made during 2000-2003, which of the following conclusions would you draw.
a. Judiciary did not interfere in the amendments, made during this period,
b. Our political party had a strong majority during this period.
c. There was strong pressure from the public in favour of certain amendments.
d. There were no real differences among the parties during this time.
e. The amendments were of non-controversial nature and parties had an agreement on the subject of amendments.
Answer:
We. draw the following conclusions from the information we get about the amendments between 2000-2003 (9.) Judiciary did not interfere in the amendments made during this period. The amendments were of non-controvenial nature and parties had an agreement on the subject of amendments.

Question 8.
Explain the reason for requiring special majority for amending the Constitution.
Answer:
Amendment to the Constitution requires two different kinds of special majorities. In the first place, those voting in favour of the amendment bill should constitute at least half of the total strength of that house. Secondly ’ the supporters of the amendment bill must also constitute two third of votes.

Who actually take part in the voting. Both the houses must pass the amendment bill separately in the manner. First significant reason of this requirement is that if only 300 members-are present in the house of 545, it will require the support of 273 members and otherwise also it will require the support of 273 members. It will ensure sufficient consensus over the proposed amendment bilk The basic principle behind the amending proceeding is that it should be based on broad support among the political parties and Parliamentarians.

Question 9.
Many amendments to the Constitution of India have been made due to different interpretation upheld by the judiciary and the Parliament-explain with examples.
Answer:
It is true that a number of amendments are a product of different interpretations of the Constitution by foe judiciary and the government of the day. Whenever the Parliament did not relish the decision of the judiciary on a particular issue, it resorts to amendment of the Constitution to overcome that ruling of the judiciary.

In the period of 1970 to 1975 it happend frequently and Parliament made amendments repeatdly to overcome the adverse inter pretations by the judiciary. It tiappend also in the context of that period. For example in 1967, in Golakhnath case, Supreme Court reversed its earliar decisions on the power of Parliament to amend the Fundamental rights and ruled that Parliament cannot amend the Fundamental Rights.

To overcome this ruling of Judiciary, Parliament passed 38th and 39th and 40th amendment of the constitutional which were later on challenged in Keshwananda Bharti case in’ 1973 in which the concept, of Basic strudice theory orginated. In this case it was ruled by the Supreme court that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but cannot change the basic structure of the constitution. Similarly to over come the ruling of Judiciary in Shahbano Case Parliament amended the Constitution. ‘

Question 10.
If admending powers is with the elected repersetatives, judiciary should not have the power to decide the validity of amendments. Do you agree? Gvie reasons in 100 words.
Answer:
The power of the constitutional amendment is with the Parliament which is constituted by the elected representatives of the people. It is thought that these selected representatives would be better judge of the need to change the Constitution as per demand of the circumstances.

But they certainly need a check of judiciary so that they would not misuse and misinterpret their power. Constitution makers have given their power to the judiciary in the name of the power of judicial review. Had the judiciary been not given this power the elected repersentative$ would have amended this Constitution more than 200 times enstructing the entire Constitution with the power of Judicial review.

The judiciary test the Constitutional validity of such amendment. The thought that it had the power and responsibility to make laws for furtherning the welfare of the poor, backward and the needy. Judiciary insists that all these amendments and changes have to take place within the framework of the Constitution and pro-people measures (populist measures) should not by pass legal procedures.

You can not make laws even with good intentions by passing the legal procedure because that, can give an excuse to the power holders to use their power arbitrarily. The democracy is as much about checks on arbitrary use of power as it is about the well being of the people. It is the main responsibilty and power of judiciary.

The decisison of the judiciary in Keshwa Nand case 1973 emphasises this point by making spirit of the Constitution more important than letters of the constitution. It is because of this that judiciary should have the power to test the validity of the constitution.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 8 Local Governments Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Local Governments NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 8

Local Governments Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 8

Question 1.
Constitution of India visualised village Panchayats as units of self¬government. Think over the situation described in the following statements and explain how do these situations strengthen or weaken the panchayats in becoming units of self governments.

(a) Government of a state has allowed a big company to establish a huge steel plant. Many villages would be adversely affected by the steel plant. Gram Sabha of one of the affected villages passed a resolution that before establishing any big industries in the region, village people must be consulted and their grievances should be red- ressed.

(b) The government has decided that 20% of all its expenditure would be done through the panchayats.

(c) A village panchayat kept on demanding funds for a building for a’. village school, the government officials turned down their proposal saying that funds are allocated for certain other schemes and cannot be spent otherwise.

(d) The government divided a village Dungarpur into two and made a part of village Jamuna and Sohana. Now village Dungarpur has ceased to exist in government’s books.

(e) A village panchayat observed that water sources of their region are depleting fast. They decided to mobilise youth to do some voluntary work and revive the old village ponds and wells.
Answer:
a) In this situation the gram Panchayats will be weakened because the government has taken the decision of setting of a huge plant without consulting the villagers and village Panchayat.

(b) Second situation will also affect adversely to Panchayat because it will cause financial burden on Panchayat.

(c) Third situation also ignore the Panchayat is demand of building for a school. Therefore this is a case of weakening village Panchayat

(d) Fourth case is also case of weakening village Panchayat.

(e) Fifth case is of strengthening the village Panchayat as it is case of co-operation among the villagers under the leadership of village Panchayat.

Question 2.
Suppose you are entrusted to evolve a local government plan of a state, what powers would you endow to the village Panchayats to function as unit of self Government? Mention any five powers and the justification in two lines for each of them for giving those powers.
Answer:
We would give powers to the village Panchayat in following five areas:
1. In the field of education.
2. In the field of health.
3. In the field of agriculture development
4. In the field of marketing the produce.
5. In the field of mobilisation of its financial resource
Village are dependent on agriculture so there needs are also agriculture based. Therefore Panchayats should be involved in agriculture development and to improve the economy of the village. Panchayats should also be involved in improving the educational and health standard of the villagers.

Question 3.
What arc the provisions for the reservation for the socially dis-advantaged groupsrtsper the 73rd Amendment? Explain how these provisions have changed the profile of the leadership at the village level.
Answer:
In 73rd Amendment of Constitution of India one third seats have been reserved for women and similarly one third seats are reserved for Scheduled castes in village Panchayats, Block Samitis and Zila Parishads.

With this reservation the participation of women and Scheduled castes has been ensured. This has brought about sea change in the confidence of these sections. They have become responsible and have got opportunity to express worth in the administration at local level.

Question 4.
What were the main difference between the local governments before 73rd amendment and after that amendment?
Answer:
1. Before 73rd amendment the local governments were organised on the basis of state’s order, but after 73rd amendment local government got the constitutional status.

2. Before 73rd amendment Scheduled castes and women were not ad-equately represented in local governments but after 73rd amendment women and scheduled castes got 33% reservation each.

3. Before 73rd amendment elections were indirect but after 73rd amend-ment elections became direct.

4. Before 73rd amendment tenure were indefinite but now tenure is fixed.

5. Before 73rd amendment they were financially weak but now they are financially sound.

Question 5.
Read the following conversation. Write in two hundred words your opinion about the issues raised in this conversation.
Alok: Our Constitution guarantees equality between men and women. Reservations iii local bodies for women ensure their equal share in power.
Neha: But it is not enough that women should be in position of power. It is necessary that the budget of local bodies should have seperate provision for women.
Jayesh: I don’t like this reservation business. A local body must take care of all people in the village and that would automatically take care of women and their interests.
Answer:
The working of local Governments in different states during last 50 years suggest that women and weaker sections of the society like Sched¬uled castes and Scheduled tribes regained unrepresented if there was some representation, it was minimum in proportion to their population.

After 73rd and 74th amendment 33% seats are reserved for women and 33% seats are reserved for scheduled castes in rural and urban local governments which definitely ensured the representations of women and scheduled castes in their proportion and made them powerful.

It is also a fact that reservation is not the ultimate answer for empowerment of the women and Scheduled castes. Socio-economic environment should be condusive for the involvement of all sections of the society in political process and decisions making process in proportion to their population.

It is also fact that local government should be allowed to mobilise their strength ‘and resources and they should be adequately financed by the state and central government. Local governments should involves all the villages so that a feeling of collectivty and co-operation is developed irrespective of caste and sex consideration.

Question 6.
Read the provisins of the 73rd Amendment Which of the following concerns does this amendment address?
a. Fear of replacement makes representative accountable to the people.
b. The dominant castes and feudal landlords dominate the local bodies.
c. Rural illiteracy is very high, illiterate people cannot take decisions about the development of the village.
d. To be effective the village Panchayats need resources and powers to make plans for the village development.
Answer:
‘D’ addresses the 73rd amendment which says that to be effective the village Panchayats need resources and powers to make plans for the village development.

Question 7.
Following are different justification given in favour of local government Give them ranking and explain why you attach greater significance to a particular rationale than the others. According to you, on which of these rationales the decision of the Gram Panchayat of Vengaivasal village was based? How?
(a) Government can complete the projects with lesser cost with the involvement of the local community
(b) The development plans made by the local people will have greater acceptability than those made by the government officers.
(c) People know their area, needs problems and priorities. By collective participation they should discuss and take decisions about their life.
(d) It is difficult for the common people to contact their representatives of the State or the national legislature.
Answer:
My ranking of the above rational will be as under
1. c.
2. a
3. b
4. d
Justification of ranking.
‘C’. This rationale says that people of the area know the problems and priorities of the area than others, so they should be allowed to take decisions about themselves.
a. If local people are involved in a project the cost will be lesser
b. The development plan prepared by the local people will be accepted by the people quickly.
d. It is difficult for the common people to have contact with MLAs and MPs
The decision of the Gram Panchayat of Vengaivasal village is based on rational ‘C’ which says that people of the area know the problems and priorities of the area. So by collective participation they should discuss and take the dicisions about their like. It shows that the decisions of the Panchayat of the village Vengaivasal resembles with our ranking of the given rationales.

Question 8.
Which of the following according to you involve decentralisation? Why are other options not sufficient for decentralisation?
a. To hold election of Gram Panchayat
b. Decision by the villagers themselves about what policies and
programmes are useful for the village.
c. Power to call meeting Gram Sabha.
d. A Gram Panchayat receving the report from the Block Development Officer about the progress of a project started by the State government.
Answer:
‘B’ statement given in B involves decentralisation because it is related with the decisions taken by the villagers about themselevs. Other statements do not involve decentralisation to the extent because in a holding of elections of gram Panchayat is given. In ‘C’ power to call a meeting of gram Sabha and statement’d’ is related with just getting the report from the Block Development Officer about the progress of a project.

Question 9.
A student of Delhi University Raghavendra Parpanna, wanted to study the role of decentralisation in decision making about primary education. He asked some questions to the villagers. There questions are given below. If you were among those villagers, what answer would you give to each of these questions?
A meeting of the Gram Sabha is to be called to discuss what steps should be taken, to enure that every child of the village goes to the school.
(a) How would you decide the suitable day for the meeting? Think who would be able to attend/not attend the meeting because of your choice.
i. A day specified by the B.D.O. or the collector
ii. Day of the village hat
iii. Sunday
iv. Naag panchmi/Sankranti
Answer:
A day specified by the BDO or the collector.

b. What is suitable venue for the meeting? Why?
(i) Venue suggested by the circular of the district collector
(ii) Religious place in the village
(iii) Dalit Mohalla
(iv) Upper Caste Tola
(v) Village School.
Answer:
Village school will be suitable venue for the meeting because that is the common place of the village where every villager would come.

‘c’ In the Gram Sabha meeting firstly a circular sent by the district collector was read. It suggested what steps should be taken to organise an education rally and what should be its route. The meeting did not discuss about the children who never come to school or about girl’s education or the condition of the school building and the timing of the school. No women teacher attended the meeting as it was held on Sunday.
What do you think about these proceedings as an instance of people’s participation?
Answer:
This is the description of real state of affairs about the local government in which no real participation and involvement of the local people do not take place. Meetings are held on inconvinent dates and times and they are just informed about the decisions. Women do not g6t adequate representation and if. at participate their voice remain unheard.

‘d’ Imagine your class as the Gram Sabha. Discuss the agenda of the meeting mid suggest some steps to realise the goal.
Answer:
It our class were be a Gram Sabha our agenda regarding the welfare, participation and involvement of the people will be discussed and Nonsenses will be achieved to take the steps for realising the goal of decentral i sal ion. For this following steps can be suggested :

• The goal will be the development of the village with the involvement of the people of the village.
• Decentralisation has to be maximum
• Our representation of women has to be ensured
• Our representation of weaker section has to be ensured
• Co-ordination with the local officers has to t|p achieved
• Governments plans and policies should reach to the villagers.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Federalism Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Federalism NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7

Federalism Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7

Question 1.
From the list of following events which ones would you identify with the functioning of federalism? Why?
Answer:
(a) The centre on Tuesday announced sixth schedule status to GNLF-led Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, which would ensure greater autonomy to the governing body in the Hill district of West Bengal. A tripartite Memorandum of settlement was signed in New Delhi between the centre, West Bengal Government and Subhas Ghising-led Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) after two days of hectic deliberations.

(b) Government for action plan for rain-hit states: Centre has asked the rain-ravaged states to submit detailed plans for reconstruction to enable it to respond to their demands for extra relief expeditiously.

(c) New Commissioner for Delhi: The Capital is getting a new Municipal Commissioner. Confirming this, present MCD Commissioner Rakesh Mehta said he has received his transfer orders and that he is likely to be replaced by IAS Officer Ashok Kumar, who is serving as the Chief Secretary in Arunachal Pradesh. Mehta, a 1975 batch IAS Officer, has been heading the MCD for about three-and-a-half years.

(d) CU Status for Manipur University : Rajya Sabha on Wednesday passed a Bill to convert the Manipur University into a Central University with the Human Resource Development Minister promising such institu¬tions in the North Eastern States of Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura and Sikkim as well.

(e) Funds released: The centre has released Rs. 5.53 lakh to Arunachal Pradesh under its rural water supply scheme. The first instalment was of Rs. 466.81 Lakh.

(f) We”ll teach the Biharis how to live in Mumbai: Around 100 Shiv Sainiks stromed JJ. Hospital, disrupted daily operations, raised slogans and threatened to take matters into their own hands if no action was taken againt non-Maharashtrian students.

(g) Demand for dismissal of Government: The Congress Legislature Party (CLP) in a respresentation submitted to State Governor recently, has demanded dismisal of the ruling Democratic Alliance of Nagaland (DAN) government for its alleged financial mismanagement-and embezzlement of publkmoney.

(h) NDA govemment asks naxalites to surrender arms: Amid a walkout by opposition RJD and its allies Congress and CPI

(M) The Bihar government today appealed to the naxalities to shun the path of violence and reaffirmed its pledge to root out unemployment to usher in a new era of development in Bihar.
Answer:
We consider ‘a’ of the above situations of the functioning of Federalism as it involves the decentralisation of powers of the state with autonomous council which represent a particular area with homogenous cultures and interests. Second Para which shows the functioning of Federation, is ’b’ is which centre has instructed the rain hit states to submit the details of the damage so that necessary story assistance can be provided. This is responsibilty of centre, Para ‘E’ is also example of functioning of federalism as centre has released the funds for water supply.

Question 2.
Think which of the following statements would be correct. State why?
a. Federalism enhances the possibility of people from different regions to interact without the fear of one’s culture being imposed upon them by other.
b. Federal system will hinder easier economic transaction between two different regions that have distinct types of resources.
c. Federal system will ensure the powers of those at the centre will remain limited.
Answer:
The correct position of the above is in ‘c’ paragraph which says that the power of centre will be limited because its powers will be decentalised which is essential characteristic of a federal system.

Question 3.
Based on the just few articles of Belgian constitution,given below- explain how federalism is visualised In that country. Try and write a similar Article for the Constitution of India.
Art. 1. Belgium is a federal state made up of communities and regions.
Art. 2. Belgium is made up of three communities. The French community: The Flemish community and the German Community.
Art.3. Belgium is made up of three regions. The Waloon regions, the Flemish regions and the Brussels regions.
Art.4., Belgium has four linguistic regions. The French speaking region, the Dutch speaking begins, the bilingual regions of Brussels capital and the German speaking region. Each community (country borough) of the kingdom is part of three linguistic regions…….
Art. 5. The Waloon region is made up of the following provinces. The Waloon Brobent, Hainault. Leige, Luxemburg and Namue. The Flemish region is made up of the following provinces. Antweep, The Flemish Brahant. West Flanders. East Flanders and Limburg.
Answer:
From the above description it is clear that the Belgium society is a plural society with different communities and languages living in different communces, regions and provinces. Due to diversity in society Belgium certainly needs Federal structure. It should be the federation of different provinces having different linguistic regions and provinces.

Indian society is also plural society with different religions, geographical identities, languages and dilects. Today it is federation of 28 states which have been created largely on the basis of languages. India is federal but have dominant unitary featurs which have been introduced in the Constitution due to the historical lessons and the possible threats to National integration.

There is constitutional provision of divisions of power between the centre and states. States have been made strong in their own areas. Indian federal is based on the co-operation and co-ordination of both in centre and states.

Question 4.
Imagine that you will to rewrite the provisions regarding federalism. Write an essay of not more than 300 words making your suggestions about:
a. division of powers among the centre and states.
b. distribution of financial powers.
c. methods of resolving inter-state disputes and
d. appointment of Governors.
Answer:
In a plural and diverse society, the federal polity is necessary condition for the democratic set up and fulfillment of local and regional aspirations of the people. The federal structure must be designed according to the con-stitutional scheme. The first requirement constitutional scheme will be the distribution of powers which must be On the true principles of federalism.

It means the centre must be creation of the states and centre must be given limited powers of national and international importance. The residual powers should also be with the states. There should be co-operation and cordination between the centre and states for the development and national integration of the country.

The states must be administravely and financially autonomous. The states must be financially self dependence. Their dependence on the centre must be minimum. The local resources of the states should be mobilised to the maximum limit to strengthen their economy.

There should not be any kind of regional disparity. The distribution of national resources among the states should be on national formula. Their should be cooperation among the states also in improving the economy of each other.

The inter-state disputes are bound to emerge in federal set up which should be settled either mutual co-operation and understanding or by Inter-state council or by the awards of committees and commissions.

Governors are the executive head of the state who are appointed by the President on the advice of council of ministers. In fact in practice this appointment has became political. This post is supposed to be most respected post but today this has become most defamed post because of controversial decisions and behaviour of the Governors.

Therefore it is very much essential that there should be no politicisation of the post of Governor and the appointment of high ability and integrity must be ensured on this post.

Question 5.
Which of the following should be the basis for formation of States? Why?
a. Common Language
b. Common Economic Interests; c. Common religion
d. Administrative convenience
Answer:
Although in India common Language is the basis of State formation as per state Reorganisation Act 1956 but administrative convience should be the first creative because common religion interests and common ecnomic interest will lead to parochialism which may pose danger for the national integrity.

Question 6.
Majority of people from the States of north India Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar speak Hindi. If all these states are combined to form one State. Would it be in tune with the idea of federalism? Give arguments.
Answer:
If all the states which speak Hindi namely Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are combined to form one State, it will be a homogenous unit and can be made one single state but such a big area r will not be condusive for administrative convinience. Already three states are formed more on the basis of administrative convinience rather than any other factor.

Question 7.
List four features of the Indian constitution that give greater power to the Central Government than the State Government.
Answer:
Followings are four features of the Indian Constitution that give greater power to the Central Government:

• Distribution of powers in favour of centre.
• Emergency powers for the present Art 352
• President rule in State Art 356.
• All India Government Service.

Question 8.
Why are many States unhappy about the role of Governor?
Answer:
Many states are unhappy with the Governor perhaps rightly because they discharge their duties in partial manners. Most of the time they misuse their discretionary powers and create controvery. Most of the times the President Rule has been imposed as unjustified basis.

The Governor is supposed to be the representative or agent of the centre but he has become the agent of the ruling party at the centre. The Governors are appointed without consulting the Chief Ministers which lead to controversies between the chief ministers and Governors. Bihar, Jharkhand and Goa are the recent examples of the controversial positions of the Governors.

Question 9.
President’s rule can be imposed in a State if the Government is not being run according to the provisions of the Constitution. State whether any of the following condition are a fit case for imposition of President’s rule in the State. Give reasons.
(a) Two members of the state legislative assembly belonging to the main opposition party have been killed by criminals and the opposition is demanding dismissal of the state Government.
(b) Kidnapping of young children for ransom is on rise. The number of crimes against women are increasing.
(c) No political party has secured majority in the recent elections
of the State legislative Assembly. It is feared that some MLAs from other parties may be lured to support a political party in return for money.
(d) Different political parties are ruling in the state and at the centre and they are bitter opponents of each other.
(e) More than 2000 people have been killed in the communal riots.
(f) In the water dispute between the two States, one State government
refused to follow the decision of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
‘C’ case is the fit case of imposition of President rule as has happened in Bihar recently. In this situation chances of defection and purchase and sale of legislature increases.

Question 10.
What are the demands raised by States in their querst for greater autonomy?
Answer:
Following are the demands of the states in the name of autonomy:
1. Division of powers should be in favour of States.
2. States should have independent sources of revence and greater control over the resources.
3. More administrative powers of the states and less interference of the centre in states.
4. Autonomy in cultural and linguistic matters.
5. More financial autonomy.

Question 11.
Should some states be governed by special provisions? Does this create resentment among other States? Does this help in forging greater unity among the regions of the country?
Answer:
Although, as per the priniciple of Federal System, there should be equality in the treatment of all the states, whether a state is big or small But in India there is not only unequal representation but there is unequal treatment with the states due to this reason or that reason. Constitution has some special provisions for some states given their peculiar, social and historical circumstances.

Most of the special provisions pertain to the northeastern states (Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram etc. are due to indigenous tribal population with a district history and culture. (Art. 371) Similarly Jammu & Kashmir has a special status which was given under Art 370 under difficult historical circumstances.

Such type of special and preferencial treatment certainly do not generate co-operation and unity, because other states also raise the demand for special rights and the demands become competitive. In such situation development national integration became the casualty.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Judiciary Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Judiciary NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6

Judiciary Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6

Question 1.
What are the different ways in which the independence of the Judiciary is ensured? Choose the odd ones out.
I. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is consulted in the appointment of other Judges of Supreme Court.
II. The judges an generally not removed before the age of retirement.
III. Judge of a High Court cannot be transferred in another High Court.
IV. Parliament has no say in the appointment of Judges.
From the above the odd One out is answer II which says that Judges are generally not removed before the age of retirement.
Answer:
II. The judges an generally not removed before the age of retirement.

Question 2.
Does independence of the Judiciary mean that the Judiciary is not accountable to any one? Write your answer is not more than 100 words.
Answer:
Independence of Judiciary does not mean that it is unaccountable. In fact like other organs of the Government it is also the product of the Constitution hence, it is also required as per the scheme of the Constitution and objective of the Constitution. Independence of Judiciary means that it will be allowed to work without undue interference of executive and legislature.

Judiciary will ensure the working of democracy and it is for this objective Judiciary is accountable. It is fact the conduct of judges cannot be discouraged in legislative but the judges can be impeached by the Parliament for their working in an unbecoming manner. So we cannot say that Judiciary is not accountable to any one.

Question 3.
What are the different provisions in the Constitution in order to maintain the independence of Judiciary.
Answer:
Followings are the main provisions in the constitution to maintain the independence of Judicary.
1. The Legislature is not involved in the matter of appointment of Judges.
2. Definite qualifications and experiences have been set for the appointment of Judges.
3. Judges have long and fixed tenure and the process of their removal is very lenthy and difficult.
4. The Judiciary is not financially dependent on the executive of Legsilature.
5. The actions and decisons of the Judges are immunce from personal criticism.
6. Judiciary has the power to punish those who are found committing contempt of courts.
7. The decisions of the courts are binding.

Question 4.
Read the news report below and identify the following aspects.
1. What is the case about?
2. Who has been the beneficiary in the case?
3. Who is the petitioner in the case?
4. Visalise what would have been the different arguments put forward by the company.
5. What arguments would the farmers have put forward?
Supreme Court orders REL to pay Rs. 300 crore to Dahanu farmers. Mumbai:- The Supreme Court has ordered Reliance Energy to pay Rs.300 crore to farmers who grow the chikoo fruit in the Dahanu area outside Muftibai.The order comes after the chikoo growers petitioned the court against the pollution caused by Reliance’s thermal power plant Dahanu, which is 150 km from Mumbai, was a self sustaining agricultural and horticultural economy known for its fisheries and forests just over a decade ago, but was devastated in 1989 when a thermal power plant came into operation in the region. The next year, this fertile belt saw its first crop failure.

Now 70 percent of the crop of what was once the fruit -a bowl of Maharashtra is gone. The fisheries have shut and the forest corner has thinned. Farmers and environmentalists say that fly ash from the power plant entered ground water and polluted the entire eco system. The Dahanu Taluka Environment Protection Authority ordered the thermal station to set up a pollution control unit to reduce sulphur emissions and in spite of Supreme Court order backing the order the pollution control plant was not set up even by 2002.

In 2003 Reliance acquired the thermal station and resubmitted a schedule for installation process in 2004. As the pollution control plant is still not set up, the Dahanu Taluka Environmental protection Authority asked Reliance for a bank guarantee of Rs. 300 crores.
Answer:
1. The case is about the compensation to Chikoo growing farmers of Dahanu areas in leiu of lost suffered by them due to loss of crop of chikoo fruits due to harmful emission of thermal power plant set up in that area.

2. The chikoo growing farmers of Dahanu area were the beneficiery of the decision of Supreme Court in this case.

3. Chikoo growing farmers of the Dahanupur area are the petitioner in this case.

4. The Reliance Company would have arguing in the court for setting up a pollution control plant to check the harmful emission.

5. The farmers would have argued that the economy as well as eco-system is shattered due to harmful emission of the thermal power plant.

Question 5.
Read the following news report and,
1. Identify the Governments at different levels
2. Identify the’ role of Supreme Court
3. What elements of the working of Judiciary and executive can you identify in it?
4. Identify the policy issues, matters related to Legislation, implementation and interpretalion of the law involved in this. case.
Centre; Delhi join hands on CNG issue New Delhi Sept. 22. The Centre and Delhi Government today agreed to jointly approach the Supreme Court this coming week for phasing out of all non-CNG commerical vehicles us the capital. They also decided to seek a dual fuel policy for the city instead of putting the entire transportation system on the single-fuel mode which was full of dangers and would result in disaster.”

It was also decided to discourage the use of CNG by private vehicle owners in the capital. Body governments would press for allowing the use of 0.05 percent low sulphur diesel for running of buses in the Capital. In addition, it would be pleaded before the court that all commerical vehicles which fulfil the Euro-II standards, should be allowed to ply in the city! Through both the Centre and State would file separate affidavits, these would contain common points. The centre would also go out and support the Delhi Government’s stand on the issues concerning CNG.
Answer:
1. The Governments which are involved in this case are central Government and Delhi Government.

2. The Supreme Court wilfkave^jole in deciding the case on the bases of norms of pollution control in Delhi due to Transportation system.

3. Executive will decide the policy on hire issue and judiciary will see and judge the extent of violation of norms of anti-potiutioB policy.

4. The policy issue is use of CNG and to allow the plying of various categories of the vehicles in Delhi. Government will have to present its policy and related law on this issue. In the matter of interpretation of policy and law of the Government, anti pollution security will be at the stake which is to be kept in the mind by the court while deciding on the affidavits of policy of central and Delhi Government on this issue.

Question 6.
Give an imaginary situation and state the role of Chief Justice. Also mention the different factors like experience, age, political learning and a possible difference of opinion between Government and Chief Justice.
Answer:
The judges are appointed by the President of India (which means state) to court and different High Courts with the consultation of Chief Justice of India. Although definite qualifications and experience are given in the constitution for tHe appointment of judges, yet while selecting a person to the appointed a judge some other conditions can also influence the process and decisions of the Government. Chief Justice is consulted but his opinions is not final. The philosophy and working of judges also matters.

Question 7.
The following is a statement about Ecuador. What similarities do you find between this example and the judicial system of India? “It would be helpful if a body of common law, or judicial precedent,existed that could clarify a journalist’s rights. Unfortunately Ecuador’s court do not work that way. Judges are not forced to respect the rulings of Higher Courts in previous cases unlike the US an appellate judge in Ecuador (or elsewhere in South America, for that matter) need not provide a written decision explaining the Legal basis of a ruling. A judge many rule one way today and the opposite way in a similar case, tomorrow, without explaining why”
Answer:
In Indian judicial system the previous decisions and precedents on a particular issue have a forceful binding on the decision of the judges. This is dissimilarly with the example given here because in Ecuador’s court the judges are not forced to respect the ruling of Higher Courts in previous court. He does not need written explanation of the basis of his decisions. The similarly is that In India also the judge can change their decision in new situations.

Question 8.
Read the following statements : Match then with the different Jurisdiction the Supreme Court can exercise-Original, Appellate and Advisory.

1. The Government wanted to know, if it can pass a law about the citizenship status of residents of Pakistan-occupied areas of Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer:
Advisory Jurisdiction.

2. Inorder to resolve the dispute about river Cauvery the Government of Tamil Nadu wants to approach the court
Answer:
Original jurisdiction

3. Court rejected the appeal by people against the eviction from the dam site.
Answer:
Appellate jurisdiction.

Question 9.
In what way can public interest litigation help the poor?
Answer:
PIL (Public Interest Litigation) is a revolitionary development in the dispensation of justice. It means that the case of such person who are unable to raise themselves can be raised by from other person or some other institution Through. PIL the judiciary has shown readiness to take into consideration rights of those poor section of the society who cannot easily approach the courts.

For this purpose judiciary has allowed Public spritual citizens and social organisations to file the petition’s on their behalf. This has helped the poor in a great way. Justice P.N. Bhagawti played pioneer role in Bandhua Mukti Morcha V/s Union of India are 1984. This concept has helped in the liberation of many Bandhua Majdoors.

Question 10.
Do you think that judicial activism can lead to a conflict between the judiciary and the executive? Why?
Answer:
Indian Judiciary is given the power of judicial review which empowerd judiciary to test the constitutional validity of the orders issued by the executive and the laws passed by the Legislature. In India judicial review is based on the principle of procedure established by Law which does not allow Judiciary to comment on policy matters and justness or unjustness of any order or Law.

It can comment only on the procedural aspect. It has to see that a law or order is as per provisions (meaning of the written word) of the Constitution. But in India judiciary is going beyond this allowed jurisdiction that is why it is regarded as judicial activision which is not being accepted or appreciated by the executive or legislatures. However people at large are appreciating this kind of judicial activism became Judiciary is exposing executive and checking their arbitrariness.

It is became of this there is certainly conflict between the judiciary and executive. Large number of policy matters of the executives have been struck down by the executive and many corrept policies and scandals of the bureucrats and politicians have been exposed by the judiciary.

Question 11.
How is Judicial activism related to protection of Fundamental Rights?Has it helped in expanding the scope of Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
By way of exercising the power of Judicial Review, judiciary has certainly helped in protecting the Fundamental Rights of the citizens in more effective way. Judiciary in India is working as effectively as the Supreme Court of USA. However like USA, due process of Law does not prevail in India.

Indian Judiciary in deciding on policies and programmes in different areas. It is protecting the Fundamental Rights of laboureres, farmers prisioners, women, minorities and weaker sections of the society. Judicial activism, although it may not be liked by the executive, but it has helped in making Indian successful and meaningful for the citizens of India. Judiciary is deciding the norms on different issues like wages and working conditions of the labourers, pollution, living conditions of the prisioners in jails etc. Judicial activism is certainly helpful in realisation of Fundamental Rights.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Legislature Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Legislature NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5

Legislature Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5

Question 1.
Alok thinks that a country needs an efficient government that look after the welfare of the people. So, if we simply elected our Prime-minister and Ministers and left to them the task of government, we will not need a legislature. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The Government without Legislature is inconceivable in modern welfare state. Even in ancient monarchies, there used to be some advisory body on whose enlighted consent the morarch used to be dependent. From this small advisory body evolved today is big sized representive Parliament which is very much necessary to give popular and representative government.

Democracy is a Government of discussion, debate and dialogue which is held at the forum of the Parliament which becomes the base of the policies and decisions of the government. Direct election of Prime-minister and minister will be useless because they will also need a platform of discussion and debate.

In USA and other Presidential system of Government the Presidents are almost directly elected by the people even then there is very powerful legislature (Congress) to guide, advise and control the executive. In’modern complex state Parliament is very necessary to represent the people to protect the interest of the people and to have legislative and financial control. The executive, only elected Prime-Minister or minister cannot represent the entire population.

It is the Parliament which are true repositary of the faith of the people and which is soul of the people. Therefore no Government can work without Parliament in today’s modern state.

Question 2.
A class was debating the merits of a bicameral system. The followings points were made during the discussion. Read the arguments and say if you agree or disagree with each of them? Give reasons.

(a) Xena said that bicameral legislature does not serve any purpose.
Answer:
We disagree with Neha that bicameral legislature does not serve any purpose. The second chamber may be weak is some areas in different countries but it certainly serve many purpose which are of under:
1. It checks the arbitrariness of the lower house.
2. it provides the opportunity to review the bills which are passed in haste in Lower house.
3. It gives opportunity to make Public opinion on the bills
4. Second chamber is necessary in Federal System
5. It gives opportunity to represent the minorities.

(b) Shama argued that experts should be nominated in the second chamber.
Answer:
The argument of Shama has same weight. Infact in most of the countries the upper house is known as the representative of experienced and aged persons who give their mature opinions on the bills. In USA Senate is very powerful house and represent the seasonal, experienced and popular leaders. In Britain House of Lord is representative of special classes like Pears and military officers and aristocrates. In India 12 members, who have distinguished themselves in different areas are nominated by the President to Rajya Sabha.

(c) Tridib said that if a country is not a federation, than there is no need to house a second chamber.
Answer:
He is also right because bicameral legislature is needed in Federal system. However in unitary system also bicameral legislature can be useful in may ways.

Question 3.
Why can the Lok Sabha control the executive more effectively than the Rajya Sabha can?
Answer:
Lok Sabha has greater control on Executive in comparison to the Rajya Sabha. There are some reasons for it which are as under :
1. No Confidence motion can be moved only in Lok Sabha and not in Rajya Sabha.
2. Trial of strength of the government (Executive) is tested only in Lok Sabha and not in Rajya Sabha.
3. No money bill can be introduced in Rajya Sabha and it can delay money bill only for 14 days..
5. In Joint session, the writ of Lok Sabha prevails because of its higher numerical strength. .

Question 4.
Rather than effective control of the exective, the Lok Sabha is a platform for the expression of popular sentiments (a) id peoples expectations. Do you agree? Give reasons.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is a popular house and besides controlling the executive, the Lok Sabha is a platform for the expression of popular sentiments and people is expectations as it is repository of the faith and interests of the people as it is representative of common man. Lok Sabha has 543 members of representing 543 electoral constituencies of the country. The representative of the people protect and advocate and promote the interests of the people.

Question 5.
The following are some proposals for making the Parliament more effective. State if you agree or disagree with each of them and give your reasons. Explain what would be the effect if these suggestions were accepted.
(a) Parliament should work for longer period.
Answer:
I agree that to make Parliament more effective, the Parliament should work for longer period. For some years the working houses of the Parliament are wanted in boycotts and hooliganions. Total sittings of the Parliament are also reduced. There is urgent need to ensure the peaceful and un interrupted working of Indian Parliament as a part of reform. Since lot of expendture is involved in the per-minute working of the Parliament, therefore it should give maximum business in terms of work.

(b) Attendence should be made compulsory for members of Parliament.
Answer:
The compulsory attendence will make the members regular in attending and sitting in the house during the main business of the house. It will make the utility of the expenditure in conducting the Parliament.

(c) Speakers should be empowered to penalise members for interrupting the proceeding of the house.
Answer:
It is observed that the trend of frequent and unwanted interruptions of the working of the Parliament is on increase. ‘However it is right of hononurable members of Parliament to interrupt the proceeding but it should be on valid reason and through the process which is provided for. Speaker has lot of powers to maintain order in the house and check unwanted interruptions. He should his use powers effectively so that the business of the house is conducted are peaceful manners.

Question 6.
Arif wanted to know that if ministers propose most of the important bills and if the majority party often gets the government bills passed, what is the role of the Parliament in the law making process? What answer would you give him?
Answer:
In a Parliamentary system of Government most of the bills which are introduced in the Parliament are Government bills because they are introduced by the ministers which are generally passed because the Government has the’ majority of members Of Parliament. Infact it is practical situation.

Theoritically government (Executive) consists only the members of council of ministers headed by the Prime-Minister. Rest of the members of Parliament constitute the legislature which are separate from the executive and this legislature include the members of all the political parties ie; of ruling party and opposite parties. As such all the members should check and control the executive irrespective of Political party as representative of the Government.

Therefore there is significent role of Parliament in discussion, debate and law making process. Wrong decisions and policies of the Government are checked even by the members of Parliament of ruling party. The total support of the members of Parliament of ruling party can not be taken as granted. They have their own role as representative of the people.

Question 7.
Which of the following statements you agree with the most? Give your reasons.
1. Legislators must be free to join any party they want.
2. Anti-defection law has contributed to the domination of the party leaders over the legislators.
3. Defection is always for selfish purposes and therefore a legislator who wants to join another party must be disqualified from being a minister for the next two years.
Answer:
We agree most with the third statement that defection is always a selfish purpose because it is very rare that a person defected on prinicple basis. Therefore they must be punished at least by debarring them to become the minister or to give some assignment of-profit at least for two years so that others may learn the lesson.

Every effort to check the defection including 52 Amendment Act (Anti defection Law) could not check the problem of defection in Indian Politics. Therefore there must be some fear of punishment.

Question 8.
Dolly and Sudha are debating about the efficency and effectiveness of the ParlFaBrerrt-in recent times. Dolly believed that the decline of Indian Parliament is evident in the less time spent on debate and discussion and increase in the disturbances of the functioning of the house and walkout etc. Sudha contends that the fall of different governments on the floor of Lok Sabha is a proof of its vibrancy. What other arguments can you provide to support or oppose the positions of Dolly and Sudha?
Answer:
Dolly is right when she says that there is decline in the quality of debate and discussion in the Parliament. Lot of time is spent in useless activities in the Parliament. Frequent boycott and unruly scenes have become the order of the day which has lowered the prestige and authority of the Parliament.

The functioning of the house is disturbed frequently. Hot ex-changes, unparliamentary languages and sometimes chappals are also ex-changed on the floor of the house. In many state Assemblies violent scenes have been witnessed. All these are the evidence of the decline of the prestige and authority of Parliament .

Frequent fall of different Government as a result of passing No-confidence motion cannot be considered as a proof of vibrancy of the system. Infact it is the consequence of decline of the authority of the Parliament.

Question 9.
Arrange the different stages of passing of bill into a law in their correct sequence.
1. A resolution is passed to admit the bill for discussion;
2. The bill is referred to the President of India-write what happens next if she/he does not sign it.
3. The bill is referred to other house and is passed.
4. The bill is passed in the house in which it was proposed.
5. The bill is read clause by clause and each is voted upon.
6. The bill is referred to sub committee-the committeee makes some changes and sends it back to the house for discussion.
7. The concerned minister proposes the need for a bill.
8. Legislative department is ministry of law, drafts a bill
Answer:
Following is the correct sequence of the stages of law making process:
1. The concerned minister proposes the need for a bill.
2. Legislative department in ministry of law, drafts a bill
3. A resolution is passed to admit the bill for discussion.
4. The bill is referred to the sub-committee, the committee makes some changes and sends it back to the house for discussion.
5. The bill is read clause by clause and each is voted upon.
6. The bill is passed in the house in which it was proposed.
7. The bill is referred to other house and is passed.
8. The bill is referred to the President of India. If he/she signs it becomes law and if he/she does not sign he/she can send it back for reconsideration. After some reconsideration when the bill is referred to President. He/she has to sign it.

Question 10.
How has the system of Parliamentary Committee affected the overseeing and appraisal of legislation by the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament is over burdened due to the pressure of work due to mainly two reasons. Firstly due to the welfare nature of the state the demands are increasing so the number of bills is also on increase. Secondly the number of working hours of Parliament is on decrease due to, frequent disruptions in the working of Parliament.

It is because of these reasons the Parliament gets little time in examining the bills is details. For this purpose the constitution makers provided for the committee system. These committees play vital role not merely in law making but also in the day to day business of the house.

There are number of committees dealing with different aspects of the bill. Every committee goes into every details of the bills. They get relevant and required information from the minister. For that they can call even a minister or the secretary of the department. They go into technical, economic, financial and administrative aspect of the bill and then send their report to the Parliament which are again discussed in the house.

Since 1983 India has developed a system of standing committee system. There are more than 20 such committees which supervise the work of various department. Besides the standing committee there are joint parliamentary committees to discuss a particular bill and investigate the financial irregularities. Committee’s importance can be understood from the fact that the recommendation of the committees are generally accepted.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Executive Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Executive NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4

Executive Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4

Question 1.
A Parliamentary executive means:
a. Executive where there is a Parliament
b. Executive elected by the Parliament
c. Where the Parliament functions as the Executive
d. Executive that is dependent on support of the majority in the Parliament
Answer:
d. Executive that is dependent on support of the majority in the Parliament.

Question 2.
Read this dialogue. Which argument do you agree with? Why?
Answer:
1. Amit: Looking at the constitutional provisions, it seems that the President is only a rubber stamp.
2. Shama: The President appoints the Prime-Minister. So, he must have the powers to remove the Prime-minister as well.
3. Rajesh: We do not need a President After the election, the Parliament can meet and elect a leader to be the Prime-minister.

We agree with the dialogue of Shama that President appoints the Prime- . Minister so he must have the powers t6 remove the Prime-minister who is the leader of the majority party in the LofcSabha. Therefore he does not enjoy much discretion here except when no political party or group of political party gets the majority in the Lok Sabha so as to state claim to form the Government.

Formally President appoints the Prime-minister. In tune of the argument of Shama President has thevpower to remove the Prime Minister as was indicated in the case of President Giani Zail Singh and Rajiv Gandhi relationship.

Under Art. 78 of the Constitution, it is the duty of PM to give every information about the affairs of the State to President and if he does not discharges that duty, the President has power to ensure him. All the inter pretations of Art 78 by the constitutional experts suggested that President can remove the Prime-minister. But this never happened in Parliamentary Democracy in India. A Prime-minister goes only when he looses the majority support in the Lok Sabha.

Match the following:-
1. Works within the particular State in which recruited.- (a) Indian Foreign Service
2. Works in the central Government office located either at the national capital or elsewhere in the country (b) State Civil Services
3. Works in a particular state to which to centre.(c) All India Services alloted; can also be sent on deputation
4. Works in Indian missions abroad (d) Central services
Answer:
1. Works within the particular state in which recruited – (b) State Civil Services
2 Works in the central Government office located either at the national capital or elsewhere in the country – (d) Central services
3. Works in a particular state to which to centre – (c) All India Services alloted : can also be sent on deputation
4. Works in Indian missions abroad – (a) Indian Foreign Service

Question 4.
Identify the ministry which may have released the following news items. Would this be a ministry of the central government or State government? Why?
(a) An official release said that in 2004-05, the Tamil Nadu Text books Corporation would release new versions for standards VII, X and XI
Answer:
State Education ministry is concerned with* this because state government is concerned with the education of VII, X and XI in the state.

(b) A new railway loop line by passing the crowded Tfruvallur. Chennai section to help iron cron exporters. The new line, likely to be about 80 km long, will branch off at Puttum and then reach Athipattu near the Port.
Answer:
Central Government Ministry of Railway is concerned with it because it is a matter related with the railway department and export which is the issue of Central Government.

(c) The three member sub-divisional committee formed to verify suicide be farmers in Ramayampet mandal has found that the two farmers who committed suicide this month have had economic problems due to failure of crops.
Answer:
State agriculture ministry is concerned with this issue as it is related with the failure of crops and the problems of the farmers.

Question 5.
While appointing the Prime-minister, the President selects:
a. Leader of the largest party in the Lok Sabha.
b. Leader of the largest party in the alliance which secures a majority in the Lok Sabha.
c. The leader of the largest party in the Rajya Sabha.
d. The leader of the alliance or party that has the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
a. The Leader of the largest party in the Lok Sabha.

Question 6.
Read this discussion and say which of these statements applies most to India.
Alok : Prime-minister is like a king, he decides everything in our country.
Shekhar: Prime-Minister is only ‘first among equals’, he. does not have special powers. All ministers and PM have similar powers.
Bobby: Prime-Minister has to consider the expectations of the Party. members and other supporters of the government But after all, the Prime minister has a greater say in policy making and in choosing the ministers.
Answer:
On going through the statements of Alok, Shekhar and Bobby, we find Bobby’s statement explains the Indian situation and the position of Indian Prime-minister. Indian Prime-minister has to keep many things in mind while taking any decision. No doubt that the parliamentary tradition gives many powers to him and he is certainly different to his ministers in many ways.

Question 7.
Why do you think is the advice of the Council of Ministers binding on the President? Give your answer in not more than 100 words.
Answer:
Art-74 of the Constitution speaks that there shall be Council of ministers with the Prime-minister at the head to aid and advice the President, who shall in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.

Provided that the President may require the council of ministers to reconsider such advice and the President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.

44th Constitutional Amendment has also further established this situation that ultimately the President is bound by the advice of council of ministers. However he can send back first advice of the council of minister for reconsideration.

Question 8.
The Parliamentary system of executive vests many powers in the legislature for controlling the executive. Why, do you think is it so necessary to control the executive?
Answer:
This is the main characteristic and merit of the Parliamentary Government that it is a responsible and responsive Government. Structurally and functionally there is close relation between executive and legislature. The Prime-Minister and ministers are members of legislature and remain in the office as long as they enjoy the confidence and support of the/ legislature. The executive is constantly exposed to the control of the legislature who by number of Parliamentary methods exerts control on the executive. Main methods are :

• Discussions and debate in question hours and zero hours.
• Callattention motion.
• Adjourn motion
• No confidence motion etc.

Ministers are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature.

Question 9.
It is said that there is too much political interference in the working of the administrative machinery. It is suggested that there should be more and more autonomous agehcies which do not have to answer to the ministers.
a. Do you think this will make administration more people friendly?
b. Do you think this will make administration more efficient?
c. Does democracy mean full control of elected representative over the administration?
Answer:
It can be true that the political interference in the administration is increasing but in our democracy no administrative agency can be autonomous and free from the responsibility and accountability to the elected representative of the people and people themselves.

Our is a representative democracy where representative and political executive represent the will and wishes of the people and administion is carried out of the bureacray on the advice and direction of the political executive (ministers) and under the control of the elected representatives of the people (Parliament and state Legislatures) It is also true that administrative machinery is manned by experts and who are real administrator.

They also need some amount of autonomy to show the result in efficient way but they are supposed to work in the given politics., administrative apparatus. The political executives, elected representatives and the bureacracy (civil servants) must work in harmony and co-odination to serve the people and to improve the welfare of the people without interference each other’s jurisdiction.

Question 10.
Write an essay of two hundred words on the proposal to have an elected administration instead of an appointed administration.
Answer:
Today we have elected political executive and permanent non political executive. Non political executive are the civil servants who are appointed by a definite competent and authorised appointing body. UPSC makes the appointment for the All India Government Services and Central Service and the State Public Service Commission make necessary arrangement for the appointment of State Civil Services.

These appointed civil servants have definite and relevant qualifications They work according to fixed rules. They enjoy long tenure of services. The important feature is that whole civil administration machinery is supposed to be the non political. They have to work under thee brand policy framework of the political executive cabinet and also of civil code of conduct set by service rules.

In this structure the proposal of elected administration is not acceptable because it will be conjuctive politicisation of the administration. In the election of administration merit and qualification is required. Therefore incompotent and inefficient persons will be put in the key position of administration. It will lead to inefficiency and maladministration.

In the appointed administration, definite qualification is set, a definite procedure is followed to select the suitable qualified and competent candi-dates by the selection making bodies like UPSC and State Public Service Commission. These appointed administrations are known as Public Servants and they are responsible to the people. People have direct access to from civil servants.

The elected administrator may be more popular in the public, they may be in close trade of the people they may become aware familar with the problems and demands of the people, but certainly they will not be as efficent and competent as the appointed administration. Therefore there is need to strengthen the existing system of appointed administration under the guidance of elected repersentative.