Author name: Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

India’s External Relations NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13

India’s External Relations Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13

Question 1.
Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ against each of these statement.
(a) Non-alignment allowed India to gain assistance both from U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.
(b) India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained from the beginning.
(c) The Cold War has affected the relationship between India and Pakistan.
(d) The treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1971 was the result of India’s closeness of U.S.A.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False.

Question 2.
Match the following :
(а) The goal of India’s (I) Tibetan spiritual foreign policy in the leader who crossed period 1950-1964 over to India.
(b) Panchsheel (II) Preservation of
territorial integrity, sovereignty and economic development
(c) Bandung Conference (III) Five principles of
peaceful coexistence.
(d) Dalai Lama (TV) Led to the establish¬
ment of NAM.
Answer:
(a) – (II); (b) – (III); (c) – (IV); (d) – (I)

Question 3.
Why did Nehru regard conduct of foreign relations as an essential indicator of independence ? State any two reasons with examples to support your reading.
Answer:
According to Pt. Jawaharial Nehru indepen-dence consists fundamentally and basically of foreign relations. That is the best of independence. All else is local autonomy.

• Pt. Nehru followed the policy of non-alignment. In fact, India was the first country which initiated the policy of non-alignment. Pt. Nehru said : “Our general policy is to avoid entanglement in power-politics and not to join any group of powers as against any other group
• India adopted the policy of Non-alignment as Indians were ambitious to enjoy freedom in every sphere.

Question 4.
“The conduct of foreign affairs is an outcome of a two-way interaction between domestic compulsions and prevailing international climate.” Take one example from India’s external relations in the 1960 to sub¬stantiate your answer.
Answer:
The above mentioned statement is true to a great extent in the international forum. The main aim of the foreign policy of each country is to protect national interests. Hence the determinates of foreign policy of any country are both i.e. domestic as well as international.

We can take the example of “Sino-lndian conflict of 1962’ which dented India’s image at home and abroad. In October 1962 China attacked India. India was not prepared for war, India had to approach the U.S.A. and Great Britain for military help to face the war. The Soviet Union remained neutral in this conflict. In the war India was defeated and China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian area which is still in its possession.

No doubt nation was humalited but at the sametime spirit of nationalism was strengthened. Pt. Nehru’s policies were criticised in the parliament and outside the parliament. Even vote of no-confidence was moved against his government in the Lok Sabha. As a result defence minister Krishna Menon submitted his resignation.

The ‘Sino-lndian Conflict’ affected the opposition as well. Growing differences between China and U.S.S.R also created differences within the communist party of India. Ultimately, in 1964 there was split in the communist party of India.

Question 5.
Identify any two aspects of India’s foreign policy that you would like to retain and two that you would like to change, if you were to become a decision maker. Give reasons to support your position.
Or
Explain any two aspects of India’s Foreign Policy which you support and any two aspects, which you would like to be changed.
Answer:The basic elements of India’s foreign Policy today are the same what they are previously.

Two Aspects of India’s Foreign Policy which I would like to retain are as follow :

• The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. Even today the policy of non-align¬ment is very useful for India.
• Much importance has been attached to the principles of United Nation in India’s Foreign Policy. The need is that India should be made permanent member of the Security Council of U.N.

Two Aspects of India’s Foreign Policy which I would like to change are as follows :

• For the security of the country it is very essential that India should become a strong and powerful nation. India should go for nuclear arms.
• Policy of non-alignment is good but for world peace and security of the country, India should actively participate in world affairs.

Question 6.
Write short note on the following :
(a) India’s Nuclear Policy.
(b) Consensus in foreign policy matters.
Answer:
(a) India’s Nuclear Policy—
India is against the policy of nuclear experiment. In principle, India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Addressing the General Assembly, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having undertaken a successful atomic experiments in 1974. There are four Atomic Power Centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative purpose and not for making atomic-bombs.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May, 1998 United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is discriminatory, it is not acceptable to the nation without any change.

(b) Consensus in foreign policy matters. India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus. After achieving independence, India adopted non-alignment as the basis of her foreign policy. Pt. Jawaharial Nehru is rightly acknowledged as the chief architect of India’s foreign policy.

Pt. Jawaharial Nehru outlined the basic elements of India’s foreign policy aims in his speech broadcast to the nation on 7th September 1946. In fact, Prime Minister Nehru was his own foreign minister. Thus both as the prime minister and the foreign minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.

No doubt, there were many political parties beside congress party. Some parties and groups believed that India should be more friendly to U.S.A. because that bloc claimed to be pro democracy. Bharatiya Jan Sangh and Swatantra Party were opposed to commission and wanted to follow pro U.S. foreign policy. But when Janata Party came into power in 1977, there was no basic change in foreign policy. There have been no wide swings or radical changes in India’s foreign policy, though there has been a shift in emphasis, for instance, on close ties with the U.S.S.R. or U.S.A.

Question 7.
India’s foreign policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. But India fought three wars in space of ten years between 1962 and 1972. Would you say that this was a failure of the foreign policy ? Or would you say that his was a result of international situation ? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
There is no doubt that India’s policy is based on the principle of peace and cooperation. One of the basic determinants of Indian foreign policy is world peace. India has always formulated its foreign policy to promote world peace. India’s foreign policy is based on Panchsheel. But unfortunately India fought three wars in a space of ten years between 1962-72.

However, we would not say that this was s failure of the foreign policy. In fact, this was a result of international situation. Actually differences started between India and China when China annexed Tibet in 1950. Border dispute was another issue of conflict between India and China. China claimed Aksai—Chin area in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir and also claimed large area of Arunachal Pradesh, This international situation was responsible for conflict between India and China.

War of 1965 between India and Pakistan is aiso a result of international situation. Conflict between India and Pakistan started just after partition over Kashmir. In 197 I India and Pakistan fought another war on Bangladesh issue.

Question 8.
Does India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power ? Argue your case with the Bangladesh war of 1971 as an example.
Answer:
It is true to some extent that India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power. This was very much revealed during the Bangladesh war of 1971, Bangladesh, which was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan, emerged as an independent state in 1971. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony.

In an election held early in 1971, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League got majority in Pakistan Parliament. But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form a government and he was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and the liberation was started. India helped Awami League in the war. War took place between India and Pakistan in December 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. India was the first country to grant recognition to the people’s Republic Bangladesh.

Question 9.
The Political leadership of a nation affects its foreign Policy. Explain it with the help of examples from India Foreign Policy. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Describe the contribution of Jawa- harlal Nehru in shaping the Foreign Policy of India. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
It is hard fact that political leadership of a nation has a great affect on the foreign policy of a nation. The foreign policy of India has been influenced by the individual traits of its great leaders. Jawaharlal Nehru’s ideology has sufficiently affected India’s foreign policy. He was deadly against imperialism, colonialism, fascism and supported peaceful way of solving problems.

He favoured friendly cooperation and peaceful co-existence. Pt. Nehru formulated five principles of peaceful existence among the nations of the world. They were accepted first by the Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lie. These principles are known as Panchsheel.

Pt. Nehru, the architect of India’s foreign policy, adopted non-alignment as its base. He clearly pointed out that India, because of its manifold internal problems, couldn’t afford to snap its relations with either of the two blocs. A country with newly attained freedom couldn’t interfere in international affairs.

Hence the policy of non-alignment was adopted due to ideology and views of Pt. Nehru. Besides Pt. Nehru, the ideology of Dr. Radhakrishnan, Krishna Menon, Pannikar, etc. left its impact on India’s foreign policy in relation with Chinese. The bases as well as practical elements lying in India’s foreign policy were preserved during the regime of late Prime Ministers Sh Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the present Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi.

Question 10.
Read this passage and answer the questions below : (Imp)
“Broadly, non-alignment means not tying yourself
off with military biocs it means trying to view
things, as far as possible, not from the military point of view, though that has to come in sometimes, but independently, and trying to maintain friendly relations with all Countries.”
(a) Why does Nehru want to keep off military’ blocs ?
(b) Do you think that the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty violated the principle of non-alignment ? Give reasons for your answer.
(c) If there were no military blocs, do you think non-alignment would have been unnecessary ?
Answer:
(a) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to keep off military blocks to the newly independent countries for the protection of sovereignty, integrity and dignity of newly independent countries.

(b) Indo-Soviet friendship did not violated principle of non-alignment, because India did not join Soviet bloc or military bloc. Moreover, it was a treaty of peace and cooperation.

(c) Non-alignment does not mean only not to join any military block. Non-alignment has a wider meaning. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. Non-alignment policy is a positive one. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs. Policy of non-alignment is relevant even today.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 11 Era of One Party Dominance Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Era of One Party Dominance NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 11

Era of One Party Dominance Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 11

Question 1.
Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks :
(a) The first general election in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and ……………………….. (The President of India/State Assemblies/Rajya Sabha/The Prime Minister)
(b) The party that won the second longest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first elections was the ……………………….. (Praja Socialist Party/Bharatiya Jana Sangh/ Communist Party of India/Bharatiya Janata Party)
(c) One of the guiding principles of the ideology of the Swatantra Party was ……………………….. (Working class interests/Protection of Primery states/ economy free from state control/Autonomy of state within the Union.)
Answer:
(a) State Assemblies
(b) Communist Party of India
(c) economy free from state control.

Question 2.
Match the following leaders listed in list A with the parties in list B. (Imp.)
List A – List B
(a) S.A. Dange – (i) Bharatiya Jan Sangh
(b) Shyama Prasad – (ii) Swatantra Party Mukherjee
(c) Minoo Masani – (iii) Praja Social Party
(d) Ashoka Mehta – (iv) Communist Party of India
Answer:
(a) – (iv)
(b) – (i)
(c) – (ii)
(d) – (iii)

Question 3.
Four statements regarding one-party dominance are given below. Mark each of them as true or false.
(a) One party dominance is rooted in the absence of strong alternative political parties.
(b) One party dominance occurs because of weak public opinion.
(c) One party dominance is linked to the nation’s colonial past.
(d) One party dominance reflects the absence of democratic ideals in a country.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True.

Question 4.
If Bharatiya Jana Sangh or the Communist Party of India had formed the government after the first election in which respects would the policies of the government have been different ? Specify three differences each for both the parties.
Answer:
The first general election was held in 1952. If Bharatiya Jana Sangh or the Communist Party of India had formed the government at the centre, the policies of the government would have been different as follow :

1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh was against the English and this party would have replaced English with Hindi as the official language of India. But Communist Party of India would have preferred English as the official language of India because, Communist Party was popular in West Bengal, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.

2. The Jana Sangh party was not in favour of giving any concessions to religious and cultural minorities. But Communist Party was in favour of socialism.

3. The Jana Sangh was in favour of developing nuclear weapon because for the security of the country nuclear weapons were essentials. But the Communist Party of India was not in favour nuclear weapons and atomic tests.

Question 5.
In what sense was the Congress an ideological coalition ? Mention the various ideological currents present within the Congress.
Answer:
Ideologically, the Congress took root and came to political power not as a party but as a movement for independence and reform. The Congress party was established in 1885 by Higher middle class from English speaking persons. But with both Non-cooperation movement and Civil disobedience movement the social base of the Congress party widened.

All types of people with diverse interests became the members of the Congress party. Peasants and landlords, Industrialists and workers, urban elite and village, capitalists and poor, upper caste and lower castes persons etc. all were within the Congress. Congress party was in fact, an ideological coalitions. Rajni Kothari has rightly pointed out that “The Congress represents all shades of opinion, all major interest groups in the society and indeed all other parties as well.

The Congress represented India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages and various interests. Maximum opposition political parties are the dissenting elites of the Congress party, who shared two common social and intellectual background as of the Congressmen.”

Question 6.
Did the prevalence of a ‘One party dominant system’ affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics ?
Answer:
In India multi-party system exists. Several political parties participate in elections in India. But Indian National Congress dominated at the centre as well as the states before 1967. The prevalence of ‘one party dominant system’ has affected adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics.

In fact, dominance of single party is opposed to democracy as other political parties cannot flourish. Due to lack of organised opposition, the Congress party never fulfilled the promises made to the people.

Congress remained in power for a long period and hence no other party got a chance to rule. Its administration too has become virtually inefficient leading to widespread corruptions. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru himself accepted the fact that ‘The Congress has developed into monolithic organisations making it virtually impossible for the growth of a sound party system in the country”. According to R.A. Gopalaswami, “The party system which has emerged in our country is not only incompatiable with the particular democratic institutions we have adopted but constitutes a clear danger to the survival of democracy of India.”

Question 7.
Bring out three differences each between Socialist Parties and the Communist Party and between Bharatiya Jan Sangh and Swatantra Party.
Answer:
Differences between Socialist Parties and Communist Party:

• The Socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism whereas Communist Party worked mainly within the fold of the Congress party.
• The Socialists believed in peaceful Constitutional methods, while Communist party believed in peaceful and violent methods.
• The socialists criticised the Congress for favouring capitalists and landlords and ignoring the working class and farmers. The Communist party believed in tfye welfare of workers and peasants.

Differences Between Bharatiya Jan Sangh and Swatantra Party:

1. Bharatiya Jan Sangh believed in the ideology of ‘one country, one nation, one culture and one national ideal’. On the other hand, the Swatantra Party believed in equality of opportunity for all people without distinction of religion, caste, race etc.

2. Bharatiya Jan Sangh stands for the nationalisation of basic and defence industries, but it does not favour the policy of taking more and more industries under state ownership and control because it believes that this tendency is harmful both for democracy and economic development. Swatantra Party stands for the principle of maximum freedom for the Individual and minimum interference by the state.

3. Jan Sangh favoured to follow the policy of non-alignment “with the two power blocs as also of non-involvement in international affairs not directly affecting India. Swatantra Party was critical of the policy of non¬alignment and advocated close ties with U.S.A

Question 8.
What would you consider as the main differences between Mexico and India under one party domination ?
Answer:
In India Indian National Congress dominates Indian Politics upto 1967. Besides India, there were certain other countries where one party dominated. There are some countries like China, Cuba, north Korea, etc. where only one party is allowed under the Constitution. Few years ago in Mexico one party dominated like South Korea and Taiwan.

In India multi-party system exists. Many political parties contested elections and elections were held free and fair. Congress party managed to win election after elections. Congress dominance was on the support of the masses. But in Mexico there was no democratic system in reality.

Question 9.
Make a Political map of India (with state outlines) and mark :
(a) two states where Congress was in power at some point during 1952-67.
(b) two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.
Answer:
(a) two states where Congress was not in power at some point during 1957-67 — Jammu- Kashmir and Kerla.
(b) two states where the Congress remained in power through this period — Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the question below :
“Patel, the organisational man of the Congress, wanted to purge the Congress of other political groups and sought to make of it a cohesive and disciplined political party. He sought to take the Congress away from its all-embracing character and turn it into a close knit party of disciplined cadres.

Being a ‘realist’ he looked more for discipline than for comprehension. While Gandhi took to romantic a view of ‘Carrying on the movement.’ Patel’s ideas of transforming the Congress into strictly political party with a single ideology and tight discipline showed an equal lack of understanding of the eclectic role that the Congress, as a government, was to be called upon to perform in the decades to follow  Rajni Kothari.
(a) Why does the author think that Congress should not have been a cohesive and disciplined party ?
(b) Give some examples of the eclectic role of the Congress party in the early years.
(c) Why does the author say that Gandhi’s views about Congress future was romantic ?
Answer:
(a) Organiser of the Congress party wanted to purge the Congress of other political groups and sought to make it a cohesive and disciplined political party. He wanted that those members of the Congress party who did not believe in the ideology of the congress should be out from the party. Patel was determined to make Congress a party of disciplined cadre.

(b) In the beginning Congress party was dominated by higher middle class; upper caste and educated class. It was not the party of the masses. Urban elite played a key role in Congress. Bal Gangadhar Tilak played an important role in making Congress a party of middle class. With Home Rule Movement and Non-cooperation Movement social base of the Congress party widened.

(c) Patel was a realist. He preferred discipline within the party rather comprehension. While Mahatma Gandhi took romantic a view of carrying on the movement.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Challenges of Nation Building NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10

Challenges of Nation Building Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10

Question 1.
Which among the following statements about the partition is incorrect ?
(a) Partition of India was the outcome of the ‘Two Nation Theory.’
(b) Punjab and Bengal were the two provinces divided on the basis of religion.
(c) East Pakistan and West Pakistan were not contiguous.
(d) The scheme of partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border.
Answer:
(d) The scheme of Partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border.

Question 2.
Match the principles with the instances :
(a) Mapping of boundaries Of religious – 1. Pakistan and Bangladesh grounds.
(b) Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different language. – 2. India and Pakistan
(c) Demarcating boundaries within geographical zones. – 3. Jarkhand and Chhattisgarh
(d) Demarcating within a country on adminstrative and political grounds. – 4. Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Answer:
(a) (2), (b) (1), (c) (4), (d) (3).

Question 3.
Take a current political map of India (showing outlines of states) and mark the location of the following Princely States. (Imp.)
(a) Junagarh
(b) Manipur
(c) Mysore
(d) Gwalior.
Answer:

Question 4.
Here are two opinions—
Bismay : “The merger with the Indian state was an extension of democracy to the people of the princely states.”
Inderpreet : “I am not so sure there was force being used. Democracy comes by creating consensus.”
What is your own opinion in the light of accession of princely states and the responses of the people in these parts ?
Answer:
I fully agree with the view of Bismay that the merger of princely states with the Indian state was an extension of democracy to the people of the princely states because in these states there was no democracy at all.

Question 5.
Read the following very different statement made in August, 1947

“ Today you have Worn on your heads a crown of thorns. The seat of power is a nasty thing. You have to remain over wakeful on that seat ……………. you have to be more humble and
forbearing now there will be no end to your being tested.” ………….. M.K. GANDHI India will awake to a life of freedom ………….. We step out from the old to the new ………….. We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opining of opportunity …………..” JAWAHARLAL NEHRU spell out the agenda of nation building that flows from these two statements. Which one appeals more to you and why ?
Answer:
The statements made by Mahatma Gandhi and Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru are very important and meaningful. By this statement Gandhiji has reminded the Indians that independence is not bed of roses independence means more responsibility and accountability. Pt. Nehru considered independence as opening of the chapter of opportunities. Period of ill fortunes is over and period of hopes and betterment has begun.

Question 6.
What are the reasons being used by Nehru or keeping India secular ? Do you think these reasons were only ethical and sentimental ? Or were there some prudential reasons as well ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru gave following reasons to make India a secular state.

1. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s approach to the problems of life was scientific and realistic. He opposed traditional customs and conventions.

2. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to separate religion and politics. To make democracy successful it is essential that democratic government should be based on secularism.

3. According to Pt. Nehru to build a unified nation, it is essential that secularism should be adopted. There should be no official religion of the state. To protect Muslim minority and to create confidence among Muslims Pt. Nehru favoured secularism. Pt. Nehru was a staunch secularist. To protect the rights of Muslims India was declared a secular state. There was no prudential reason rather there was only ethical and sentimental reason.

Question 7.
Bring out two major differences between the challenges of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country at the time of independence.
Answer:
Two major differences between the challenges of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country at the time of independence were as follow :

• Colonial System of provincial administration.
• Cultural development of deverse communities of India.

Question 8.
What was the task of the States Reorganisation Commission ? What was its most salient recomendations ?
Answer:
After independence, the reorganisation of states were sought on liguistic basis. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru announced the appointment of this Commission in Lok Sabha on 22nd December 1953 for impartial persual of the issue. This Commission was headed by Fazzal Ali. The Commission recommended the regrouping of states on the basis of language and culture as well.

It submitted its recommendations as under:

• Proper attention should be given to cultural and communicative needs of the communities speaking different languages.
• Attention should be paid to the other regional languages besides Hindi.
• Linguistic minorities should be well protected.

Question 9.
It is said that the nation is to a large extent an ‘Imagined Community’ held together by common belief, history, political aspirations and imaginations. Identify the features that make India a nation.
Answer:
A nation is a group of people bound together by certain ties like common religion, common culture, common beliefs, common history, common political aspirations and imagination etc. in such a manner that they have a sense of oneness. Before independence, the question often arose whether India should be called a nation or not. Many foreign writers refused to accept India as a nation. Prime Minister Churchill of England did not accept India’s claim of being called a nation. But India is a nation.

Unity in Diversity. Though India is a country of many languages, many religions, many races and different customs, yet after the achievement of independence there is evident amongst its people a Consiousness of Unity. There is a Current of Unity in India’s diversity. This was seen at the time of the Indo-Indian conflict and the Indo-Pakistan War. It is this unity that makes our representatives speak with one voice in international conference.

Sovereign State. India is fully severeign both in national and international matters. Our government is fully sovereign, backed by the united will of the people. Spiritual feeling. Nationality is a spiritual feeling and the people of India had this feeling even before independence and they have that feeling now also. Despite all the differences amongst the various communities inhabiting India, people have the feeling of one nation.

National Integration. It is due to own national integration that we can say with pride India was nation before 1947 and it is nation even now. Secular State. India is a secular state and it has encouraged national integration. Planning. After independence Indian government adopted planning for economic development of the country. Planning has become integral part of our political and economic system.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the questions below : (Imp.)
‘In the history of nation-building only the Soviet experiment bears comparison with the Indian. There too, a sense of Unity had to be forged between many dieverse ethnic groups, religious, linguistic communities and social classes. The scale geographic as well as demographic was comparably massive. The raw material, the state had to work with was equally unpropitious, a people divided by faith and driven by debt and disease. ‘ Ramchandra
Guha.
(a) List the communalities that the author mentions between India and Soviet Union and give one example for each of these from India.
(b) The author does not talk about dissimilarities between the two experiments. Can you mention two dissimilarities ?
(c) In restrospect which of these two experiments worked better and why ?
Answer:
(a)

• Unity among many ethnic groups.
• Unity among religious communities.
• Unity among linguistic communities.
• Unity between social classes.

(b) Following are the two dissimilarities between the two experiments :

• Establishment of federation
• Economic and Political Planning.

(c) Soviet Union experiment had worked better. There too, a sense of unity had to be forged between many diverse ethnic groups, religious, linguistic communities and social classes.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9 Globalisation Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Globalisation NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9

Globalisation Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9

Question 1.
Which of the statements is true about globalisation ?
(a) Globalisation is purely one economic phenomenon.
(b) Globalisation began in 1991.
(c) Globalisation is the samething- as waster nisation.
(d) Globalisation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.
Answer:
(d) Globalisation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.

Question 2.
Which of the statements is true about the impact of globalisation ?
(a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.
(b) Globalisation has had a uniform impact on all states and societies.
(c) The impact of globalisation has been confined to the political sphere.
(d) Globalisation inevitably results in cultural homogeneity.
Answer:
(a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.

Question 3.
Which of the statements is true about the causes of globalisation ?
(a) Technology is an important cause of globalisation.
(b) Globalisation is caused by a particular community of people.
(c) Globalisation originated in U.S.
(d) Economic interdependence alone causes globalisation.
Answer:
(c) Globalisation originated in U.S.

Question 4.
Which of the statements is true about globalisation ?
(a) Globalisation is only about movement of commodities.
(b) Globalisation does not involve a conflict of values.
(c) Services are an insignificant part of globalisation.
(d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.
Answer:
(d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.

Question 5.
Which of the statement is false about globalisation ?
(a) Advocates of globalisation argue that it will result in greater economic growth.
(b) Critics of globalisation argue that it will result in greater economic growth.
(c) Advocates of globalisation argue that it will result in cultural hemogenisation.
(d) Critics of globalisation argue that it will result in cultural hemogenisation.
Answer:
(d) Critics of globalisation argue that it will result in cultural hemogenisation.

Question 6.
What is Worldwide interconnectedness? What are its components ?
Answer:
Modern age is an age of interdependence. People and states are interdependents. People feel that they cannot live in isolation, rather they have to live as inter-connected. People living in different parts of the world feel that they are not members of the different nations, but members of a World Community, it is globalisation.

In simple words, world wide interconnectedness means the flow or movement of ideas, capital, commodities and people from one part of the world to another. Its components are ideas, capital, commodities and people.

Question 7.
How has technology contributed to globalisation ? (Imp.)
Answer:
Many factors are responsible for the growth of globalisation. However, technology is the major factor which has played a very important role in the development of globalisation.

• Recently, revolution in communications and information technology has brought the states very close to each other and it has increased the interdependence of the states.
• Advancement in technology has made it possible for the individuals to keep themselves fully informed of all events and happenings in the world.
• Modern technology has made it possible for the people, capital, commodities, ideas, etc. to move from one place to another place i.e. from one country to another country.
• Due to advancement in technology events, taking place in one part of the world has impact over other parts of the world.

Question 8.
Critically evaluate the impact of the changing role of the state in the developing countries in the light of globalisation.
Explain the increase and decrease in the role of the state activities in the developing countries due to globalisation.
Answer:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘Global Village’ by lessening its distances. Martin Show has observed “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act globally but because in pursuit of other suit power, communication world wide connectedness has developed.” Globalisation has affected the state activities of the developing countries. It has increased and decreased the role of the state activities in the developing countries.

(a) Increase in the Role of the State Activi¬ties. States are benefitted by globalisation. In fact, globalisation has increased the activities of the state.

1. In developing countries state is still dominating because state is the premier and sole basis of political community.

2. Due to globalisation states are able to collect information about individuals.

3. State has full power to maintain law and order in the state. State is responsible for the security and safety of the state. Defence is the major responsibility of the state.

4. Competitive economy is very useful for de-veloped and developing countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industries of developed countries.

Decrease in the Role of State Activites. Glo-balisation has also decreased the activities of the state.

1. Globalisation has reduced the capacity of the state to perform welfare functions. Due to the growth of multi-national companies the functions of the government have been limited.

2. Globalisation has greatly affected the decision making power of the state. Multi-national companies have greatly affected the working of the states.

3. Due to globalisation present states are not working as a welfare state.

4. Privatisation has rapidly increased the process of disinvestment and private sector has become more important than public sector.

5. Liberalisation has reduced the duties and re-sponsibilities of the state. Now states have no power to intervene in economic affairs i.e. exports, imports etc. Licence and quota fixation have been abolished. Free trade and free competition is fully accepted by all developing countries of the world.

Question 9.
What are the economic implications of globalisation ? How has globalisation impacted on India with regard to this particular
dimension ?
Or
Examine the economic implications of globalization? How has globalization impacted on India the regard to this particular dimension? (CBSE Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Economic implications of globalisation are as follows :

• Economic globalisation draws the role of inter-national institutions like the IMF and the WTO.
• Economic globalisation shows the distribution of economic gains i.e. who gets the more and who gets less.
• Economic globalisation involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world. This flow can take various
  forms : commodities, capital, people and idea.
• Globalisation has involved greater trade in com¬modity across the globe.
• Economic globalisation has created an intense division of opinion all over the world.
• Economic globalisation has also led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries.
• Developed countries have guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure that citizens of other countries cannot take the jobs of their own citizens.

In 1991, Indian government faced many economic problems such as shortage of adequate capital, rising prices, slow develoment, etc. Indian government adopted new economic policy to improve the financial condition of the country.

Multi-national companies were invited to come and sell their goods and services in India. Liberalisation and privatisation were encouraged. In the sphere of information and technology, automobile, electronic and processing industry many foreign companies had set up their units in India.

Question 10.
Do you agree with the arguments that globalisation leads to cultural heterogeneity ?
Answer:
Cultural diversity is a universal phenomenon. Each society has its own culture. One culture differs from another culture. One culture does not have all the similarities of another culture. I fully agree with the view that globalisation leads to cultural heterogene¬ity. No culture would disappear due to globalisation. In fact, globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation.

Question 11.
How has globalisation impacted on India and how is India in turn impacting on globalisation ?
Answer:
Globalisation has a great impact on India and India has also exercised vast impact on globalisation. In 1991, Indian government faced many economic problems such as shortage of adequate capital, rising prices, slow development etc. Indian government adopted new economic policy to improve the financial condition of the country.

Multi-national companies were invited to come and sell their goods and services in India. Liberalisation and privatisation were encouraged. In the sphere of information and technology automobile, electronic and processing industry many foreign companies had set up their units in India. The prices of many consumer goods have come down like T.V, radio, air-conditions,

The telecommunication sector has made tremendous growth. People can see many T.V. channels. Mobile phones have reached every where and to the masses. India’s share in the trade of goods and services in the world has increased.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Environment and Natural Resources NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8

Environment and Natural Resources Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8

Question 1.
Which among the following best explains the reason for growing concerns about the environment ?
(A) The developed countries are concerned about protecting nature.
(B) Protection of the environment is vital for indigenous people and natural habitats.
(C) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(C) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.

Question 2.
Mark Correct or Wrong against each of the following statements below that describe the Earth Summit.
(A) It was attended by 170 countries, thousands of NGO’s and many MNCs.
(B) The summit was held under the aegis of the U.N.
(C) For the first time, global environmental issues were firmly consolidated at the political level.
(D) It was a summit meeting.
Answer:
(A) True
(B) True
(C) True
(D) True.

Question 3.
Which among the following are True about the Global Commons ?
(A) The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.
(B) The global commons are outside the sovereign jurisdiction.
(C) The question of managing the global commons reflected the North-South divide.
(D) The countries of the North are more concerned about the protection of the global common than the countries of the South.
Answer:
(A) The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.

Question 4.
What was the outcome of the Rio Summit ?
Or
What was the ‘Earth Summit’ ? How : . far did the summit prove to be useful ? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2016) :
Answer:
In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, It is also called the Earth Summit. The conference was attended by 170 countries and thousands of NGO’s and Multi-National Corporations. After a lot of discussion in the Rio Summit, many conventions were produced dealing with climate change, bio-diversity, forestry, etc. It also recommended a list of developments practices under the title Agenda 21.

In the Rio Summit, there was a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach is known as sustainable development. The United Nations Framework Convention on climate change 1992 provided that all the nations should cooperate to protect the environment.

Question 5.
What is meant by the Global Commons ? How are they exploited and polluted ?
Or
What are ‘Global Commons’? Why is : it said that international co-operation over the Global Commons is not easy ? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
What is meant by Common Property Resources ? Explain with example ? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Global Commons are those areas, objects or resources of the world which are not part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any one state. Examples of Global Commons are earth’s atmosphere, the ocean floor, air space, outer space, Antarctica. Global Commons are also called world heritage because they are passed on by the present generation to the next generation and so on. Global environment is also a Global Common and world heritage.

Cooperation over the Global Common is very difficult due to lack of consensus on commons environmental agendas. Generally countries use Global Commons ruthlessly and never think of their obligations to protect it also. For example, Commercial ships, war ships, passenger ships, boat’s, etc. freely use sea water and sealine communications.

Sea water is polluted by these ships because these are driven by diesel power. Moreover, developed countries dumped their waste in the sea. People living on the banks of rivers also throw their waste in rivers. Developed and nuclear countries pollute the environment by their nuclear experiments.

Question 6.
What is meant by Common but ; differentiated responsibilites ? How could we implement the idea ?
Or
“States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment.” Analyse the statement giving suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The relevant part of the Rio Declaration says that States shall cooperate in the spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of the different contributions of global environment degradation, states have common but differentiated responsibilities.

The developed countries accepted the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressure their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command.” The largest share of historical and current global emissions has originated in developed countries. Per capita emissions in developing coutries are still relatively low.

Hence India, China and other developing countries ere exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. Under Kyoto Protocol industrial countries are required to cut their green house gas emissions. Following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility India is of the view that major responsibilities of curbing emission rests with the developed countries which have accumulated emissions over a long period of time.

Question 7.
Why have issues related to global environment protection become the priority concern of states since the 1990 ?
Answer:
The issues related to global environment protection have become the priority concern of states since 1990 due to following reasons :

• Agricultural land is reducing and its fertility is also reducing.
• According to human Development Report 2006 of United Nation Development programme about 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no accesss to the safe drinking water where as about 2.6 billion people have no sanitation facilities.
• Natural forests are being cut down as large scale and have people being displaced.
• There is a steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere poses a real danger to ecosystems and human health.
• Coastal pollution is increasing globally. The coastal water are becoming pulluted due to land based activities.

Question 8.
Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save planet earth. Substantiate the statement in the light of the ongoing negotiations between the North and the South on environmental issues.
Answer:
The developed and rich countries of the first world are generally known as the ‘Global North’ while the poor and developing countries of the third world are called the ‘Global South’, ‘Global North’ were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the ‘Global South’ Northern states were more concerned with ozone depletion and global warming, while Southern states were anxious to establish the relationship between economic development and environmental management.

At Rio Summit, Convention dealing with climate changes was produced. There was a consensus on combating economic growth with ecological responsibility. This is called sustainable development approach.

India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the requirement of the Kyoto Protocol because their contributions to the emi ssion of greenhouse gases during industrialisation was insignificant. At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per capita emission rates of developing countries are tiny fractions of those in the developed world, India is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing emission rests with the developed countries.

Even United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) acknowledged that developed countries are responsible for most historical and current greenhouse emission, and emphasized that economic and social development are the first and overriding priorities of the developing countries politics.

Question 9.
The most serious challenge before the states is pursuing economic development without causing further damage to the global environment. How could we achieve this ? Explain with a few examples.
Answer:
Modern state is a welfare state and welfare state’s main aim is to raise the standard of living of the people and this aim can be achieved through economic development. America, England, France, Japan and other developed countries have made tremendous economic development. But the major challenge before the modern state is to pursue economic development without causing further damage to the global environment.

This problem can be solved by adopting following measures :

• Need of Holistic or Integrated Thinking. In European world emphasis is on materialistic philosophy. But the need is to change the thinking of human being. Need is to follow Holistic or Intergrated thinking of India.
• Control over population. Rapid population growth is the major factor responsible for environment pollution. Hence the need to the check the growth of world population. States should take effective measures to check the growth of population.
• To protect Forests. To protect the environment it is very essential to protect the forests. In India Council of Forestry Research and Education is working successfully.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Security in the Contemporary World NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7

Security in the Contemporary World Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7

Question 1.
Match the terms with their meaning :
I. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) – (a) Giving up certain types of weapons.
II. Arms Control – (b) A process of exchanging information on defence matter between nations on a regular basis
III. Alliance – (c) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks.
IV. Disarmament. – (d) Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons.
Answer:
I. (b) II. (d) III. (c) IV. (a).

Question 2.
Which among the following world you consider as a traditional security concern/non- traditional security concern/not a threat ?
(a) The spread of Chikungunya/dengue fear.
(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.
(c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region.
(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.
(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country.
Answer:
(a) Non-traditional security.
(b) Non-traditional security.
(c) Non-traditional security.
(d) Non-traditional security.
(e) Not a threat.

Question 3.
What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional security? Which category would the creation and sustenance of alliances belong to ?
Or
Differentiate between the traditional and the non-traditional notions of security ? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Mainly, there are two types of Security traditional and non-traditional. Traditional security mainly concerned with the national security. Traditional security relates only to extremely dangerous threats threats that could so endanger the core values of the whole country.

Traditional concepts of security are mainly concerned with the use of threat of use of military force. But non- traditional security go beyond military attack or threat. It includes a wide range of threats and dangers affecting the conditions of existence. In the traditional security, the referent is the state whereas in the non- traditional conception, the referent is expanded.

In the non-traditional conception of Security, not only the state but individual and the whole humanity. Non- traditional view of security is also known as ‘Human Security1 or ‘Global Security’. Creation and sustenance of alliances belong to the traditional security.

Question 4.
What are the differences in the threats that people in the third world face and those living in the first world face ?
Or
How are threats faced by the people in the third world different from those faced by the people living in the First World ? Support your answer with examples. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
After Second World War, the era of Cold War emerged between Soviet Bloc and American Bloc. About one-third of all the wars took place due to Cold War between the two Superpowers. Most of these wars took place in the Third World. Just as European colonial rulers feared violence in the colonies, similarly in some colonies, after independence, people feared that they might be attacked by their former colonial rulers.

The Security challenges faced by the Third World (Asian and African Countries) countries. Third World countries faced the prospect of military conflicts with the neighbouring countries. They also faced internal threats. Third World countries feared more from their neighbours than from Soviet Union or America. Moreover, these countries also feared due to separatist movements which wanted to become independent country. Sometimes external and internal threats merged.

Question 5.
Is terrorism a traditional or non- traditional threat to security ?
Answer:
Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to security. Terrorism is a new threat to the lives of individual and mankind. It has emerged in the end of the 20th century.

Question 6.
What are the choices available to a state when its security is threatened according to the traditional security perspective ?
Answer:
When there is threat of war, a government has three choices :

• To surrender before the aggressor.
• To prevent the state from attacking by promising to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable level.
• To defend itself when there is actually a war.

Question 7.
What is ‘Balance of Power’ ? How could a state achieve this ?
Or
Explain balance of power as a component of traditional security . policy. How could a state achieve this balance ? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Introduction. The concept of Balance of Power is the oldest and most controversial of all the concepts of international politics. This concept developed gradually as the structure of society formed into nations.

The concept of balance of power has been present wherever and whenever the multiple-state system has existed. The contemporary writers call this theory, ‘a basic principle of international relations’ and ‘fundamental law of politics.’

Definition and Meaning of Balance of Power.
Critics have given different opinions regarding the definition and meaning of ‘Balance of Power’. Their views regarding Balance of Power are given below :
1. To Quincy Wright, “It is a system designed to maintain a continuous conviction in any state that if it attempts aggression it would encounter an invincible combination of the others.”

2. Morgenthau holds that, “it is an actual state of affairs in which power is distributed among several nations with approximate equality.” These definitions show diversity in the views of scholars regarding the meaning of Balance of Power. Balance of Power is an application of the checks and balance theory of domestic politics to international politics.

Devices for Maintaining Balance of Power

The balance of power creates an equilibrium which is temporary and improvised. It is in this sense dynamic. In order to maintain a favourable balance of power, the States have been continually engaged in evolving certain devices. These are :

1. Alliances and Counter-Alliances. The most commonly applied technique for the maintenance of balance of power is the system of alliance. This system is as old as the known history of States. According
to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for function of the balance of power operating within a multiple State system.”

2. Armament and Disarmament. Amassing the armaments is the most visible way of gaining power advantage. Whenever a nation increases its military power its rival nations also enter a race of armaments. The best example is that of U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. in this respect. Disarmament is also sometimes a weapon of balance of power. But in practice disarmament efforts for maintaining balance have been disappointing.

3. Compensation. This technique involves the redistribution of territory in such a way that international equilibrium is not disturbed. Each great power receives equal share of territory.

4. Buffer State. The third way of acquiring power and maintaining it, according to Mahendra Kumar, “is to set up a neutral buffer State which is weak and which is situated between two large and unfriendly nations. The function of such a buffer State is to keep the large unfriendly powers apart and thus minimize the chances of war between them.” Poland was a buffer State between Russia and Germany.

5. Intervention and Non-intervention. It often happens that a major nation tries to regain a lost ally or puts up a new ally by intervening in the internal affairs of a smaller country and establishing there a friendly Government. Britain intervened in Greece at the end of the World War II in order to ensure that Greece did not fall into the hands of Communists. Likewise Russia did in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. U.S.A. is a great interventionist in Latin America. India intervened in Bangladesh struggle.

6. Divide and Rule. Lastly there is a method of altering the distribution of power by detaching allies from the opposite side, compelling them either into neutrality or isolated position of winning their friendship. Britain has pursued this policy with great success in many of her colonies.

7. Holder of Balance. Since changes in the power of nations take place so often, there is the necessity of the balance or the holder of balance, or the laughing third party. The balancer is a nation or a group of nations, which remains aloof from the rivalries of others and plays the role of the laughing third party by posing temptations to the other equal parties so that each of the contending parties to win over the support of the balance. Thus, these are the devices of Balance of Power.

Question 8.
What are the objectives of military alliances ? Give an example of functioning of military alliance with its specific objectives.
Answer:
Military alliances were made after the Second World War in the era of a Cold War. An alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack. Most alliances are based on written treaties or agreements. Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interests change.

Objectives of Military Alliance.

• Military alliances provide collective security to member states against attack by big powers.
• Military alliances increase the power of the big state who leads the alliance.
• Another objective of Military alliance is to maintain balance of power.

Example of Military Alliance. NATO and Warsaw Pact are examples of military alliance. NATO came into being as a defence organisation against the Soviet Union. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was signed on 4th April, 1949 between 12 states— U.S.A. and its allies. The leaders of NATO-U.S.A. was successful in expanding this alliance in the Post Cold War period. After the disintegration of Soviet Union many members of Warsaw Pact become the members of NATO.

Even Russia became a partner of NATO.
Aims of NATO. NATO is based on a Preamble and 14 Articles.

• The Preamble reaffirms the faith of the parties to the treaty in the purposes and principles of the Charter of U.N.
• The members are determined to safeguard their freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their people founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and rule of law.
• The main aim of NATO was to serve as a deterrent against a Soviet attack on Europe.

Question 9.
Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Do you agree with the statement ? Substantiate your argument.
Answer:
Environment pollution is a serious problem of modern world. The U.N. National Research Council defines pollution as “a desirable change in characteristics of our air, land and water that may or will harmfully affect human life or that of other desirable species, over industrial processes, living condition and cultural assets or that may or will waste or deteriorate our war material resources.”

Whatever the form of pollution is, it certainly effects living conditions. Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Air pollution, Water pollution, Land pollution and Sound pollution are creating various health problems for human being. Dirty water is the world’s biggest killer and it is the biggest pollution problem.

Question 10.
Nuclear Weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against Contemporary security threats to States. Explain the Statement.
Answer:
Since the beginning of civilization the individual and also the state derived the sense of security or deterrence or defence from the weapons, it had been in possession. In fact, possession of weapon gave strength to the individual as well as to the state. With the passage of time forms or type of weapons has changed. In the 20th Century most sophisticated weapons has developed.

Present age is an age of nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapon are very destructive and it threatens the existence of humanity. Nuclear weapons will destroy not only the enemy state but also the country which will use them. Use of Nuclear Weapons or atomic bombs will effect the almost whole world. That is why it is rightly said that the nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against contemporary security treats to states.

Question 11.
Looking of the Indian Scenario, what type of security has been given priority in India, traditional or non- traditional ? What examples could you site to substantiate the argument ?
Or
What is meant by Security ? Mention any four components of Indi an Security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Meaning of Security. For the see Long Answer Type Questions No. 1. (Other Important Questions)
India has faced traditional and non-traditional threates to its security. India has faced external danger to its security as well as danger from within.

After Independence India adopted its own security policy and even now the same policy is being followed by the present government. Measures adopted to protect the sovereignty and integrity of the country and other threats such as poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, terrorism, diseases etc. Security Policy or Security Strategy. Main features of India’s Security Strategy are as follow :

1. Strengthening of Military Power and Capabilities. At the time of independence India faced threats to its security from neighbouring states as well as from within due to communal violence. India has to build up its military strength and its capabilities. India adopted the policy of making nuclear tests to safeguard its security. Indian conducted nuclear tests in 1974 and in 1998 successfully.

2. Strengthening International Organisations, International norms and laws. India has strengthened International Institutions, Organisation, International norms, International law etc. to protect its security interests. India has full faith in the United Nations and India has always supported the activities of the United Nations.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, finally supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament etc. To make more effective Indian leaders has suggested many reforms in the structure and functioning of U.N. India argued for an equitable

New international Economic Order : Instead of joining any Bloc India preferred to follow the policy of non-alignment. India joined 160 countries that have signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Indian troops have been sent to other countries on U.N. peace keeping mission.

3. Policy of Meeting the Internal Threats. India adopted firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatists etc. of Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir. Separatists have tried to break away from India. They threatened unity and integrity of the country. Indian government adopted democratic method to deal with separatists but firmly told them that there can be now compromise with nation’s unity and security.

4. Economic and Social Development.
Concentration on Socio-Economic development is another feature of India’s Security Strategy. India has been making great efforts to develop economy in such a way so that the problems of poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, inequality are solved. Indian government is trying very hard to combine economic growth with human development. At the time of Independence literacy rate was 18 per cent which is now about 65 percent.

5. Secularism. India has adopted policy of secularism to deal with communalism. Secularism has promoted the spirit of national unity and communal harmony.

6. National Security Advisor. For the last few years Indian Government has started appointing National Security Advisor. The main function of National Security advisor is to point out the shortcomings in security system and to give suggestion to improve the security system.

Question 12.
Read the Cartoon below and write a short note in favour or against the connection between war and terrorism depicted in this cartoon.
Answer:

The Cartoon shown above shows close relation between war and terrorism. Both war and terrorism is an organised, planned and deliberate act of violence. Both war and terrorism are against democracy and crime against humanity. Both are responsible for destruction of property and mankind. Both war and terrorism have no faith in peace and human values. Both war and terrorism have become a global phenomena. War is terrible and terrorism makes it more terrible.