Author name: Prasanna

Electoral Politics Class 9 Questions and Answers Provided helps you to answer complex Questions too easily. You can use them while preparing for board exams and all of them are given by subject experts. Reading NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Electoral Politics familiarizes you with the kind of questions appearing in the board exams. Students are advised to read these solutions on a regular basis to score well.

Electoral Politics Class 9 Questions and Answers Civics Chapter 4

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the quick links available on this page. Use the Class 9 SST Civics Chapter 4 NCERT Solutions and get to know different concepts involved. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 4 Questions and Answers helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

Electoral Politics NCERT Intext Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Jagdeep and Navpreet read this story and draw the following conclusions. Can you say which of these are right or wrong (or if the information given in the story is inadequate to call them right or wrong):

Jagdeep and Navpreet read this story and drew the following conclusions. Can you say which of these are right or wrong (or if the information given in the story is inadequate to call them right or wrong):
Elections can lead to changes in the policy of the government.
The Governor invited Devi Lai to become the Chief Minister because he was impressed with his speeches.
People are unhappy with every ruling party and vote against it in the next election.
The party that wins the election forms the government.
This election led to a lot of economic development in Haryana.
The Congress Chief Minister need not have resigned after his party lost elections.
Answer:
Elections can lead to changes in the policy of the government.
The party that wins the election forms the government.
This election led to a lot of economic development in Haryana Rest of the points are wrong.

Question 2.
Do you know when the last Assembly election was held in your state? Which other elections have taken place in your locality in the last five years? Write down the level of elections (National, Assembly, Panchavat, etc), when were they held and the name and designation (MP, MLA, etc) of the persons who got elected from your area.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
We have seen why democracies need to have elections. But why do rulers in non-democratic countries need to hold elections?
Answer:
Rulers is non-democratic countries need to hold elections because they want to show the world that they are not unpopular. Instead they have the support of the people of the country. They also want to prove that their government and position has been achieved through the Constitutional provisions and nothing is illegal.

Question 4.
Ah! So. elections are like exams where politicians and parties know if they have passed or failed. But who are the examiners?
Answer:
Here, voters are the examiners, who give them marks in the form of votes.

Question 5.
Read these two cartoons carefully. Write the message of each of them in your own words. Have a discussion in class on which of the two is closer to the reality in your own locality. Draw a cartoon to depict what elections do to the relationship between voters and political leaders.
Answer:
Set both the cartoons as on T.B page 60.

The cartoon given on the left side conveys the message that the knowledge, ideas, planning and promises of a candidate are all useless of he/she does not have enough votes to win and votes come from common men who play a major role in an election.

The cartoon on the right side conveys the message that during an election campaign a candidate makes so many promises but he finds it difficult to fulfil all of them once he is elected. As a result, electorates chase him to keep his promises.

Question 6.
Like in Panchayats, should we not have at least one-third seats in the parliament and assemblies reserved for women?
Answer:
It is good that one-third of the seats reserved for women in the Pachayats. But unfortunately, their representation in the State Assemblies and Parliament is very low even today. The women constitute 50 percent of our society and therefore they need at least one-third seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. This helps them to uplift their status in political domain.

Question 7.
Why are the candidates required to give a detailed statement of their property?
Answer:
This checks the candidates from misusing money power in elections. This also provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decision on the basis of the information provided by the candidates.

Question 8.
Match the following features of our electoral system with the principles they reflect.

Answer:

Question 9.
What was the election campaign like in your constituency in the last Lok Sabha elections? Prepare a list of what the candidates and parties said and did.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 10.
Identify the fair and the unfair electoral practices among the following:
(i) A minister flags off a new train in his constituency a week before polling day.
(ii) A candidate promises that she will get a new train for her constituency if she is elected.
(iii) Supporters of a candidate take the voters to a temple and make them take an oath that they will vote for him.
(iv) The supporters of a candidate distribute blankets in slums in return for a promise for vote.
Answer:
(i) Unfair
(ii) Fair
(iii) Unfair
(iv) Unfair

Question 11.
Why are party agents present in the polling booth and the counting centre?
Answer:
Party agents are present in the polling booth to ensure that the voting takes place in a fair way and the rival candidates are not able to indulge in any unfair practices. Similarly, they are also present in the counting centre to ensure that the counting is done properly.

Question 12.
Why does the Election Commission have so much powers? Is this good for democracy?
Answer:
The Election Commission in India is very powerful even if the ruling party or the government does not like what the Commission does, it is virtually impossible for it to remove the CEC. Such powers enable the commission to perform its functions properly and efficiently.
Yes, this is good for democracy, Because only a powerful and independent Election Commission can ensure free and fair elections by preventing malpractices in the elections.

Question 13.
Here are some facts on Indian elections. Comment on each of these to say whether they reflect the strength or the weakness of our electoral system.
(i) The Lok Sabha had less than 10 per cent women members till 2009.
(ii) The Election Commission often refuses to accept the government’s advice about when the elections should be held.
(iii) The 14th Lok Sabha has more than 145 members whose assets are more than ₹ 1 crore.
(iv) After losing an election the Chief Minister said, “ I respect the people’s verdict”.
Answer:
(i) Weakness of our electoral system
(ii) Strength of our electoral system
(iii) Weakness of our electoral system
(iv) Strength of our electoral system

Civics Class 9 Chapter 4 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following statements about the reasons for conducting elections are false?
(a) Elections enable people to judge the performance of the government.
(b) People select the representative of their choice in an election.
(c) Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.
(d) People can indicate which policies they prefer.
Answers:
(c) Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.

Question 2.
Which of these is not a good reason to say that Indian elections are democratic?
(a) India has the largest number of voters in the world.
(b) India’s Election Commission is very powerful.
(c) In India, everyone above the age of 18 has a right to vote.
(d) In India, the losing parties accept the electoral verdict.
Answers:
(a) India has the largest number of voters in the world.

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answers:
(a) (iv), (b) (i), (c) (ii), (d) (iii)

Question 4.
List all the different election related activities mentioned in the chapter and arrange them in a time sequence, beginning with the first activity and ending with the last. Some of these activities are given below:
releasing election manifestos; counting of votes; making of voters’ list; election campaign; declaration of election results; casting of votes; ordering of re-poll; announcing election schedule; filing nomination.
Answers:
The following list contains the different election related activities of the electoral process, beginning with the first activity and ending with the last:

• Making of voters’ list
• Announcing of election schedule
• Filing of nomination
• Releasing election manifestos
• Election campaign
• Casting of votes
• Ordering of re-poll
• Counting of votes
• Declaration of election results
• Acceptance of election outcome

Question 5.
Surekha is an officer in-charge of ensuring free and fair elections in an assembly constituency in a state. Describe what should she focus on for each of the following stage of election:
(a) Election campaign
(b) Polling day
(c) Counting day
Answers:
(a) Election campaign: During election campaign Surekha should ensure that:

• Every political party and candidate gets a fair and equal chance to compete.
• No party or candidate can bribe or threaten voters and appeal to them in the name of caste or religion;
• No party or candidate use government machinery and resources for election campaign and spend more money than the limit fixed by the Election Commission.

(b) Polling day: On polling day Surekha has to ensure that booth capturing does not take place and weaker sections of society are able to cast their votes freely and without fear. She should also ensure that all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place.

(c) Counting day: On counting day, Surekha has to ensure that counting of votes takes place in a careful manner. No unauthorised person should be allowed in the area where counting is done. After the counting, the results should be declared by the authorised official.

Question 6.
The table below gives the proportion of different communities among the candidates who won elections of the US Congress. Compare these to the proportion of these communities in the population of the US. Based on this, would you suggest a system of reservations in the US Congress? If yes, why and for which communities? If no, why not?
Answers:

Answer:
From the above table it becomes clear that Blacks and Hispanics enjoy much less representation than their population in the US Congress. Owing to this I would suggest a system of reservations for them in the US Congress.

Question 7.
Can we draw the following conclusions from the information given in this chapter? Give two facts to support your position for each of these.
(a) Election Commission of India does not have enough powers to conduct free and fair elections in the country.
(b) There is a high level of popular participation in the elections in our country.
(c) It is very easy for the party in power to win an election.
(d) Many reforms are needed to make our elections completely free and fair.
Answer:
(a) No, this conclusion is wrong because the Election Commission of India is powerful enough to conduct free and fair elections. It implements the code of conduct and punishes those candidates or parties that violate it. Also, during the elections, government officials work under the EC and not under the government.

(b) Yes, we can draw this conclusion. In our country, voter turnout has increased over the years. Besides, the interest of voters in election related activities has also been increasing over the years.

(c) No, it is not very easy for the party in power to win an election. It has been seen that the ruling party routinely lose elections. Candidates who are known to spend a lot of money often lose elections.

(d) This is a correct conclusion. Reforms are needed because candidates and parties with a lot of money enjoy undue advantage. Also some candidates have criminal connections which they use to terrorise the voters and other candidates. These practices should be stopped.

Question 8.
Chinappa was convicted for torturing his wife for dowry. Satbir was held guilty of practicing untouchability. The court did not allow either of them to contest elections. Does this decision go against the principles of democratic elections?
Answer:
No, this decision does not go against the principles of democratic elections because both Chinappa and Satbir are criminals and therefore they must be prevented from holding elections either in centre or in a state. Democratic elections have certain limitations which cannot be ignored.

Question 9.
Here are some reports of electoral malpractices from different parts of the world. Is there anything that these countries can learn from India to improve their elections? What would you suggest in each case?
(a) During an election in Nigeria, the officer in charge of counting votes deliberately increased the votes of one candidate and declared him elected. The court later found out that more than five lakh votes cast for one candidate were counted in favour of another.
(b) Just before elections in Fiji, a pamphlet was distributed warning voters that a vote for former Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhary will lead to bloodshed. This was a threat to voters of Indian origin.
(c) In the US, each state has its own method of voting, its own procedure of counting and its own authority for conducting elections. Authorities in the state of Florida took many controversial decisions that favoured Mr Bush in the presidential elections in 2000. But no one could change those decisions.
Answer:
(a) Election in this case should be declared null and void and a re-poll in that constituency should be arranged. In India, there is no chance for such a situation because on the day of counting, agents of all the candidates are present to ensure that the counting is done properly and in a fair manner. So, Nigeria can learn this from India to improve its elections.

(b) Issuing such a pamphlet is undoubtedly an electoral malpractice and therefore should be stopped. In our country, if such a situation takes place, the Election Commission has enough powers to set up an enquiry and debar the candidate or party involved in distributing such a pamphlet. So, Fiji should learn from India and do accordingly.

(c) Since each state in the USA has its own method of voting, its own procedure of counting, and its own authority for conducting elections, the decisions taken by the State of Florida must be as per the election laws passed by that state. So, one has the power to change those decisions. In India, since states are not authorised to make their own laws for election, such a situation cannot take place.

Question 10.
Here are some reports of malpractices in Indian elections. Identify what the problem in each case is. What should be done to correct the situation?
(a) Following the announcement of elections, the minister promised to provide financial aid to reopen the closed sugar mill.
(b) Opposition parties alleged that their statements and campaign was not given due attention in Doordarshan and All India Radio.
(c) An inquiry by the Election Commission showed that electoral rolls of a state contain name of 20 lakh fake voters.
(d) The hoodlums of a political party were moving with guns, physically preventing supporters of other political parties to meet the voters and attacking meetings of other parties.
Answer:
(a) The minister cannot make any promises once the elections have been announced. If he/she does so, breaks electoral code of conduct. So, he/she should be debarred from contesting the election.

(b) All the parties should be given adequate time to express their views on Doordarshan and All India Radio. The Election Commission of India has given instructions in this regard and time is fixed for different political parties.

(c) The electoral rolls of a state cannot contain names of fake voters. It is wrong and can be corrected by removing such names from the voters’ list.

(d) Movement of people with guns and other arms must be strictly banned. The hoodlums should be arrested and the party should be warned or banned from contesting elections at least for some period. The state should take measures to ensure that meetings of other parties are not disturbed or attacked. Because all political parties are entitled to hold meetings.

Question 11.
Ramesh was not in class when this chapter was being taught. He came the next day and repeated what he had heard from his father. Can you tell Ramesh what is wrong with these statements?
(a) Women always vote the way men tell them to. So what is the point of giving them the right to vote?
(b) Party politics creates tension in society. Elections should be decided by consensus not by competition.
(c) Only graduates should be allowed to stand as candidates for elections.
Answer:
(a) Women should not be denied the right to vote. They are sensible enough to take their own decision without being influenced by the menfolk. Whoever they think is the right person, they can vote for him/her and it cannot be disclosed.

(b) It is right that party politics is one of the major causes of tension in society. But elections should not be decided by consensus because it is difficult to have consensus on election in today’s states where population is so large. It is also not practicable. So, political competition is good.

(c) It is wrong if only graduates are allowed to stand as candidates for elections. In our country putting an educational qualification would go against the spirit of democracy. It would mean depriving a majority of the country’s citizens the right to contest elections. If our politicians are educated, it is very good. But it is not good if only graduates are given opportunity to stand for elections.

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Electoral Politics PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 Questions and Answers Provided helps you to answer complex Questions too easily. You can use them while preparing for board exams and all of them are given by subject experts. Reading NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth familiarizes you with the kind of questions appearing in the board exams. Students are advised to read these solutions on a regular basis to score well.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 Questions and Answers Geography Chapter 3

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the quick links available on this page. Use the Class 7 SST Geography Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions and get to know different concepts involved. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 3 Questions and Answers helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 3 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

(i) Why do the plates move?
(ii) What are exogenic and endogenic forces?
(iii) What is erosion?
(iv) How are flood plains formed?
(v) What are sand dunes?
(vi) How are beaches formed?
(vii) What are ox bow lakes?

Answer:
(i) Plates move because of the movement of the molten magma inside the earth.
(ii) Endogenic forces: The forces that act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces. Exogenic forces: The forces that work on the surface of the earth are called exogenic forces.
(iii) Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.(iv) Layer of the fine soil and other material called sediments are deposited on the bank of river during the floods. Gradually, this leads to formation of plains.
(v) When the wind stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill like structures. These are called sand dunes.
(vi) Beaches are formed when the sea waves deposit sediments along the shores of the sea.(vii) When the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-offlake, also called an ox-bow lake.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) Which is not an erosional feature of sea waves?
(a) Cliff
(b) Beach
(c) Sea cave
Answer:
(a) Cliff

(ii) The depositional feature of a glacier is:
(a) Flood plain
(b) Beach
(c) Moraine
Answer:
(c) Moraine

(iii) Which is caused by the sudden movements of the earth?
(a) Volcano
(b) Folding
(c) Flood plain
Answer:
(a) Volcano

(iv) Mushroom rocks are found in:
(a) Deserts
(b) River valleys
(c) Glaciers
Answer:
(a) Deserts

(v) Oxbow lakes are found in:
(a) Glaciers
(b) River valleys
(c) Deserts
Answer:
(b) River valleys

3. Match the following.

Ans.
(i) (b)
(ii) (e)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (f)
(v) (c)
(vi) (d)

Question 4.
Give reasons.
(i) Some rocks have a shape of a mushroom.
(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.
(iii) Sea caves are turned into stacks.
(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquakes.
Answer:

(i) Winds erode the lower section of the rock more than the upper part. Therefore, such rocks have narrower base and wider top which take the shape of a mushroom.

(ii) At times the river overflows its bank. This leads to the flooding of the neighbouring areas. As it floods, it deposits layers of fine soil and other material called sediments along its bank. This leads to the formation of a flat fertile floodplain.

(iii) Sea caves are turned into stacks, the reason is that sea waves continuously strike at the rocks and thus cracks are developed. Over time they become larger and wider. Thus, hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are called sea caves. As these cavities become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves remain, thus forming sea arches. Further, erosion breaks the roof and only wall are left. These walls like features are called stacks and thus sea caves are turned into stacks.

(iv) The building collapses due to earthquake because when the Lithospheric plates move, the surface of the earth vibrates. Greatest damage is usually closest to the epicentre. An earthquake over 5.0 can cause damage from things falling. A 6.0 or more is considered very strong. The building may collapse due to the frequency over 5.0 on Richter scale. Apart from this, sometimes buildings are not constructed safe in view of the earthquakes. Hence, building collapses due to a low frequency of earthquakes.

Question 5.
Observe the photographs given below. These are various features made by a river. Identify them and also tell whether they are erosional or depositional or landforms formed by both.
Answer:

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.

Inside our Earth Class 7 Questions and Answers Provided helps you to answer complex Questions too easily. You can use them while preparing for board exams and all of them are given by subject experts. Reading NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Inside our Earth familiarizes you with the kind of questions appearing in the board exams. Students are advised to read these solutions on a regular basis to score well.

Inside our Earth Class 7 Questions and Answers Geography Chapter 2

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the quick links available on this page. Use the Class 7 SST Geography Chapter 2 NCERT Solutions and get to know different concepts involved. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 Questions and Answers helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

1. What are the three layers of the earth?
2. What is a rock?
3. Name three types of rocks.
4. How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?
5. What do you mean by a rock cycle?
6. What are the uses of rocks?
7. What are metamorphic rocks?

Answer:
(i) Three layers of the earth are:
(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core

(ii) Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock.

(iii) Three types of rocks are:

• Sedimentary rocks
• Metamorphic rocks
• Igneous rocks which are also known as primary rocks

(iv) When the molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Extru­sive igneous rocks are formed in such a way on the crust. Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called extrusive igneous rocks.

(v) The process of transformation of the rock from one to another is known as the rock cycle. When the molten magma cools it solidifies to become igneous rock. These igneous rocks are broken down into small particles that are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks.

When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they change into metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks which are still under great heat and pressure melt down to form molten magma. This molten magma again can cool down and solidify into igneous rocks.

(vi) The hard rocks are used for making roads, houses and buildings. Stones are used in many games, e.g. seven stones (pitthoo), hop-scotch (stapu/ kit kit), and five stones (gitti).

(vii) Igneous and sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure. For example, clay changes into slate and limestone into marble.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is:
(a) Igneous
(b) Sedimentary
(c) Metamorphic
Answer:
(a) Igneous

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is:
(a) Crust
(b) Core
(c) Mantle
Answer:
(b) Core

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are examples of:
(a) Rocks
(b) Minerals
(c) Fossils
Answer:
(b) Minerals

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are:
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Metamorphic rocks
(c) Igneous rocks
Answer:
(a) Sedimentary rocks

(iv) The thinnest layer of the earth is:
(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core
Answer:
(a) Crust

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:
1. (e)
3. (b)
4. (f)
5. (c)

Question 4.
Give reasons.
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth.
(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
(iii) Limestone is changed into marble.

Answer:
(i) It is not possible to reach to the centre of the earth because for that we have to dig a hole of 6000 km deep on the ocean floor.
(ii) The smaller rock particles (sediments) are compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks. These types of rocks are called sedimentary rocks.
(iii) Igneous and sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure. For example, limestone changes into marble.

Question 5.
For fun.
(i) What are the minerals most commonly used in the following objects?
(ii) Identify some more objects made up of different minerals.

Answer:

(ii) Students discuss with teacher and can make a list of such items.

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Inside our Earth PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.

Constitutional Design Class 9 Questions and Answers Provided helps you to answer complex Questions too easily. You can use them while preparing for board exams and all of them are given by subject experts. Reading NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Constitutional Design familiarizes you with the kind of questions appearing in the board exams. Students are advised to read these solutions on a regular basis to score well.

Constitutional Design Class 9 Questions and Answers Civics Chapter 3

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the quick links available on this page. Use the Class 9 SST Civics Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions and get to know different concepts involved. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Questions and Answers helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

Constitutional Design NCERT Intext Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What would have happened in South Africa if the black majority had decided to take revenge on the whites for all their oppression and exploitation?
Answer:
In that case there would have been bloodshed everywhere in South Africa. It could have led to a division of the country into blacks and whites. Thank God for all the goodness that the blacks showed towards the whites. They decided to forgive the whites for the atrocities they had committed while in power. This gesture of the blacks has a great inspiring force. It is rare and so praiseworthy.

Question 2.
This is not fair! What was the point in having a Constituent Assembly in India if all the basics were already decided?
Answer:
In a democracy, it is the Constituent Assembly (an assembly of people’s representatives) that writes a Constitution for a country. It was established in India after the country attained independence. It took help of the basics which included right to freedom, universal adult franchise, right of minorities, etc. to deliberate on the Constitution. These basics were guiding principles which were further developed and expanded in order to establish a welfare state in India. So, it is not appropriate to say that there was no point in having a Constituent Assembly in India. It had its own valuable role to play in the making of the Indian Constitution.

Check Your Progress

Question 1.
Does the story of South African struggle for freedom remind you of the Indian national movement? Make a list of similarities and dissimilarities between the two on the following points:
(i) Nature of Colonialism
(iii) Relationship between different communities
(iii) Leadership: Gandhi/Mandela
(iv) Party that led the struggle: African National Congress/ Indian National Congress
(v) Method of struggle
Answer:
Yes, the story of South African struggle for freedom reminds me of the Indian national movement.
List of similarities and dissimilarities between the two freedom struggles:

(i) Nature of Colonialism
Similarities: During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the European trading companies occupied South Africa forcibly in the way they occupied India.

Dissimilarities: Unlike India, a large number of whites had settled in South Africa and became the local rulers.

(ii) Relationship between different communities
Similarities: In South Africa the white rulers treated all non-whites (blacks, coloured people, Indians) as inferiors. They were forbidden from living in white areas. In India also, the same system was followed. The whites regarded both the Indians and Africans uncivilised people.

Dissimilarities: The relationship between different communities in India was more or less cordial. But we notice a lack of such relation among different communities like whites, blacks, coloured people and Indian migrants in South Africa.

(iii) Leadership: Gandhi/Mandela
Similarities: Both Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela were great leaders of the world who had unflinching faith in truth and non-violence. They attained their goal following these principles, and remained stick to them throughout their life.

Dissimilarities: Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa’s most dreaded prison, Robben Island where he spent 28 long years: Mahatma Gandhi was also sent to jail several times during the freedom struggle but he was never sentenced to life imprisonment.

(iv) Party that led the struggle: African National Congress/ Indian National Congress Similarities: Both the ANC and INC were umbrella organisations and worked at the national  level.
Dissimilarities: The ANC fought against the policies of segregation called apartheid whereas the INC fought against the British rule.

(v) Method of Struggle
Similarities: Both the South African struggle for freedom and the Indian national movement followed the same policy i.e. the policy of non-violence. These two struggles remained stick to this policy till the last.

Dissimilarities: In South Africa there was only one group, that of the moderates who adopted peaceful means to uproot the government. In India, on the other hand, two groups were very active moderates and extremists. The moderates favoured peaceful methods but the extremists turned to violent at times.

Question 2.
Read the information about all the makers of the Indian Constitution given in the side column here. You don’t need to memorise this information. Just give examples from these to support the following statements:
(i) The Assembly had many members who were not with the Congress
(ii) The Assembly represented members from different social groups.
(iii) Members of the Assembly believed in different ideologies.
Answer:
(i) Vallabhbhai Patel

• Jaipal Singh
• Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
• Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
• Somnath Lahiri

(ii)

• Vallabhbhai Patel: Lawyer and leader of Bardoli Peasant Satyagraha
• Abul Kalam Azad: Educationist, author and theologian, scholar of Arabic.
• Jaipal Singh: Founder President of Adivasi Maha Sabha.
• H.C. Mookheijee: Member of All India Christian Council and Bengal Legislative Assembly.
• Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar: Social revolutionary thinker and agitator against caste divisions and caste-based inequalities.
• Shyama Prasad Mukherjee: Active in Hindu Mahasabha.
• G. Durgabai Deshmukh: Founder of Andhra Mahila Sabha.

(iii)

• Dr. Rajendra Prasad
• Jawaharlal Nehru
•  Sarojini Naidu
• H.C. Mookherjee
• Somnath Lahiri
• Baldev Singh

Question 3.
Read the three quotations carefully given on NCERT textbook Pages 48 and 49.
I shall strive for a Constitution which will release India from all thralldom and patronage … I shall work for an India in which the poorest shall feel that it is their country in whose making they have an effective voice; an India in which there shall be no high class and low class of people; an India in which \ all communities shall live in perfect harmony. There can be no room in such an India for the curse of  untouchability or the curse of the intoxicating drinks and drugs. Women will enjoy the same rights as men …I shall be satisfied with nothing else.

On the 26th of January 1950 we are going to enter a life of contradictions. In politics we will have \ equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality. In politics we will be recognising the principle of one man one vote and one vote one value. In our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions? How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life? If we continue to deny it for long, we will do so only by putting our political democracy in peril.

Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to I the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity …

Freedom and power bring responsibility. The responsibility rests upon this Assembly, a sovereign body representing the sovereign people of India. Before the birth of freedom we have endured all the pains of labour and our hearts are heavy with the memory of this sorrow. Some of those pains continue even now. Nevertheless, the past is over and it is the future that beckons to us now.
That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving so that we may fulfil the pledges we have so often taken and the one we shall take today. The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity. The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over.

(a) Can you identify one idea that is common to all these three?
(b) What are the differences in their ways of expressing that common idea?
Answer:
(a) The one idea that is common to all the three quotations is the removal of inequalities from the Indian Society.

(b) In the first quotation, Mahatma Gandhi strived for an India in which the poorest should have an effective voice, there should be no high class and low class of people and all communities should live in perfect harmony.

In the second quotation, DR B.R. Ambedkar pointed out the inequalities that existed in social and economic life of the people. By getting equality in politics, the Indians would continue to live in the life of contradictions so long inequalities in social and economic life existed.

In the third quotation, Jahawarlal Nehru emphasised the need of removal of poverty and inequality. He said “The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity.

Question 4.
Compare the Preambles to the constitutions of the United States of America, India and South Africa.


(i) Make a list of ideas that are common to all these three.
(ii) Note down at least one of the major differences among these.
(iii) Which of the three makes a reference to the past?
(iv) Which of these does not invoke God.
Answer:
(i)

• Each of these Preambles starts with, “We, the people.” It means the people of these countries are the source of all authority to govern them.
• The idea of justice is embodied in all these Preambles.

(ii) In the Preambles to the United States’ Constitution, there is a statement for the formation of union. But the Preambles to the Indian and African constitutions do not have such statement.
(iii) The Preamble to the South African Constitution makes a reference to the past.
(iv) The Preambles to the Constitutions of the United States and India do not invoke God.

Civics Class 9 Chapter 3 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Here are some false statements. Identify the mistake in each case and rewrite these correctly based on what you have read in this chapter.
(a) Leaders of the freedom movement had an open mind about whether the country should be democratic or not after independence.
(b) Members of the Constituent Assembly of India held the same views on all provisions of the Constitution.
(c) A Country that has a Constitution must be a democracy.
(d) Constitution cannot be amended because it is the supreme law of a country.
Answer:
(a) Leaders of the freedom movement had an open mind that the country should be democratic after independence.

(b) Members of the Constituent Assembly of India held different views on all provisions of the Constitution.

(c) A country that is a democracy must have a Constitution.

(d) Constitution needs to be amended because it has to be in accordance with people’s aspirations and changes in society.

Question 2.
Which of these was the most salient underlying conflict in the making of a democratic Constitution in South Africa?
(a) Between South Africa and its neighbours
(b) Between men and women
(c) Between the white minority and the black majority
(d) Between the coloured minority and the black majority
Answer:
(d) Between the coloured minority and the black majority

Question 3.
Which of these is a provision that a democratic Constitution doe snot have?
(a) Power of the head of the state.
(b) Name of the head of the state.
(c) Powers of the legislature
(d) Name of the country
Answer:
(b) Name of the head of the state.

Question 4.
Match the following leaders with their roles in the making of the Constitution:
(a) Motilal Nehru – (i) President of the Constituent Assembly
(b) B.R. Anibedkar – (ii) Member of the Constituent Assembly
(c) Raj endra Prasad – (iii) Chairmen of the Drafting Committee
(d) Sarojini Naidu – (iv) Prepared a Constitution for India in 1928
Answer:
(a) (iv) (b) (iii) (c) (i) (d) (ii).

Question 5.
Read again the extracts from Nehru’s speech ‘Tryst with Destiny’ and answer the following:
(a) Why did Nehru use the expression “not wholly or in full measure” in the first sentence?
(b) What pledge did he want the makers of the Indian Constitution to take?
(c) “The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye”. Who was he referring to?
Answer:
(a) Nehru used this expression because the pledge that was taken sometime back could not be fulfilled all at once but substantially and gradually.

(b) He wanted the makers of the Indian Constitution to take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.

(c) Pt. Nehru was referring to Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 6.
Here are some of the guiding values of the Constitution and their meaning. Rewrite them by matching them correctly.
(a) Sovereign – (i) Government will not favour any religion
(b) Republic – (ii) People have the supreme right to make decisions
(c) Fraternity – (iii) Head of the state is an elected person.
(d) Secular – (iv) People should live like brothers and sisters.
Answer:
(a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) (i).

Question 7.
A friend from Nepal has written you a letter describing the political situation there. Many political parties are opposing the rule of the king. Some of them say that the existing Constitution given by the monarch can be amended to allow more powers to elected representatives. Others are demanding a new Constituent Assembly to write a republican Constitution. Reply to your friend giving your opinions on the subject.
Answer:
Dear Friend
I am in favour of the other group that wants a new Constituent Assembly to write a republican Constitution. It will put an end to monarchy forever. However, an agreement has already been signed between the king of Nepal and the alliance of seven political parties opposing the king. This agreement gives the approval of a constitutional monarchy in Nepal. In my opinion, the rule by the king should be ended and a fresh republican Constitution should be written. This will be perfect solution of the problem.
Yours
Mahima

Question 8.
Here are different opinions about what made India a democracy. How much importance would you give to each of these factors?
(a) Democracy in India is a gift of the British rulers. We received training to work with representative legislative institutions under the British rule.
(b) Freedom Struggle challenged the colonial exploitation and denial of different freedoms to Indians. Free India could not be any thing but democratic.
(c) We are lucky to have leaders who had democratic convictions. The denial of democracy in several other newly independent countries shows the important role of these leaders.
Answer:
Each of the above factors is equally important.
(а) It would be wrong to say that democracy is a gift of the British rulers. In fact, the people of India fought a long struggle under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and made many sacrifices to attain freedom from the Britishers. But the experience and training received by the Indians in the working of the legislative institutions under the British rule proved to be useful for the country in setting up its own democratic institutions.

(b) Freedom struggle challenged the colonial exploitation and played an important role in making India a democracy.

(c) This is the most important factor. We are really fortunate to have leaders who had democratic convictions. They contributed a lot in making India a democratic country.

Question 9.
Read the following extract from a conduct book for ‘married women’ published in 1912. “ God has made the female species delicate and fragile both physically and emotionally, pitiably incapable of self-defence. They are destined thus by God to remain in male protection- of father, husband and son all their lives. Women should therefore not despair but feel obliged that they can dedicate themselves to the service of men”. Do you think the values expressed in this para reflected the values underlying our Constitution? Or does this go against the constitutional values?
Answer:
This para goes against the constitutional values because here women have been shown as weak and fragile who should serve men because they protect them. Our Constitution does not glorify men and underestimate women. Rather, it gives equal status to both. Women are as important as men and no one can be ignored. So, women should not be discriminated against simple because they are physically and emotionally weaker than men. They must be given equal treatment everywhere either it is home or outside home.

Question 10.
Read the following statements about a Constitution. Give reasons why each of these is true or not true.
(а) The authority of the rules of the Constitution is the same as that of any other law.
(b) Constitution lays down how different organs of the government will be formed.
(c) Rights of citizens and limits on the power of the government are laid down in the Constitution.
(d) A Constitution is about institutions, not about values.
Answer:
(a) This statement is not true. The rules of the Constitution cannot be compared with ordinary laws passed by the Parliament. The reason is that the rules of the Constitution have greater authority as even the parliament has to abide by them. Also the rules passed by the parliament can be changed by it at its own will but the rules of the Constitution can be amended only by adopting a special procedure.

(b) This is true, the Constitution lays down in detail the structure of power and functions of the three organs of the government—the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country. It defines who will have how much power to take which decisions.

(c) This is true, the rights of the citizens are laid down in the Constitution as Fundamental Rights. The powers of the government are divided between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. These three organs work separately and independently but also keep a check on each other and thus limit their powers.

(d) This statement is not true as the Constitution is not only about institutions but also about values like equality, liberty fraternity, justice, secularism which are mentioned in the Preamble.

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Here you will find Polynomials Class 10 Extra Questions Maths Chapter 2 with Answers Solutions, Extra Questions for Class 10 Maths are solved by experts and will guide students in the right direction.

Extra Questions for Class 10 Maths Polynomials with Answers Solutions

Extra Questions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2 Polynomials with Solutions Answers

Polynomials Class 10 Extra Questions Objective Type

Question 1.
The number of polynomials having zeroes -2 and 5 is:
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) More than 3
Answer:
(d) More than 3

Question 2.
If 1 is zero of the polynomial p(x) = ax² – 3(a – 1)x – 1, then the value of ‘a’ is:
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 2
(d) – 2
Answer:
(a) 1

Question 3.
If a, ß are zeroes of x² – 6x + k. What is the value of k if 3a + 2B = 20.
(a) – 16
(b) 8
(c) – 2
(d) -8
Answer:
(a) – 16

Question 4.
If one zero of 2x² – 3x + k is reciprocal to the other, then the value of k is:
(a) 2
(b) \(\frac {-2}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac {-3}{2}\)
(d) -3
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 5.
If p(x) = x² + 6x + 9 and q(x) = x + 3 then remainder will be when p(x) is divided by q(x):
(a) – 1
(b) 0
(c) 11
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 0

Question 6.
Dividing (x² + 1) by (x + 1), the remainder will be:
(a) -1
(b) 11
(c) 0
(d) – 2
Answer:
(c) 0

Question 7.
Dividing x³ + 3x + 3 by (x + 2), the remainder will be:
(a) -2
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) 1
Answer:
(d) 1

Question 8.
The zero’s of the polynomial (x² – 2x – 3) will be:
(a) – 3, 1
(b) -3, -1
(c) 3, -1
(d) 3, 1
Answer:
(c) 3, -1
Solution:
x² – 2x – 3 = x² – 3x + x – 3
= x(x – 3) + 1 (x – 3 ) = (x – 3) (x + 1)
∴ Zeros of the polynomial are 3, -1
Hence, choice (c) is correct.

Question 9.
Dividing x³ – 3x² – x + 3 by x – 4x + 3 the remainder will be:
(a) – 3
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 0
Answer:
(d) 0

Polynomials Class 10 Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of the zeroes respectively.
(i) \(\frac {1}{4}\), -1
(ii) √2, \(\frac {1}{3}\)
(iii) 0, √5
(iv) 1, 1
(v) – \(\frac {1}{4}\), \(\frac {1}{4}\)
(vi) 4, 1
Solution:
Let the polynomial be ax² + bc + c and its zeroes be α and β.
(i) Here, α + β = \(\frac {1}{4}\) and αβ = -1
Thus, the polynomial formed = x² – (Sum of the zeroes)x + Product of the zeroes

If k = 4 then the polynomial is 4x² – 3 – 4.

(ii) Here, α + β = √2 and αβ = \(\frac {1}{3}\)
Thus, the polynomial formed = x² – (Sum of the zeroes) x + Product of the zeroes

If k = 3, then, the polynomial is 3x² – 3√2x + 1.

(iii) Here, α + β = 0 and aß = √5
Thus, the polynomial formed = x² – (Sum of the zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
= x² – (0)x + √5
= x² + √5

(iv) Let the polynomial be ax² + bx + c and its zeroes α and β. Then

If a = 1 then b = -1 and c = 1
∴ One quadratic polynomial which satisfy the given conditions is x² – x + 1.

(v) Let the polynomial be ax² + bx +c and its zeroes be a and B. Then,

if a = 4, then b = 1 and c = 1.
∴ One quadratic polynomial which satisfy the given conditions is 4x² + x + 1.

(vi) Let the polynomial be ax² + bx + c and its zeroes be a and ß. then,

and αβ = 1 if a = 1 then b = -4 and c = 1
∴ One quadratic polynomial which satisfy the given conditions is x² – 4x + 1.

Question 2.
Divide p(y) by g(y) if p(y) = y³ – 3y² – y + 3 and g(y) = y² – 4y + 3.
Answer:
We write
y³ – 3y² – y + 3 = (y + 1) (y² – 4y + 3).
Solution:

Here, the quotient is y + 1 and the remainder is zero.

Question 3.
Examine if x – 1 is a factor of 2x³ – 5x + 3.
Solution:

Here, remainder is 0, hence, x – 1 is one factor of 2x³ – 5x + 3.

Polynomials Class 10 Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Divide the polynomial f(x) = 3x² – x³ – 3x + 5 by the polynomial g(x) = x – 1 – x² and verify the division alogrithm.
Solution:
f(x) = – x³ + 3x² – 3x + 5 and g(x) = – x² + x- 1

∴ Quotient = x – 2 and remainder = 3.
as dividend = Q x divisior + remainder
– x³ + 3x² – 3x + 5 = (x – 2)(-x² + x – 1) +3
= – x³ + x² – x + 2x² – 2x + 2 + 3
= – x³ + 3x² – 3x + 5
Verify

Question 2.
Divide 3 – x + 2x² by (2 – x) and verify alogrithm.
Solution:
First we write the terms of dividend and divisor in decreasing order of their degrees and then perform the division as shown below:

Clearly, degree (9) = 0 < degree (- x + 2).
∴ quotient = (- 2x – 3) and remainder = 9.
= (quotient x divisor) + remainder
= (- 2x – 3)(- x + 2) + 9
= 2x² – 4x + 3x – 6 + 9
= 2x² – x + 3
= dividend
Thus, (quotient x divisor) + remainder = dividend. Hence, the division algorithm is verified.

Question 3.
On dividing x³ – 3x² + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2 and – 2x + 4, respectvely. Find g(x).
Solution:
Given, p(x) = x² – 3x² + x + 2, q(x) = x – 2 and r(x) = – 2x + 4. By division algorithm, we know that
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x).
Therefore,
x³ + 3x² + x + 2 = (x – 2) × g(x) + (-2x + 4)
⇒ x³ – 3x² + x + 2 + 2x – 4 = (x – 2) × g(x)
⇒
On dividing x³ – 3x² + 3x – 2 by x – 2, we get

Hence, g(x) = x² – x + 1.

Question 4.
Divide 6x⁵ + 5x⁴ + 11x³ – 5x² + 2x + 7 by 3x² – 2x + 4.
Solution:

Question 5.
If – 3 is one of the zeros of the quadratic polynomial (k – 1) x² + kx + 1. Find the value of other zeros.
Solution:
Given that – 3 is one zeros of the polynomial
(k – 1) x² + kx + 1
∴ (k – 1)(-3)² + k (-3) + 1 = 0 .
⇒ 9k – 9 – 3k + 1 = 0
⇒ 6k = 8
⇒ Putting the value of k = \(\frac {4}{3}\) in given polynomial,
we get (\(\frac {4}{3}\)– 1) x² + \(\frac {4}{3}\) x + 1

⇒ x² + 4x + 3 = x² + 3x + x + 3
= x (x + 3) + 1 (x + 3)
⇒ (x + 3) (x + 1)
∴ zeros are – 3 and – 1
Hence their zeros of the quadratic polynomial is – 1.

Question 6.
Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and
(i) deg p(x) = deg g(x)
(ii) deg g(x) = deg r(x)
(iii) deg q(x) = 0
Solution:
Let
q(x) = 3x² + 2x + 6,
degree of g(x) = 2
p(x) = 12x² + 8x + 24,
degree of p(x) = 2

(i) Using division algorithm,
We have,’ p(x) = (x) × g(x) + r(x)
On dividing 12x² + 8x + 24 by 3x² + 2x + 6.
we get

Since, the remainder is zero, therefore 3x² + 2x + 6 is a factor of 12x² + 8x + 24.
∴ g(x) = 4 and r(x) = 0.

(ii) p(x) = x⁵ + 2x⁴ + 3x³ + 5x² + 2
q(x) = x² + x + 1, degree of g(x) = 2
g(x) = x³ + x² + x + 1
r(x) = 2x² – 2x + 1, degree of r(x) = 2
Here, deg q(x) = deg r(x)
On dividing x⁵ + 2x⁴ + 3x³ + 5x² + 2 by x² + x + 1, we get

Here, g(x) = x³ + x² + x + 1
and r(x) = 2x² – 2x + 1

(iii) Let p(x) = 2x⁴ + 8x³ + 6x² + 4x + 12, r(x) = 2, degree of r(x) = 0
g(x) = x⁴ + 4x³ + 3x² + 2x + 1
⇒ 9(x) = 10
Here deg r(x) = 0
On dividing 2x⁴ + 8x³ + 6x² + 4x + 12 by 2,
we get

Question 7.
Find the zero’s of quadratic polynomial f(x) = 3x² – 3 – 4. Verify the relationship between the zeros and its coefficients.
Solution:
∴ f(x) = 3x² – x – 4
= 3x² – 4x + 3x – 4
= x(3x – 4) + 1 (3x – 4)
= (3x – 4) (x + 1)
∴ zero’s are \(\frac {4}{3}\) and -1.
sum of the zeros =

Question 8.
Solve the pair of linear simultaneous equations
2x – y = 1 and x + 2y = 13
By drawing their graphs. Find the coordinates of vertices of a triangle formed by these lines and y-axis.
Solution:
2x – y = 1 ⇒ x + 2y = 13
2x = 1 + y ⇒ x = 13 – 2y

Now plot the points on the graph paper.

The coordinate of required ∆ are
A(3, 5), B (0, \(\frac {13}{2}\)) and C(0, -1) respectively
Solution is x = 3, y = 5

Question 9.
Find all the zeros of polynomial 2x⁴ – 3x² – 3x² + 6x – 2. If two of its zeros are √2 and √2.
Solution.
quad. polynomial form by the given zeros is
(X – √2) (x + √2)
⇒ x² – 2
Now divided the given polynomial by x² – 2

∴ x⁴ – 3x³ – 3x² + 6x – 2
= (x² – 2) (2x² – 3x + 1)
= (x² – 2) (2x² – 2x – x + 1)
= (x² – 2) [2x(x -1) – 1(x-1)]
= (x √2 )(x + √2)(x – 1) (2x – 1)
Hence all zeros are
1/2, 1, √2 and – √2

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 Questions and Answers Provided helps you to answer complex Questions too easily. You can use them while preparing for board exams and all of them are given by subject experts. Reading NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 What is Democracy? Why Democracy? familiarizes you with the kind of questions appearing in the board exams. Students are advised to read these solutions on a regular basis to score well.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 Questions and Answers Civics Chapter 2

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the quick links available on this page. Use the Class 9 SST Civics Chapter 2 NCERT Solutions and get to know different concepts involved. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Questions and Answers helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? NCERT Intext Questions and Answers

Question 1.
I have heard a different version. Democracy is off the people, far (from) the people and(where they) buy the people. Why don’t we accept that?
Answer:
When people define democracy in this way, it shows only their hopelessness and frustration. To some extent they are right, we have seen that in some cases democracy does not serve the purpose because it has nothing to do with the welfare of the people. Candidates buy votes by dint of their money and muscle power. But we should not be hopeless. There are exceptions too. So we don’t need to give much attention to the above definition of democracy. Democracy has always been a better government than other forms of government. It gives people basic political rights and freedom of expression.

Question 2.
All this is so remote for me. Is democracy all about rulers and governments? Can we talk about a democratic classroom? Or a democratic family?
Answer:
Democracy is not all about rulers and governments. Democracy is a principle that can be applied to any sphere of life. We can have democratic classrooms where teachers give students the freedom of asking questions without hesitation or fear, where a good interaction takes place between teachers and students, where teachers instead of creating panic among students maintain pleasant environment in the classroom.

Democracy can be seen in families also. We can have democratic families where parents or elders do not impose their decisions on their children or younger members. All the family members should sit down and arrive at a common consensus. Children’s opinion should matter as much as their parents’. In this way, democracy can be applied everywhere.

Question 3.
Why talk about Zimbabwe? In read similar reports from many parts of our own country? Why don’t we discuss that?
Answer:
Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980. Since then the country has been ruled by Robert Mugabe. Elections have been held regularly and always won by his party named ZANU-PF. President Mugabe is popular no doubt but he also uses unfair practices in elections. Over the years his government has changed the Constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make him less accountable.

There are independent newspapers by the government harasses those journalists who go against it. The example of Zimbabwe shows that popular approval of the rulers is necessary in a democracy, but it is not sufficient. Popular governments can be undemocratic. Popular leaders can be autocratic. A democratic government is not expected to do whatever it likes, simply because it has won the election. It has to respect some basic rules.

Whatever is going on in Zimbabwe under the leadership of Robert Mugabe, is not limited to that country only. Similar reports are heard in our country also. Whenever elections are held some candidates with criminal backgrounds try to use unfair means to make their position safe. Sometimes violence and money power are also used in elections. However, the number of such incidents are decreasing as elections are becoming fairer.

Question 4.
I want to be in Lyngdoh Madam’s class! That sounds like a democratic classroom. Doesn’t it?
Answer:
Lyngdoh Madam is of democratic temperament. In her classroom students can speak their own minds. They are free to put forth their arguments. Lyngdoh Madam warns the students not to accept something just because it is famous, just because everyone else accepts it. Students enjoy the teaching of such a teacher. So, the girl here wants to be in this teacher’s class.

Question 5.
What would have happened of India was not a democracy? Could we have stayed together as a single nation?
Answer:
We would not have stayed together as a single nation of India was not a democracy. The prime reason is that India is a country of many diversities. People of different religions, languages, cultures live here. If there was no democracy then all the people could not have followed their religions and customs in their own way. In such a condition there was a fair chance of conflict between different religious and linguistic groups. Minorities would have been oppressed by the majority in the absence of democracy. It is only democracy that ensures protection to its citizens irrespective of their religion, caste, status, gender, etc. It also brings order in society and binds people together.

Check Your Progress

Question 1.
Ribiang went back home and collected some more famous quotations on democracy. This time she did not mention the names of the people who said or wrote these. She wants you to read these and comment on how good or useful these thoughts are:
(a) Democracy gives every man the right to be his own oppressor.
(b) Democracy consists of choosing your dictators after they’ve told you what you think it is you want to hear.
(c) Man’s capacity for justice makes democracy possible, but man’s inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary.
(d) Democracy is a device that insures we shall be governed no better than we deserve.
(e) All the ills of democracy can be cured by more democracy.
Answer:
The first and second thoughts indicate the same point. They tell about those forms of government in which people have the right to choose their ruler without having options. It means that they are bound to elect the candidate only from the ruling party.

The third thought suggests that if man accepts justice, then democracy is possible, but if he follows injustice, democracy is necessary to ensure justice to others.

The fourth thought suggests that democracy can work in a better way if we are aware citizens and help in its functioning. The fifth thought suggests that if we want true democracy, we should work for the removal of all the ills that come in its way.

Question 2.
Read these five examples of working or denial of democracy. Match each of these with the relevant features of democracy discussed above.
Answer:

(i) (e),(ii) (c), (iii) (b), (iv) (a), (v)(d)

Question 3.
Rajesh and Muzaffar read an article. It showed that no democracy has ever gone to war with another democracy. Wars takes place only when one of the two governments is non- democratic. The article said that this was a great merit of democracy. After reading the essay, Rajesh and Muzaffar had different reactions. Rajesh said that this was not a good argument for democracy. It was just a matter of chance. It is possible that in future democracies may have wars. Muzaffar said that it could not be a matter of chance. Democracies take decisions in such a way that it reduces the chances of war. Which of the two positions do you agree with and why?
(i) – e (ii) – c (iii) – b (iv) – a (v) – d
Answer:
I do agree with Muzaffar’s position. Democracies take decisions in such a way that it reduces the chances of war. It provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. That is why, it is considered the best form of government.

Civics Class 9 Chapter 2 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information how would you classify each of these countries? Write ‘democratic’ ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
(a) Country A: People who do not accept the country’s official religion do not have a right to vote.
(b) Country B: The same party has been winning elections for the last twenty years.
(c) Country C: Ruling party has lost in the last three elections.
(d) Country D: There is no independent election commission.
Answer:
(a) Undemocratic
(b) Not sure
(c) Democratic
(d) Undemocratic

Question 2.
Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information how would you classify each of these countries. Write ‘democratic’ ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
(a) Country P: The parliament cannot pass a law about the army without the consent of the Chief of Army.
(b) Country Q: The parliament cannot pass a law reducing the powers of the judiciary.
(c) Country R: The country’s leaders cannot sign any treaty with another country without taking permission from its neighbouring country.
(d) Country S: All the major economic decisions about the country are taken by officials of the central bank which the ministers cannot change.
Answer:
(a) Undemocratic
(b) Undemocratic
(c) Undemocratic
(d) Undemocratic

Question 3.
Which of these is not a good argument in favour of democracy? Why?
(a) People feel free and equal in a democracy.
(b) Democracies resolve conflict in a better way than others.
(c) Democratic government is more accountable to the people.
(d) Democracies are more prosperous than others.
Answer:
(d) This argument that democracies are more prosperous than others is not a good one in favour of democracy because prosperity of the people has nothing to do with the form of government. Sometimes a good monarch can be more concerned with the welfare of his subjects and can work hard to make his country more prosperous than some of the democracies, where different political parties and their leaders are always indulged in fight with each other which ultimately drag their country on the path of poverty. Thus, democracies may be more prosperous than others but not all the time. It all depends on the goodness and sacrifice of the leaders/rulers.

Question 4.
Each of these statements contains a democratic and an undemocratic element. Write out the two separately for each statement.
(a) A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament in order to conform to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
(b) The Election Commission ordered re-poling in a constituency where large-scale rigging was reported.
(c) Women’s representation in the parliament has barely reached 10 per cent. This led women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women.
Answer:
(a)

• Democratic element: ‘A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament’.
• Undemocratic element: ‘In order to conform to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation (WTO)’.

(b)

• Democratic element: ‘The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency’.
• Undemocratic element: Where large-scale rigging was reported’.

(c)

• Democratic element: ‘Demand by women’s organisations for one-third seats for them in the parliament’.
• Undemodratie element: Women’s representation in the parliament has barely reached 10 per cent.

Question 5.
Which of these is not a valid reason for arguing that there is a lesser possibility of famine in a democratic country?
(a) Opposition parties can draw attention to hunger and starvation.
(b) Free press can report suffering from famine in different parts of the country.
(c) Government fears its defeat in the next elections.
(d) People are free to believe in and practice any religion.
Answer:
(d) People are free to believe in and practice any religion.

Question 6.
There are 40 villages in a district where the government has made no provision for drinking water. These villagers met and considered many methods of forcing the government to respond to their need. Which of these is not a democratic method?
(a) Filing a case in the courts claiming that water is part of right to life.
(b) Boycotting the next elections to give a message to all parties.
(c) Organising public meetings against government’s policies.
(d) Paying money to government officials to get water.
Answer:
(d) Paying money to government officials to get water.

Question 7.
Write a response to the following arguments against democracy:
(a) Army is the most disciplined and corruption-free organisation in the country. Therefore army should rule the country.
(b) Rule of the majority means the rule of ignorant people. What we need is the rule of the wise, even if they are in small numbers.
(c) If we want religious leaders to guide us in spiritual matters, why not invite them to guide us in politics as well. The country should be ruled by religious leaders.
Answer:
(a) Army is the most disciplined and corruption-free organisation in the country. It plays an important role in keeping the country safe and sound. But army rule is not democratic because it is not elected by the people. Under such a rule people cannot enjoy even basic political rights. They are not free to express their opinions/views. They are exploited in numerous ways. Army rule means a dictator’s rule where military officers are empowered to do as they wish and no one has right to question them. We can refer to Chile where people suffered under the rule of General Augusto Pinochet. So, let the army do its assigned job.

(b) This argument may sound logical but is not justified. Such a thing would be against the principle of the Universal Adult Franchise which gives the right to vote to every adult irrespective of caste, sex, gender, religion, status, etc. It is not democratic to keep a vast majority of the people away from the governance. People must be given equal right to become a partner in the formation of government because only then they will obey the laws of the country which is important to run the government properly. As rule of majority represents the views of all sections of people, it is very much democratic and so it should be promoted.

(c) This argument is also not justified. Religious leaders can prove themselves good in guiding us in spiritual matters but this doesn’t mean that they would do a good job in politics also. It is a fact that no government run by religious leaders has proved successful so far in the history of the world. They arouse communal feelings in people which may lead to widespread communal violence.

Question 8.
Are the following statements in keeping with democracy as a value? Why?
(a) Father to daughter: I don’t want to hear your opinion about your marriage. In our family children marry where the parents tell them to.
(b) Teacher to student: Don’t disturb my concentration by asking me questions in the classroom.
(c) Employee to the officer: Our working hours must be reduced according to the law.
Answer:
(a) This statement is not keeping with democracy as a value because here the father is thrusting his own opinion on his daughter. The daughter must have the right to choose her life-partner in her own way. There should not be any compulsion from parents’ side.

(b) This statement is also not keeping with democratic values because here the teacher behaves like a dictator. He does not allow his students to ask questions which is highly undemocratic.

(c) As per the norms of the law, employees can ask or request their officer for something like reducing working hours. So, this statement is in keeping with democratic values.

Question 9.
Consider the following facts about a country and decide if you would call it a democracy.
Give reasons to support your decision.
(а) All the citizens of the country have right to vote. Elections are held regularly.
(b) The country took loan from international agencies. One of the conditions for giving loan was that the government would reduce its expenses on education and health.
(c) People speak more than seven languages but education is available only in one language, the language spoken by 52 per cent people of that country.
(d) Several organisations have given a call for peaceful demonstrations and nation wide strikes in the country to oppose these policies. Government has arrested these leaders.
(e) The government owns the radio and television in the country. All the newspapers have to get permission from the government to publish any news about government’s policies and protests.
Answer:
(a) This country is democratic because here all the citizens have the right to vote and elections are held regularly.

(b) This country is not democratic as the government here does not work for the welfare of its citizens. Reducing expenses on education and health will not enhance the dignity of the citizens, which is a major feature of democracy.

(c) If seven languages are spoken in the country, education should not be given only in one language, even though it is a language of the majority. It means that the languages of the minority class are not given much importance. I think the country is undemocratic.

(d) This is a highly undemocratic country because the government here does not follow the democratic norms. It has arrested those leaders who have given a call for peaceful demonstrations. In a true democracy, we have the right to organise demonstrations in a peaceful manner. If this right of ours is scrapped, it means we are living under the rule of an undemocratic ruler.

(e) In a democratic country radio and television are independent. All the newspapers are also independent of government. But is they have to take permission from the government to publish any news about government’s policies, it means the country is not democratic.

Question 10.
In 2004, a report published in USA pointed to the increasing inequalities in that country. Inequalities in income reflected in the participation of people in democracy. It also shaped their abilities to influence the decisions taken by the government. The report highlighted that:
Answer:
(i) If an average Black family earns $ 100 then the income of average White family in $ 162. A White family has twelve times more wealth than the average Black family.

(ii) In a president’s election nearly 9 out of 10 individuals in families with income over $ 75,000 have voted. These people are the top 20% of the population in terms of their income. On the other hand only 5 people out of 10 from families with income less than $ 15,000 have voted. They are the bottom 20% of the population in terms of their income.

(iii) About 95% contribution to the political parties comes from the rich. This gives them opportunity to express their opinions and concerns, which is not available to most citizens.

(iv) As poor sections participate less in politics, the government does not listen to their countries— coming out of poverty, getting job, education, health care and housing for them. Politicians hear most regularly about the concerns of business persons and the rich.

Question 11.
Write an essay on ‘Democracy and Poverty’ using the information given in this report but using examples from India.
Answer:
Democracy and Poverty
The topic ‘Democracy and Poverty’ points out a very complicated relationship between the two. It points out how fundamental rights of democracy are given to the wealthy section but the poor remains deprived of. In a democracy we can see the wide gap between the rich and the poor. Rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. The reason is obvious. As poor sections participate less in politics, the government does not listen to their concerns. But the reverse happens with the rich.

Politicians hear most regularly about their concerns. It is a well-known truth that political parties are run by the money of the big business persons and the rich. That is why these parties see no gain in doing work for poverty reduction. What actually these parties do is showing false concerns for the poor in their public speeches. They keep their voices aloud for the reduction of poverty but do nothing in this regard. This is the reason why the poor never come out of poverty.

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