CBSE Class 11

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 History Chapter 11 Paths to Modernization Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Paths to Modernization NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 11

Paths to Modernization Questions and Answers Class 11 History Chapter 11

Question 1.
What were the major developments before the Meiji restoration that made it possible for Japan to modernise rapidly?
Answer:
Major developments before the Maiji restoration

• Japan was divided into 250 domains.
• Reading habit increased among people.
• Theatres were opened and different arts were rewarded.
• Population increased rapidly in cities and castle-towns.
• Samurai, a particular class recruited for defence services.
• Gold and silver stock depleted due to payment for imports on hard currency.

Question 2.
Discuss how daily life was transformed as Japan developed.
Answer:
There were schools and colleges for children and youth. People began travelling by train. Joint family system degraded to nuclear family (home) which raised the demand for consumer goods, new form of housing and means of entertainments.

Transport in cities improved with electric trains and public parks were opened from 1873 and departmental stores began to build. Radio station opened in 1925. Theatre and movies started their bulk business. Traditional norms and political behaviour was changed drastically. Japan has now framed strictest environment laws in order to reduce pollution and poisoining (cadmium poisoning, mercury poisoning etc.)

Question 3.
How did the Qing dynasty try and meet the challenge posed by the western powers? ,
Answer:
The challenge posed by western powers till then arrival of Jesuit missionaries and they started educating the youth on western sciences (viz. astronomy and mathematics) and opium wars during 1839-42 were fought again Britain who forcibly brought the trade in opium in China.

Measures to face the challenge—

• Policies to build a modem administrative system made and it was made powerful.
• Formed new army and developed education system.
• Set-up local assemblies to establish consitutional govt. These were the measures the Qing dynasty adopted in order to evade from colonisation.

Question 4.
What were Sun Yat-Sen’s Three Principles?
Answer:
The three principles or San min Chui were—

• to overthrow foreign dynasty and foreigner imperialists
• to establish a democratic govt
• to bring in socialism, regulating capital and disbursing of equal land holding.

Question 5.
Did Japan’s Policy of rapid industrialisation lead to wars with its neighbours and destruction of the environment?Answer:
We approve this statement because—
(i) Agricultural tax was imposed on peasants in order to arrange for working capital in factories.

(ii) Rapid industrialisation promoted economy hence, military power was increased and so favoured by the emperor. Schools were made centres for recruitment in military.

(iii) A rule had been made that all citizens shall have to join military over twenty.

(iv) Rapid demand for natural resources like fuel, timber, several metals including iron increased rapidly which resulted in environment degradation.’ Eg. Pollution, poisoining etc.

However, we cannot straightway assume the wars with neighbours had a direct effect on rapid industrialisation because there were several factors responsible for those military campaigns. These were—

• Fear of subordination by the Imperial powers as a colony.
• India and China were neighbours of Japan hence, she had already observed the colonial rules of Britain there. Hence, it was a good step to strengthen military power of the country.
• When a country is in possession of military power, its manifestation or application cannot be ruled out. Hence, Japan had also did experimfent of making her colonies i.e. Taiwan and Korea.

Question 6.
Do you think that Maozedong and the Communist Party of China were successful in liberating China and laying the basis for its current crisis?
Answer:
Maozedong undoubtedly was an intelligent surveyor and analytic of the society as his survey in 1930 was conducted in Xunwn. It states that he studiec| commodities, the prevailing wages of labour for different crafts and religious organisations to examine the different levels of exploitation.

He studied also, the social ills like selling boys at their teens. His base of politics is rural not urban like another party, the Guomindang or National People’s Party. He was the great leader of CCP.

Contribution in Liberty of China
(i) Took rural base and garnered mass support.

(ii) Organised women associations in order to empower them in society.

(iii) Promulgated a new marriage law to prohibit arranged marriages, stopped purchase or sale of marriage contracts and simplified divorce.

(iv) Organised a peasants Council (Soviet)

(v) Carried out land reforms and prepared the mass to fight against imperialism.
This five-prong efforts had bagged strong support of masses to him and he could end its war against N.P.P. or Guomindang.

Current crisis and impact of maoism

Current Crisis—
(a) An explosion of new ideas
(b) Democracy in demand
(c) Problem of poverty and sexual exploitation
(d) Inequality between social groups, between regions and between men and women causing tensions
(e) Demand for revival of Confucianism (good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social relationship)

Essence of Maoism to be treated as basis of present crisis— It is the definition of a socialist man now being understood for mere ideology and not in practical behaviour. Mao understood socialist man only the person who has love for his fatherland, people, labour, science and public property.

There is patriarchal system of family in Japan while Mao himself had constituted women organisation. Eg. All China Democratic Women’s Federation had 76 million members. This difference between theory and practice itself was contradictory hence, we can say it a foundation stone of current crisis. People there are mis-directed between ideology and professional knowledge.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 History Chapter 10 Displacing Indigenous Peoples Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Displacing Indigenous Peoples NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 10

Displacing Indigenous Peoples Questions and Answers Class 11 History Chapter 10

Question 1.
Comment on any point of difference between the native peoples of South and North America.
Answer:
Owing to difference in topography South Americans including Brazilians were hunters, gatherers, agriculturist and herders. They were simple people contented with their means while Spaniards and Portuguese both European nationals looted, cheated and made them slaves.

In North America, native people used to live in bands in villages along river while in South America there were institutions like Kingdom of Inca civilization, Maya Civilization and Aztec civilization were existed. It means, South Americans had organised society. Military force was used to conquer Mexico.

Question 2.
Other than the use of English, what other features of English economic and social life do you notice in nineteenth century USA?
Answer:
(i) USA was under developed economy in 1860 but within a span of 30 years i.e. it became leading industrial power in the world in 1890.
(ii) Louisiana was purchased from France, Alaska from Russia and more expansion done through wars.
(iii) People from Germany, Sweden, Italy, Polland started migrating to USA owing to one of any other reasons.
(iv) USA came into existence by the end of eighteenth century.
(v) A war between states favouring and against the slavery took place and slavery was abolished.
(vi) Europeans made native people landless.
(vii) Right of citizens not allowed to native people.
(viii) Justice John Marshall’s order providing native people (Cherokees) sovereignty was violated by US President Andrew Jackson and drove out them to be great American desert.

Question 3.
What did the “frontier” mean to Americans?
Answer:
Fraction of land with USA and addition of new areas by her conquest campaign, the ever changing borders of the country were formed and those moving or ever changing boundries were called frontier.

Question 4.
Why was the history of the Australian native people’s left out of history books?
Answer:
Reasons for not being Specific Historical Data
(i) European settlers and the native people interacted on the issue of land 300 years after the North America. They were displaced by the Europeans.
(ii) Early settlers here were convicts deported from England hence, unknown to the area and not literary persons.
(iii) Nothing has been written in American and Australian history text book about the native people.
(iv) It could possible from the decade of 1960’s that native people started keeping their records.

Question 5.
How satisfactory is a museum gallery display in explaining the culture of a people? Give examples from your own experience of a museum?
Answer:
Display of Culture by a museum gallery
(i) We find books on History, Research papers, surveys made by Historians and Archaeologists.
(ii) All remnants of pots and pens, apparels ornaments etc. we observe in Museum.
(iii) There are icons of the ancient periods, the theology in its, basic form (Tamralipi, Bhofpatra etc.) and coins and
currencies of different ages in the past.
(iv) Models of dialects, languages etc. are also kept in Museums.
(v) Decrees and orders passed by rulers in the past we can see in their original form only in museums.
When a museum is a treasure of all these things symbolising cultures of human-beings from pre-historic period to the present day, here remains no doubt in their function to display rumerous cultures. Eg. National Museum in Delhi.

Question 6.
Imagine an encounter in California in about 1880 between four people; a former African slave, a Chinese labourer, a German who had come out in the gold Rush, and a native of the Hopi tribe and narrate their conversation.
Answer:
Encounter between four people—
(i) First Person (former African slave)
(ii) Second Person (Chinese labourer)
(iii) Third Person (a German in the Gold Rush)
(iv) Fourth Person (native of Hopi tribe)

First Person—Hellow! luckily we people different in cultures but similar when we say us aborigine or native people—have gathered here to discuss about our feelings and living manners. I would like to first introduce myself as an African slave. It would wrong if say Europeans are responsible for our slavery but our own people i.e. the African people.

I was sold to Europeans at eleven and brought to Brazil and other parts of South America alongwith a number of other slaves. Those people branded us, chained our legs while working in forest for land clearing, cutting trees for timber, digging the land and all other agricultural operations. Small hutments were given us for living like animals.

Second Person—I am a Chinese labourer came from my native country i.e. China along with my several other brothers to Australia. I saw here native people were enslaved by Europeans after trickily, they were evicted from their own lands. I also was deployed to work on farms.

We were paid very less amount in wage and there were inhuman conditions of work. I saw about 90 percent of native people were dead due to such harsh conditions of work. Perhaps, China was consulted to send us as labourer to Australia by the EuropeAnswer:Thanks to the later years, when immigration of people from South Asia and South East Asia was banned due to colour discrimination.

Third Person—I am a German labourer. I came down in America from my native country when Holland, Germany, Britain etc. countries were running mad race to dig and obtain gold from the quarries in the North America. We in a group were brought to California. We had to work throughout the day and night except a few hours for relax and meal were given.

Fourth Person—We people used to arrange fairs to exchange handicrafts and food items not available in other regions. Europeans gave us blankets, iron vessels, guns and liquor. They would offer us liquor, make, us addicted to and dictate the terms of trade. They befooled us but we also made them addicted to tobacco. I shocked to listen to USA President, Thomas Jafferson saying that we are uncivilized people and as they had tired of making us civilized and decide our extermination.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 History Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

The Industrial Revolution NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 9

The Industrial Revolution Questions and Answers Class 11 History Chapter 9

Question 1.
How did Britain’s involvement in wars from 1793 to 1815 affect British industries?
Answer:
Britain could not go through capital formation and reinvestment in industries during war period. She had to use borrowed apital to fight rather than reinvestment. Income tax was imposed in order to reimburse 35 percent of the total expenses incurred in war. Workers were transferred to army and saving was jeopardised by inflation.

Question 2.
What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?
Answer:
Transportation by Canals
(i) Created marketing centres in new towns like Birmingham.
(ii) Congestion of vessels made movement slow by canals and these could not be used in rainy season, fog strewn days and during drought.
(iii) Canals expansion was that of 4,000 miles.
(iv) Transportation by canal was confined only to carry coal and the course of rivers could only become the route, not destination away from the course of river.

Transportation by Railway
(i) Almost same influence the railway lines had on creation of new towns as marketing centres.
(ii) Likewise grievance was not with the railways.
(iii) About 9,500 miles of railway lines were laid.
(iv) It was not the problem with railways because railway lines could be laid everywhere.

Question 3.
What were the interesting features of the ‘inventions’ of this period?
Answer:
The inventions were consisting of invention of several incentives and technologies in cotton industry sector, transportation by canal and railways, coal digging, smeltering iron etc.

Question 4.
Indicate how the supply of new materials affected the nature of British Industrialisation?
Answer:
(i) It increased the number of factories thereby conglomeration of workers in towns and cities .around unhygienic temporary settlements. It caused burden on sanitation, means of public conveniences, health, education etc. thereby breaking out of epidemics.

(ii) Supply of finished product in market increased more than their demand thereby reduction in prices beyond the cost involved. It resulted in closure of factories.

Question 5.
How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
(i) Women of all classes (i.e. nobility, Peasants etc) started working in factories in order to get financial independence and self-esteem.
(ii) However, for the satisfaction of this false ego, they
accepted working on wages lower than the men for equal hours of working.
(iii) They had to live in urban conglomeration or slums, the most unhygienic for human habitation.
(iv) They had to observe strict discipline and oftenly, receive punishment for one or other usual mistakes/missions.
(v) Women were the main workers with the silk lace¬making and knitting industries.

Question 6.
Compare the effects of the coming of the railways in different countries in the world :
Answer:
Global Effects of coming of railways
(i) The invention of the railways took the entire process of industrialisation to a second stage.

(ii) The engine technology was used in several works like, use of Puffing Devil, an engine devised by Richard Trevithick was used to pull trucks around the coal mines.

(iii) Railways emerged as a new mean of transportation that was available throughout the year.

(iv) Transportation of heavy goods including capital goods and passenger by rails proved cheaper than rowing through canal in all over the world.

(v) Railways arrival joined the ports to the town centres and it faciliated picking the goods imported and delivering those proposed for export.

(vi) It had made cultural assimilation and intercourse possible and it had spread spirit of partiotism and nationalism among local people and promoted bilateral trade relations with the countries outside. Thus, it resulted spurt in International trade.

(vii) It had provided an ample opportunity of liaisoning, contacts thereby, people evigorated to tend the mind towards invention of techniques, devices, tools etc. in order to develop innovative and a new things.

(viii) It had transmitted technical know-how of industrial revolution in England (Britain) to all over world as railways linked with ports.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 History Chapter 8 Confrontation of Cultures Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Confrontation of Cultures NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 8

Confrontation of Cultures Questions and Answers Class 11 History Chapter 8

Question 1.
Compare the civilization of the Aztecs with that of the Mesopotamians.
Answer:

Question 2.
What were the new developments helping European navigation in the fifteenth Century?
Answer:
These new developments were—

• Invention and use of magnetic compass to identify cardinal points accurately.
• Large ships were built.
• Books on Cosmography and geography available.
• European economy suffered set-back
• Shortage of gold and silver used for coinage
• Crusades against Turk were launched.
• Establishment of a trading station in Cape Bojador in Africa
• Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian Kings from the Arabs.

Question 3.
Give reasons for Spain and Portugal being the first in the fifteenth Century to venture across the Atlantic.
Answer:
Reasons for initiative taken by Spain and Portugal in sea-voyages—Mainly, we can describe three reasons for such initiative. These are—
(i) Economic
(ii) Religious and
(iii) Political.

(i) Economic Reasons—

• Europe’s economy suffered set-back due to depletion of gold and silver stock in mines and several other reasons.
• Recession in trade because of low agricultural production.
• Long-distance trade became difficult after the Turks conquered Constantinople.

(ii) Religious reasons—Christian missonaries were interested in propagation of Christianity all over the world. They wanted conversion of more and more people in Christianity. They were ready to bear risks involved in sea voyages.

(iii) Political reasons—

• They wanted establishment of their colonies in regions with a warmer climate as and when the trade relations were duly formed.

(iv) A system of claiming rights of sovereignty over newly conquered territories through contracts known as Capitulaciones was developed

(v) Prince Henry of Portugal attacked Ceuta (Africa) in 1415.
Conclusion—On the above grounds, Spain and Portugal took initiative earlier than other European countries in sea-voyages. They had expert navigators and these countries were existed at sea-shore. Hence, there was no difficulty to cross the Atlantic and explore new lands of the world.

Question 4.
What new food items were transmitted from the South America to the rest of the World?
Answer:
These were—hens, honey, sugar, potatoes, pumpkin, manioc roots, squash, corn, flesh or Lamas etc.

Question 5.
Write an account of the journey of an African boy of seventeen captured and taken to Brazil as a slave.
Answer:
Supposing that the boy was captured in Madagaskar in Africa. He would have been shipped through Indian ocean to the extreme south terminal of Africa, then a turn towards South Atlantic ocean and finally, dropped in Brazil, the part of South America, named it because of brazil-wood amply grown there. The boy along with a number of other teenagers and youths, thrusted into the cabin and then locked outside.

He would have been kept for three days in a camp at Brazil Coast and then despatched to gold mines, sugar mill or in cutting and making dye from the brazil trees in dense forest.

Likewise boys were sold by their parents or the agents to the Brazilian traders in exchange of maize, manioc and cassava which became staple foods for the native of Africa. Slaves were treated not better than pet animals and used to get more and more work done resulting in their premature death.

Question 6.
How did the discovery of South America lead to the development of European Colonialism?
Answer:
Integral relation between discovery of South America and Development of European Colonization :
(i) South American people were known to Europeans when they the began to sail across the Atlantic Sea.

(ii) It was due to ship manufacturing industry in Europe progressed in excel.

(iii) Travel literature and books on cosmography and geography – helped Europeans to explore new lands. Columbus of
Portugal was the first navigator who discovered America.

(iv) There were gold and silver mines in South America but people there could understand about that natural resource when Europeans made them slave and established their colonies.

(v) People in America as per Columbus were ingeneous and Portuguese cheated them.

(vi) During European Colonization in America, the natural resources like timber wood, gold and silver mines were discovered and utilised.

(vii) Joint Stock Companies were opened in South America by the people of England, France, Belgium and Holland i,e. all Europe.

(vii) Agricultural production was also increased in America during British Colonization.
Conclusion—On the basis of above series of events, it can be stated that it was the effort of Europeans which discovered America, explored and exploited .the natural resources there and increased agricultural production. It is equally true that Europeans did misbehave and inflicted atrocities on local people of America yet it could see development only during the presence of European colonies there.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 History Chapter 7 Changing Cultural Traditions  Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Changing Cultural Traditions NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 7

Changing Cultural Traditions  Questions and Answers Class 11 History Chapter 7

Question 1.
Which elements of Greek and Roman Cultural were revived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
Answer:
These were—

• religion (humanism)
• classical architecture
• astronomy
• mathematics
• medicine
• chemistry
• sculpture.

Question 2.
Compare details of Italian architecture of this period with Islamic architecture.
Answer:
The remains excavated by archaeologists inspired a new style in architecture. It was actually a revival of the Imperial Roman Style. It is known as classical architecture. We see Italian architecture in the sixteenth century had copied many features of Imperical Roman Buildings.

There were persons with multi-skills in painting, sculpture and reliefs altogether like Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564). His painting in the Sistine Chapel “The Pie.ta” and dome design of St. ; Peter’s Church is worth seeing in Rome. Another was Filippo Brunelleschi (1337-1446).

He designed Duomo of Florence. In Islamic architecture, we had seen archie buildings with domes i.e. Mosque, Tomb, grave-yard etc. They were known to mosaic and animated paintings. The Roman influence in Islamic architecture can , be seen easily. Sarai, Madarsa and palaces were built during Islamic empires. We can see the buildings Constructed during Sultanate period in India and then it would become easy to understand the architecture of this period.

Question 3.
Why were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?
Answer:
Location of Italy surrounded by ocean from three sides, bestowed her with longer coast line where ports had been built during the period in question. Thus, Italian towns got the benefits of. transmission of diversified culture prevalilirig in Byzantine empire (Eastern Europe), and Islamic countries through these ports. The trade with China via the silk route and with western European countries also provided opportunity to Italian nationals to observe the culture, architecture, society, standard of living mutely.

Independent city states were formed and ruled under the Common Wealth authority which has constituted Council. The period, in which Italy remained as mute observer of the development in Byzantine E empire, Western Europe and Islamic countries, gave stimulus to understand very first humanism in its real form.

It was a war of N renaissance which acted upon Italy very first because of being her on.The trade routes to western Europe, the Islamic countries and Eastern n as also Southern Asia. We see that the earliest universities were-up in Italian towns, eg. university of Padua and Bologna.

Law was here the popular subject of study. Frequent debate and discussions on law substantiated an idea that there was much to be learnt which religious teaching alone could not give. This idea or culture was labelled as humanism by the historians in the nineteenth century.

Question 4.
Compare the Venetian idea of good government with those in contemporary France.
Answer:

Question 5.
What was the features of humanist thought?
Answer:
Features of humanist thought

• There was much to be learnt which religious teaching alor could not give.
• Antiquity was a distinctive civilisation which could be best understood through the actual words of the ancient Greeks and RomAnswer: It rendered with classical culture.
• Latin word humanit as from which humanity was derived, had been used to mean a culture.
• Subjects like grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy fall under the study of humanities.
• Discussion and debates were necessary to develop skill in humanities.

Giovanno Pico Della Mirandola, a humanist writes in his On . The Dignity Of Man— “For (Plato and Aristotle), it was certain that, for the attainment of the knowledge of truth” they were always seeking for themselves,
nothing is better than to attend as often as possible the exercise of debate. For just as bodily energy is strengthened by gymnastic exercise,so beyond doubt in this wrestling place of letters, as it were, energy of mind becomes far stronger and more vigorous.

Question 6.
Write a careful account of how the world appeared different to seventeenth century EuropeAnswer:
Answer:
Changes in the world appeared to Europeans
(i) The thinkers like Galileo exhibited that knowledge is distinct than belief because observation and experiments are must to attain knowledge but Bible on conjucture, lights the road to heaven however, nothing it says how the heavens work. Likewise thoughts slackened the influence of Church on public life.

(ii) Humanism was considered subjective hence, classified in humanities i.e. subjects like grammer, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy. It was understood in the meaning of culture- unconnected to religion. Discussion and debates were understood, an instrument to grow the crop of skills.

In brief, scientific approach of observation, presumption, application, generalization thereby i conceptualisation i.e. precedent processes to arrive at conclusion with reconcilated replication; had begun to sprout, in the mental world of the masses. There were logic, argument, discretion and judgement in that changed world.

(iii) There were universities in the changed world as witnessed . by seventeenth century EuropeAnswer: Italy was the root of renaissance.

(iv) Public awareness towards reading ancient authors and understand through the actual words of ancient Creeks and Romans— was created.

(v) Education programmes were implemented launched giving stimulus to go beyond mere religious teaching and learning process specially read physiology, Chemistry, Biology, Physics etc. natural sciences.

Conclusion—The seventeenth Century Europeans witnessed. Three Order system of Feudal society under Church ruined, scientific approach promoted, humanism gradually took the place of religion, republics developed, several mysteries about earth, the sun and other planets got their manifestation. It was really a different world to seventeenth-century Europe.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

An Empire Across Three Continents NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 3

An Empire Across Three Continents Questions and Answers Class 11 History Chapter 3

Question 1.
If you had lived in the Roman Empire where would you rather had lived – in the towns or in the countryside? Explain why?
Answer:
As the historians of that period, Strato and Pliny have stated, I would have lived in countryside specially either in Campania or Sicily in Italy. This is because these were the wealthiest areas for production of wheat and other grains. Thus, I would have exported grains in large quantum and would have deserved a seat in senate.

Question 2.
Compile a list of some of the towns, cities, rivers, seas and provinces mentioned in this chapter and then try and find them on the maps. Can you say something about any three of the items in the list you have compiled?
Answer:

Our Description About The Three Items

1. Provinces— The period during first to early third centuries, the army and administration were drawn from the provinces and upper class of provinces replaced the senatorial class because of support they received from the emperors.

2. Cities— A city in the Roman sense was an urban centre with its own magistrates, City Council and a Territory containing villages which were under its jurisdiction. A city could not be upgraded by merging territory of another but villages could be upgraded to the status of cities and vice-versa depending on favour by the emperors.

3. Rivers— Rivers played an important role in the prosperity of the Campania, Sicily, Fayum, Galilee, Tunisia, Southern Gaul and Baetica the most fertile for growing olive trees, wheat etc. and helped their export between the provinces. These rivers were the Nile, Rhine, the Danube, the Guedalquivir and Euphrates.

Question 3.
Imagine that you are a Roman housewife preparing a shopping list for household requirements. What would be on the list?
Answer:
Shopping list of household goods
Eatables— Wheat flour, olive oil, barley, lentils, peas, wine.
Clothes— made of silk, different style.
As only the above things have been described in the theme, we cannot mention anything more than the above here.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Roman government stopped coining in silver? And which metal did it begin to use for the production of coinage?
Answer:
The silver mines in Spain were exhausted hence, there was short supply of silver and government ran out of sufficient stocks of the metal to support a stable coinage in silver. Another metal used by Constantine therefore, was the gold which had an ample availability there.

Question 5.
Suppose the emperor Trajan had actually managed to conquer India and the Romans has held on to the country for several centuries. In what ways do you think India might be different today?
Answer:
The contemporary historian Cassius Dio to Trajan, the emperor of Roman empire described that he (the king) launched a campaign and marched down with his troops down the Euphrates to Ctesiphon, the Parthian Capital and then to the head of the Persian Gulf in 116 CE.

Had he crossed the Persian Gulf and entered into India, there would have come certain changes in almost all the fields of art, science, astronomy, graffiti and science as also in architecture. We can give a. brief account of changes as under

In architecture— Public baths would have been constructed, we would have seen massive aqueducts like Pont Dugard in France, amphitheater, dining halls, piazzas with columns.

In arts — The famous mosaic as we read about in Edessa (Syria) would have decorated all our historical monuments in India.

In Administration — Aristocracy in the nameof Principate would have managed the state affairs here and three organs of governments would the emperor, the senate and the Army.

In economy — Denarius and solidus coins would have adopted here like Roman empire and frequent mutiny by army would have taken place. System of taxation on provinces and subordinated kingdoms would have imposed and a number of urban centres emerged. Peasantry would have suffered much due to collection of grains produced.

Society — India Succession (Reforms) Act, 2005 as passed now would have ab-initio given effect here and it would have made the females able to get a share in property of their fathers, but husbands authority not transferred to them. However, the divorce system just on notice of intension would have shattered the families here.

India bestows honour to woman since the beginning but had it under control of Roman empire; those would have beaten by their husbands as described by saint Augustine (354-430CE) about the harsh treatment of his father to his mother and his siblings. People would have consumed wine in all nuclear families leaving children and spouses helpless and orphan like.

Conclusion— Thus, we conclude here that India would have suffered a lot on several counts viz. family, society, slavery, intermixture of culture and oppression by the senators i.e. nobles, army and the prefect of urban centres. In brief, there would left no identity so specific as we enjoy today. However, in the field of architecture, astronomy, astrology and arts, we would have achieved top position in the world.

Question 6.
Go through the chapter carefully and pick out some basic features of Roman society and economy which you think make it look quite modern.
Answer:
Basic features of Roman society and Economy
(a) Society
(i) The widespread prevalence of the nuclear family norms which we observe presently in India, where joint family system has dissolved completely.

(ii) Much or less we see the effect and intention of passing Indian Succession (Reforms) Act, 2005 in the Roman society where women remained a primary heir of her father.

(iii) Modern trend of being husband and wife not one but two financial entity and complete legal independence, we would observe in the Roman society.

(iv) There was no place for tolerance between spouse as mere a notice of intent to dissolve.the marriage by either husband or wife was. suffice for divorce. This trend we see in modern society amply, as the divorce cases are frequently piling at the courts.

(v) Alike today we see, the Roman society was formed of Princep (the leading citizen), the senate (a body nominated by nobility), the knights respectable section of the people (attached to great houses), and unkempt lower class (addicted to the circus and theatrical displays). If we go in depth to this formation, resemblance of it to modem society is all apparent.

Here we see Presidents as Princep however, nominal head unlike the Roman period in which he was enjoying real power under a facade (viz just reverse). Senate here resembles to Rajya Sabha elected indirectly by MPs but of less power than Lok Sabha as in Rome. Again knights here are the Chairmen of business houses, College Principals, Professors, Municipal heads etc. who participated in election of President, Governor, members of Rajya Sabha and legislative councils.

The unkempt lower class addicted to theatres etc. pastimes are also here but with some difference because the populace have given them the most importance and we can not say them unkempt but the wealthiest people in the society. The populace has no hesitation to elect them as MLA, MPs, i.e. this section has now superceded gradually, the senate of then but presently, these we see as knights (i.e. respectable section of the people). This part of society includes also the robbers, pirates and murderers not yet convicted in the courts. Thus, we see apparent resemblance here.

(b) Economy— Likewise Roman Aristocracy, we observe in democracy the so-called great houses (i.e. senators! knights as described above comprising film stars and miscreants) containing hippodromes (Grand bungalows, cars etc. at present), fountains and different kinds of baths etc. these pastimers i.e. film artiste, cricketers and criminals are enjoying facilities many times more than the MPs and MLAs (i.e. senators) and have maintained strong-hold in modern democracies.

As Olympiodorus, a historian of There says, this section of society or integral part of Aristocracy was receiving four’thousand pounds of gold per year excluding grain, wine and other produce which if sold, would have around to one-third of the income in gold; much or less the same position is being enjoyed by these modern people.

There were different measures exercised in controlling the workers in Roman economy viz

• employ causal labourers for harvesting purpose in order to save expenditure incurred every year on them
• slave breeding or wage labour preferred,
• provided capital to run business on their behalf
• chained them in a team of ten labourers each
• put seal on their apron and wear a mask on their head
• brand the labours
• cast agreement with workers in the form of debt contracts.

Besides above modern characteristics, we see that silver and gold corns had been circulated in Roman empire.