CBSE Class 12

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Mineral and Energy Resources Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-7-part-b/

Mineral and Energy Resources NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 7

Mineral and Energy Resources Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 7

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Select the right answer out of the four alternatives given :

(i) Which out of the following states has major oil Helds ?
(A) Assam
(B) Bihar
(C) Rajasthan
(D) Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
(A) Assam.

(ii) On which station out of the following, the first atomic station was set up ?
(A) Kalpakkam
(B) Narora
(C) Rana Partap Sagar
(D) Tarapur.
Answer:
(D) Tarapur.

(iii) Out of the following, which mineral is called ‘Brown diamond’ ?
(A) Iron ore
(B) Ligrite
(C) Manganese
(D) Mica.
Answer:
(B) Lignite.

(iv) Which is the non-renewable source of energy ?
(A) Hydel
(B) Solar
(C) Thermal
(D) Wind.
Answer:
(C) Thermal.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :

(i) Give an account of the distribution of Mica in India.
Answer:
Mica in India is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.

• In Jharkhand, high quality mica is obtained in a belt extending over a distance of about 150 km, in length and about 22 km, in width in lower Hazaribagh plateau.
• In Andhra Pradesh, Nellore district produces the best quality mica.
• In Rajasthan, mica belt extends for about 320 kms from Jaipur to Bhilwara and around Udaipur.
• Mica deposits also occur in Mysore and Hasan districts of Karanataka.
• Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai, and Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu, Alleppey in Kerala.
• Ratnagiri in Maharasthra.
• Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal.

Question 3.
What is Nuclear power? Mention the important nuclear power stations in India..
Answer:
Nuclear power is generated by splitting atomic minerals like Uranium and Thorium. This is known as atomic fission. The Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1948 in India. There are four atomic power stations in India.

• Tarapur (Maharashtra)
• Rana Pratap Sagar (Kota)
• Kalpakkam (Chennai)
• Narora (Uttar Pradesh)

Two atomic stations at Kakarpara (Gujarat) and Kaiga (Karnataka) are at planning stage.
(i) Name two non-ferrous metal. Discuss their spatial distribution.
Answer:
(a) Copper. India is deficient in copper and has to depend on foreign supplies. The total reserves are estimated at 570 million tonnes. The annual production in 2013-13 was 3639 thousand tonnes.

Areas of production. Copper occurs in crystalline rocks in the peninsular plateau.

• Jharkhand: Singhbhum district (Mosabani, Rakha, Dhobani mines)
• Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat.
• Rajasthan: Jhunjhunu (Khetri area) and Koh Dariba in Alwar.
• Other areas: Khamman (Andhra), Hassan and Chitradurga (Karnataka), Sikkim, Kulu (Himachal Pradesh).

(b) Bauxite. Bauxite is the ore which is used in manufacturing of aluminium. Bauxite is found mainly in tertiary deposits and is associated with laterite rocks occurring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India and also in the coastal tracts of the country. The production of Bauxite in 2012-13 was 15360 thousand tonnes.

Areas of Production: Odisha happens to be the largest producer of Bauxite (about 36% share in total production). Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers. The other two areas which have been increasing their production are Bolangir and Koraput. The patlands of Jharkhand in Lohardaga have rich deposits. Gujarat (20%), Chhattisgarh (12%), Madhya Pradesh (5%) and Maharashtra (13%) are other major producers. Bhavanagar, Jamnagar in Gujarat have the major deposits.

Chattisgarh has bauxite deposits in Amarkantak plateau while Katni-Jabalpur area and Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh have important deposits of bauxite. Colaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra are important producers. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producers of bauxite.

(iv) What are non-conventional sources of energy?
Answer:
Solar energy, Wind power, Geo-Thermal, Biomass and Tidal energy are unconventional sources of energy.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words:
(i) Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India.
Answer:
Petroleum. Petroleum is the most important source of power in the present age. Many by-products such as kerosene, fuel, lubricating oils, grease, coke and asphalt are obtained from petroleum. Petro-chemical products have become very useful. Petroleum is used in agriculture industry, transport, paints, perfumes, cosmetics, etc.

It is the source of foreign exchange for many oil exporting countries. So, it is rightly called the ‘liquid gold’. Production. In about 10 lakh sq. km. oil bearing rocks are found in India. The oil reserves in India are estimated to be 50 crore metric tonnes.

The first oil field in India was discovered in 1867 at Makum in Assam. At present the production is as under:
(а) Assam. In Assam, oil is produced in Digboi, Moran, Naharkatiya and Sibsagar regions.

(b) Gujarat. In Gujarat, oil is produced in Gulf of Cambay region at Kalol. Ankleshwar, Lunej, etc.

(c) Maharasthra. Oil has struck in the off-shore region at Mumbai High along the coast of Mumbai. It is the leading producer of crude oil in India. North Bassein and South Bassein are the important oil fields. The production of oil in India is increasing everywhere under the organisation of Oil and Natural Gas Commission. The production of oil in India rose from 26 lakh tonnes in 1951 to 182 lakh tonnes in 1982-83.

It was estimated to be about 320 lakh tonnes in 2015. India meets about 40% of its demands by home production. We import crude oil and other petroleum products from foreign countries. There are at present 12 oil refineries in India. These refineries are expanded to meet the increasing requirements of the country. It will help in saving a large amount of foreign exchange.

Oil-Refineries. There are already 12 refineries in the country.
These refineries include
(i) Barauni (Bihar)
(ii) Mumbai (Maharashtra)
(iii) Cochin (Kerala)
(iv) Digboi (Assam)
(v) Guwahati (Assam)
(vi) Haldia (West Bengal)
(vii) Vishakhaptnam (Andhra Pradesh)
(viii) Koyali (Gujarat)
(ix) Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
(x) Mathura (U.P.)
(xi) Karnal (Haryana) (to be set up)
(xii) Kochi. Two refineries by H.P.C.L. and B.P.C.L. have been set up at Mumbai. ONGC has set up a refinery at Tatipacca (Andhra Pradesh). The largest oil refinery has been set up at Jamnagar by Reliance Petroleum limited.

(ii) Write an essay on hydel power in India.
Answer:
Hydel power. Hydel power is an inexhuastible resource. It is a permanent resource as compared to coal and oil. Resources such as coal and oil will exhaust in time but water-power will remain forever. In recent years water-power is becoming more and more important in the industrial economy. It has many advantages over fossil fuels of coal and oil. The use of water-power is increasing with an aim of conserving coal and petroleum.

Water-Power (Hydel Power) in India. In India, the first power house was set up at Siva Samudram (Karnataka) on the river Cauvery in 1902. After independence, many power projects were started to develop hydro-electricity under multipurpose projects. But some projects are exclusively hydel power projects. Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu region and Himalayan region have favourable conditions for development of water power.

The power that could be generated, if all the water resources of a country are used, is called potential waterpower. India has a potential waterpower of 40 million kilowatts. India stands fifth in the world in potential power resources. This high potential power is due to favourable geographical conditions of rainfall, relief, waterfalls.

Most of developed water power is in the northern India because it has high rainfall, large rivers, regular supply of water and demand due to industrial development. The Northern India has high mountains which provide waterfall suitable for power generation. In 2007, Hydro-electricity generated was 74.5 billion kwh.

(a) The Rihand Project is the largest man-made lake in India on the borders of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It has the capacity to produce 300 MW. power every year.

(b) The Koyna Project in Maharashtra is on an east flowing tributary of the Krishna. A dam on the Koyna had been built only to take water through a tunnel to the western slopes of the Ghats. Its capacity is 880 MW. It feeds power to Mumbai-Pune industrial region.

(c) The Sharavati Project in Karnataka is located at the Jog Falls, the highest in India. Its total capacity is 891 MW. Besides Bangalore industrial region, it supplies electricity to the states of Goa and Tamil Nadu.

(d) Kalinadi Project in Karnataka had 270 MW capacity.

(e) The Kundoh Project in Tamil Nadu had initially 435 MW capacity which has been expanded lately to 535 MW.

(f) The Sabargiri Project in Kerala has an installed capacity of 300 MW while the Idukki Project has a capacity of 390 MW.

(g) The Balimel Project in Odisha has an installed capacity of 360 MW and in Gujarat Ukai Project has a capacity of 300 MW.

(h) Salal Hydel Power Project (J & K) has been completed and the new ones are being taken up. They together would provide over a 1000 MW of power.

(i) Chukha Project (Bhutan). Besides these power projects, India constructed a very big hydel power project in Bhutan at Chukha. It was financed by India. The surplus energy is bought by India for its use in the north¬eastern parts of the country including West Bengal.

(J) Tehri Hydel Power Project. It is a joint project of the Government of India and Uttarakhand state. Tehri Hydro development corporation was set up in 1988. The aim is to generate 2400 MW of power and irrigate 27000 Hectares. There have been many hindrances to the start of this project due to deterioration of environment and the dangers due to this seismic zone.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 9 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-9-part-b/

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 9

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 9

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.
(i) Regional planning relates to:
(A) Development of various sectors of economy
(B) Area specific approach of development
(C) Area differences in transportation network
(D) Development of rural areas.
Answer:
(B) Area specific approach of development

(ii) ITDP refers to which one of the following ?
(A) Integrated Tourism Development Programme
(B) Integrated Travel Development Programme
(C) Integrated Tribal Development Programme
(D) Integrated Transport Development Programme.
Answer:
(C) Integrated Tribal Development Programme

(iii) Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable develop¬ment in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area ?
(A) Agricultural development
(B) Eco-development
(C) Transport development
(D) Colonisation of land.
Answer:
(A) Agricultural development

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :
(i) What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur Tribal Region ?
Answer:
The tribal development programme in Bharmaur region has resulted in development of infrastructure like schools, healthcare facilities, potable water, roads, communications and electricity. It has raised the standard of living of Gaddi People. Female literacy rate has increased and tranhumance has reduced.

(ii) Define the concept of sustainable development.
Answer:
It pleads for the conservation of resources to enable the future generations to use these resources. It takes into account the development of the whole humankind which have common future.

(iii) What are the positive impacts of; irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area ?
Answer:
This canal will extend the irrigation facilities in this region. Canal irrigation will transform its ecology, economy and society. Due to irrigation, crops will be grown successfully, like wheat, cotton, groundnut, and rice.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 150 words :
(i) Write short notes on drought prone area programme. How do this programme helps in the development of dryland agriculture in India?
Answer:
Drought prone area Programmes have been started in areas which get annual rainfall of less than 50 cms. and have an irrigated area of less than 30 per cent. These will provide facilities of irrigation, land development, forestry, grassland development and rural infrastructural facilities of roads, markets, electricity, etc.

In such areas Agro-climatic planning will also be done to meet the shortage of moisture. Rain harvesting programmes will also be started. Due to irrigation facilites, these areas will not be affected by droughts. Dry farming will be practised so that crops which can stand dry conditions can be grown.

(ii) Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area. (Sample Paper 2017-18)
Answer:
Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development in Indira Canal Command Area. The ecological sustainability of Indira Gandhi Canal Project has been questioned by various scholars. Their point of view has also been largely validated by the course of development this region has taken during the last four decades, which has resulted in degradation of physical environment.

It is a hard fact that attaining sustainable development in the command area requires major thrust upon the measures to achieve ecological sustainability. Hence, five of the seven measures proposed to promote sustainable development in the command area are meant to restore ecological balance.

(i) Water managment. The first requirement is strict implementation of water management policy. The canal project envisages protective irrigation in Stage-I and extensive irrigation of crops and pasture development in Stage-II.

(ii) Plantation crops. In general, the cropping pattern shall not include water intensive crops. It shall be adhered to and people shall be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as citrus fruits.

(iii) Equal distribution of water. The CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development and levelling and warahandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet) shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of water,

(iv) Land reformers. The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.

(v) Forestry. The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture development is necessary particularly in the fragile environment of Stage-II.

(vi) Agriculture. The social sustainability in the region can be achieved only if the land allottees having poor economic background are provided adequate financial and institutional support for cultivation of land.

(vii) Economic diversification. The economic sustainability in the region cannot be attained only through development of agriculture and animal husbandry. The agricultural and allied activities have to develop along with other sectors of the economy. This shall lead to diversification of economic base and establishment of functional linkages between basic villages, agro-service centres and market centres.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Manufacturing Industries Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-8-part-b/

Manufacturing Industries NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 8

Manufacturing Industries Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 8

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.
(i) Which is not a factor of industrial location ?
(A) Market
(B) Capital
(C) Population Density
(D) Power.
Answer:
(C) Population Density.

(ii) The earliest Iron and Steel Company to be established in India was :
(A) nsco
(B) TISCO
(C) Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel Works
(D) Mysore Iron and Steel Works.
Answer:
(A) IISCO.

(iii) The first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai because :
(A) Mumabi is a port
(B) It is located near cotton growing area
(C) Mumbai was the financial centre
(D) All of the above.
Answer:
(D) All of the above.

(iv) The nucleus of the Hugli Industrial Region is :
(A) Kolkata-Howra
(B) Kolkata-Medinipur
(C) Kolkata-Rishra
(D) Kolkata-Konnagar.
Answer:
(A) Kolkata-Howra.

(v) Which one of the following is the second largest producer of sugar ?
(A) Maharashtra
(B) Punjab
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
(A) Maharashtra.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Why do you think that the iron and! ‘steel industry is basic to the industrial! development of any country ?
Answer:
Iron and steel industry is the basis of modern industrialisation. It supports the basic raw materials to a large number of Assembly industries. It is the foundation of modem machines, tools and transportation. It is known as basic industry or key industry.

(ii) Name the two sectors of the cottage textile industries. How are they different ?
Answer:
The cottage textile industries has two sectors: The handloom sector and power loom sector. The handloom sector depends upon local labour (artisans); and local raw materials. Its production is limited. The powerloom sector produces cloth on machines. It produces more than 50 percent of cloth.

(iii) Why is the sugar industry a seasonal industry ?
Answer:
Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because sugarcane is crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting. Sugarcane cannot be kept in the field in dry season. So it is harvested. The mills work only during the season after the harvest of cane.

(iv) What is the raw material base for the petrochemical industry ? Name some of the products of this industry.
Answer:
Petroleum is the raw material base for petrochemical industry. This industry is located near oil refineries. Its produce are grouped into four sub-groups:

• Polymers
• Synthetic fibres
• Elastomers
• Surfactant intermediate.

(v) What is the major impact of Information Technology (IT) revolution in India ?
Answer:
The IT revolution has opened up new possibilities of economic and social transformations. Indian Software Industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sector in the economy. It exports amount to ₹ 78,230 crore.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) How did the Swadeshi movement give a major impetus to the cotton textiles industry ?
Answer:
After the first mills were set up in Mumbai and Ahmedabad in the second half of the nineteenth century, the cotton textile industry expanded very rapidly. The number of units increased dramatically. The Swadeshi movement gave a major impetus to the industry as there was a call for boycotting all British made goods in favour of Indian goods. After 1921, with the development of the railway network other cotton textile centres expanded rapidly.

In southern India, mills were set up at Coimbatore, Madurai and Bengaluru. In central India Nagpur, Indore, Solapur and Vadodara became cotton textile centres. Cotton textile mills were set up at Kanpur based on local investment. Mills were also set up at Kolkata due to its port facilities. The development of hydroelectricity also favoured the location of the cotton textile mills away from the cotton producing areas.

The rapid development of this industry in Tamil Nadu is the result of the abundant availability of hydel power for the mills. Lower labour costs at centres like Ujjain, Bharuch, Agra, Hathras, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli also caused industries to be located away from cotton producing area.

(ii) What do you understand by liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation ? How have these helped industrial development in India ?
Answer:
The government has framed new Industrial Policy involving liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation. The new Industrial Policy was announced in 1991. The major objectives of this policy were to build on the gains already made, correct the distortions or weaknesses that have crept in, maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment and attain international competitiveness. Within this policy, measures initiated are :

• abolition of industrial licensing
• free entry to foreign technology
• foreign investment policy
• access to capital market
• open trade
• abolition of phased manufacturing programme, and
• liberalised industrial location programme.

The policy has three main dimensions: liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation.

Liberalisation has resulted in reducing restrictions on many industries. According to new industrial policy, the licensing system, except on 9 major industries, has been abolished. Due to this, industrialists can start an industry of their own choice. Indian industries can compete in international markets.

Privatisation means to convert the public sector industries into private sector. It has reduced the importance of Public Sector industries. Globalisation means to adjust Indian economy according to world economy. For this, the import duty has been reduced or abolished.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 10 Human Settlements Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-10-part-a/

Human Settlements NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 10

Human Settlements Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 10

Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) Which one of the following forms of settlement develops along either side of roads, rivers or canals ?
(A) Circular
(B) Linear
(C) Cross-shaped
(D) Square.
Answer:
(B) Linear.

(ii) Which one of the following types of economic activities dominates in all rural settlement ?
(A) Primary
(B) Tertiary
(C) Secondary
(D) Quaternary.
Answer:
(A) Primary.

(iii) In which of the following regions has the oldest well-documented urban settlement found ?
(A) Huang He Valley
(B) Indus Valley
(C) Nile Valley
(D) Mesopotamia.
Answer:
(B) Indus Valley.

(iv) How many of the following cities in India have attained the million status at the beginning of 2011?
(A) 40
(B) 42
(C) 54
(D) 43.
Answer:
(C) 54.

(v) Sufficiency of which type of resources can help to create adequate social infrastructure catering to the needs of the large population in the developing countries ?
(A) Financial
(B) Human
(C) Natural
(D) Social.
Answer:
(A) Financial.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :
(i) How would you define a settlement ? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Settlement refers to an organised colony of human beings together with the buildings in which they live. It includes the temporary and the permanent settlements called villages; and large urban agglomerations. Human settlements may consist of only a few dwelling units (hamlets), or they may be as large as megalopolis.

(ii) Distinguish between site and situation.
Answer:
Site refers to the actual piece of ground on which the settlement is built. Situation or Position refers to the location of the village or town in relation to surrounding areas. The site and situation of the settlements and the type of building may be studied in relation to the physical environment and cultural heritage.

(iii) What are the basis of classifying settlements ?
Answer:
Settlements are commonly classified on the basis of size and functions. Accordingly, settlements are divided into rural and urban or villages and towns. The terms rural and urban are relative. There is no universally acceptable criteria to distinguish rural from urban.

(iv) How would you justify the study of human settlements in human geography ?
Answer:
The study of human settlements is basic to human geography. The form of human settlement in any particular region reflects human relationship with environment.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
(i) What are Rural and Urban settlements ? Mention their characteristics.
Or
Classify the population of the world on the basis of their residence into two groups. How are they different form each other? Explain. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2017)
Answer:

(ii) Discuss the problem associated with urban settlements in developing countries.
Or
‘There is no consensus on what exactly define a village or a town’. Analyse the statement by using different criteria. (Sample Paper 2017-18)
Or
Describe any five environmental problems of urban settlements in the developing countries of the world. (Outside Delhi 2019)
Ans.
Urban growth processes in the world’s developing regions have been different from those in developed regions. In developed countries, urban growth was accompanied by industrialisation. In developing countries demographic growth has preceded economic development.

(a) Lack of Employment. The unprecedented urban growth in these regions has been driven by lack of employment opportunities in rural areas rather than the pull of prospective jobs in towns and cities. London took 190 years to grow from a city of half a million population to 10 million population and New York took 140 years; by contrast, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Kolkata, Seoul and Mumbai all took less than 75 years to grow from half a million to 10 million.

(b) Urban Slums. Over urbanisation or uncontrolled urbanisation has given rise to slums and squatter settlements, making urban life miserable world over. Over 600 million people live under life-threatening situations in cities and 300 million live in extreme poverty.

(c) Pollution. The emerging urban scenario in developing countries has robbed the rural areas of its able labour force. Ecological degradation and social pollution has sapped their energy.

(d) Shortage of Housing, etc. At the same time, the urban settlements too have suffered from shortage of housing, transport, health and other civic amenities. Both these places are devoid of quality-life. In Africa, only one- third of all households are connected to potable water.

(e) Lack of Sewerage. In Asia Pacific, only 38 percent of urban households are connected to sewerage system. In many cities in the developing countries, an increasing proportion of the population lives in substandard housing or on the streets. In most of the million plus cities in India, one in four inhabitants live in illegal settlements, which is growing twice as fast as the rest of the cities.

Jhuggi-Jhopri. These settlements have arisen near towns. Dharavi near Mumbai is Asia’s largest slum.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Water Resources Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-6-part-b/

Water Resources NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6

Water Resources Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 6

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answers of the following from the given options :
(i) Which one of the following types describes water as a resource ?
(A) Abiotic resource
(B) Non-renewable Resources
(C) Biotic Resource
(D) Cyclic Resource.
Answer:
(D) Cyclic Resource.

(ii) Which one of the follo wing rivers has the highest replenishable ground water resource in the country ?
(A) The Indus
(B) The Brahmaputra
(C) The Ganga
(D) The Godavari.
Answer:
(C) The Ganga.

(iii) The highest proportion of the total water used in the country is in which one of the following sectors ?
(A) Irrigation
(B) Industries
(C) Domestic use
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(A) Irrigation.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :
(i) It is said that the water resources in India have been depleting very fast. Discuss the factors responsible for depletion of water- resources.
Answer:
Water resources in India are very rapidly decreasing. It is due to the following reasons:

• The availability of water per person is decreasing.
• The use of water is increasing due to increasing population.
• Water resources are being used in Industrial Sector at a fast rate.
• Water is used for irrigation to increase the agricultural productivity.
• Water pollution is increasing.

(ii) What factors are responsible for the highest groundwater development in the states of Punjab. Haryana and Tamil Nadu ?
Answer:
The groundwater development is highest in Punjab and Haryana due to agricultural development. For cultivation of Wheat and Rice, irrigation is necessary. Due to Green Revolution, groundwater is used in large quantity. About 75% of net sown area is irrigated.

(iii) Why the share of agricultural sector in total water used in the country is expected to decline ?
Answer:
In future, the use of water is increasing in Industrial and Household sectors. Its result will be that the share of agricultural sector in total water used will decline.

(iv) What can be the possible impacts of consumption of contaminated / unclean water on the people ?
Answer:
Due to use of contaminated water, some diseases are caused like cough, bronchitis, diarrhoea, trachoma, intenstinal worms, hepatitis, etc. World Bank and WHO data show that one-fourth of communicable diseases of India are water borne.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 150 words:
(i) Discuss the availability of water resources in the country and factors that determine its spatial distribution.
Answer:
Availability of Surface Water Resources. There are four major sources of surface water.
Sources of surface water :
These are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks

• In the country, there are about 10,360 rivers and their tributaries longer than 1.6 km each
• The mean annual flow in all the river basins in India is estimated to be 1,869 cubic km
• However, due to topographical, hydrological and other constraints, only about 690 cubic km. (32 percent) of the available surface water can be utilised.

Factors for Distribution.

• Rainfall. Water flow in a river depends on the size of its catchment area or river basin and rainfall within its catchment area.
• Variability. Precipitation in India has very high spatial variation, and it is mainly concentrated in Monsoon season.
• Rivers. Some of the rivers in the country like the Ganga, the Brahmaputra, and the Indus have huge catchment areas. These rivers, although account for only about one-third of the total area in the country, have 60 per cent of the total surface water resources.

Question 4.
Seasonal Rivers. Much of the annual water flow in south Indian rivers like the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri has been harnessed, but it is yet to be done in the Brahmaputra and the Ganga basins.
Answer:
Water is a natural and renewable resource. It plays a vital role in the economy of a country. Water resources are continuously declining.
Water disputes :
Due to sharing and control of these scarce resources, many tensions, disputes and contesting issues have arisen between States such as:

• The sharing of waters of rivers of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh is a contesting issue.
• Since long, the dispute is going on between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over the waters of Kaveri River.
• The sharing of waters of Narmada Basin is a dispute between the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

(iii) What is Watershed Management? Do you think it can play an important role in sustainable development? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Explain how watershed management and rainwater harvesting are the methods of efficient management and conservation of surface water resources in India. (CBSE 20IS)
Answer:
Watershed Management. Watershed Management basically refers to the efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater resources. Method. It involves prevention of runoff and storage and recharge of groundwater through various methods like percolation tanks, recharge wells, etc.

Aims.
(i) However, in a broad sense watershed management includes conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all resources—natural (like land, water, plants, and animals) and human within a watershed.

(ii) Watershed Management aims at bringing about balance between natural resources on one hand and society on the other.

(iii) The success of watershed development largely depends upon community participation. Programmes. The Central and State Governments have initiated many watershed development and management programmes in the country. Some of these are being implemented by non-governmental organisations also.

(1) Haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the Central Government which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation fisheries and afforestation. The project is being executed by Gram Panchayats with people’s participation.

(2) Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) Programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and

(3) Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar, Rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug out ponds (Johad), check dams, etc. through people’s participation. Tamil Nadu has made water¬harvesting structures in the houses compulsory. No building can be constructed without making structures for water-harvesting.

Watershed development projects in some areas have been successful in rejuvenating environment and economy. However, there are only a few success stories. In majority of cases, the programme is still in its nascent stage. There is a need to generate awareness regarding benefits of watershed development and management among people in the country, and through this integrated water resource management approach, water availability can be ensured on sustainable basis.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Human Settlements Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-4-part-b/

Human Settlements NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 4

Human Settlements Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 4

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answers of the following from the given options :
(i) Which one of the following towns is not situated along the bank of a river ?
(A) Agra
(B) Bhopal
(C) Patna
(D) Kolkata.
Answer:
(B) Bhopal.

(ii) Which one of the following is NOT the part of the definition of a town as per the census of India ?
(A) Population density of 400 persons per sq km.
(B) Presence of municipality, corporation, etc.
(C) More than 75% of the population engaged in primary sector.
(D) Population size of more than 5,000 persons.
Answer:
(C) More than 75% of the population engaged in primary sector.

(iii) In which one of the following environ¬ments does one expect the presence of dispersed rural settlements ?
(A) Alluvial plains of Ganga.
(B) Arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.
(C) Lower valleys of Himalays.
(D) Forests and hills in north-east.
Answer:
(A) Alluvial plains of Ganga.

(iv) Which one of the following group of cities have been arranged in the sequence of their ranks i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4 in size ?
(A) Greater Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Chennai
(B) Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata.
(C) Kolkata, Greater Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata.
(D) Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai.
Answer:
(D) Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :

Name any two garrison (cantonment) towns of India, (C.B.S.E. 2017 Outside Delhi Set-I)
Or
(i) What are Garrison towns ? What is their function ?
Answer:
Garrison (Cantonment) towns. These towns are engaged as Garrison towns such as Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur, etc. The soldiers are trained in these towns. Barracks are built for the soldiers to reside.

(ii) How can one identify an Urban Agglomeration ?
Answer:
An Urban Agglomeration may consist of the town and its adjoining urban growth. It shows the contiguous growth of a town due to one or two adjoining towns.

(iii) What are the main factors for the location of villages in deserts ?
Answer:
In deserts, there is shortage of water. So villages are settled near water bodies. From social point of view, the land-owners occupy the central part of the village while lower sections of the society live on the outer flank of villages.

(iv) What are metropolitan cities ? How are they different from Urban Agglomeration ?
Answer:
A town with a population between one to five millions is called a metropolitan city. An agglo-meration has many metropolitan cities and it has a population of more than five millions.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 150 words:

(i) Discuss the features of different types of rural settlements. What are the factors responsible for the settlement patterns in different physical environments ? (C.B.S.E. 2011,2013)
Or
Distinguish between clustered and semiclustered rural settlements of India, stating three points of distinction. (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2017 Set-11)
Answer:
Rural settlements in India can be classified into four types.

• Clustered
• Semi-clustered
• Hamleted
• Dispersed.

The different types have the following features :—
(i) Clustered settlements. This is a cluster of compact houses. The general living area is separated from farming area. These settlements are rectangular, radial and linear in shape.

(ii) Semi-clustered settlements. These are found in restricted areas. These result from fragmentation of a large compact village. Generally, land-owners occupy the central part of the village and people of lower section live at the outer flanks of village.

(iii) Hamleted settlements. When a village is fragmented on social and ethnic factors, the settlement is divided into many units called Panna, Para, Palli, Nagla and Dhani.

(iv) Dispersed settlements. Isolated settlements are called dispersed settlements. These are found in forests on hill slopes and fragmented fields.

Factors affecting patterns of rural settlements

• Nature of terrain
• Altitude
• Climate
• Availability of water.

(ii) Can we imagine the presence of only one function town ? Why do the cities become multi-functional ?
Answer:
Towns are centres or nodes of economic development. Here site for residence is available. Towns provide specialized services. But the town is known for a specialised function such as education, mining, etc. But towns perform many functions at a same time. Therefore, we cannot imagine the presence of only one functional town.

Each town has to perform many functions. People are provided different types of services. So each town has different functions. Different functions are performed in different sectors of the town. The central part is a commercial or business centre. So the towns become multi-functional.