CBSE Class 12

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Challenges of Nation Building NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10

Challenges of Nation Building Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10

Question 1.
Which among the following statements about the partition is incorrect ?
(a) Partition of India was the outcome of the ‘Two Nation Theory.’
(b) Punjab and Bengal were the two provinces divided on the basis of religion.
(c) East Pakistan and West Pakistan were not contiguous.
(d) The scheme of partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border.
Answer:
(d) The scheme of Partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border.

Question 2.
Match the principles with the instances :
(a) Mapping of boundaries Of religious – 1. Pakistan and Bangladesh grounds.
(b) Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different language. – 2. India and Pakistan
(c) Demarcating boundaries within geographical zones. – 3. Jarkhand and Chhattisgarh
(d) Demarcating within a country on adminstrative and political grounds. – 4. Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Answer:
(a) (2), (b) (1), (c) (4), (d) (3).

Question 3.
Take a current political map of India (showing outlines of states) and mark the location of the following Princely States. (Imp.)
(a) Junagarh
(b) Manipur
(c) Mysore
(d) Gwalior.
Answer:

Question 4.
Here are two opinions—
Bismay : “The merger with the Indian state was an extension of democracy to the people of the princely states.”
Inderpreet : “I am not so sure there was force being used. Democracy comes by creating consensus.”
What is your own opinion in the light of accession of princely states and the responses of the people in these parts ?
Answer:
I fully agree with the view of Bismay that the merger of princely states with the Indian state was an extension of democracy to the people of the princely states because in these states there was no democracy at all.

Question 5.
Read the following very different statement made in August, 1947

“ Today you have Worn on your heads a crown of thorns. The seat of power is a nasty thing. You have to remain over wakeful on that seat ……………. you have to be more humble and
forbearing now there will be no end to your being tested.” ………….. M.K. GANDHI India will awake to a life of freedom ………….. We step out from the old to the new ………….. We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opining of opportunity …………..” JAWAHARLAL NEHRU spell out the agenda of nation building that flows from these two statements. Which one appeals more to you and why ?
Answer:
The statements made by Mahatma Gandhi and Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru are very important and meaningful. By this statement Gandhiji has reminded the Indians that independence is not bed of roses independence means more responsibility and accountability. Pt. Nehru considered independence as opening of the chapter of opportunities. Period of ill fortunes is over and period of hopes and betterment has begun.

Question 6.
What are the reasons being used by Nehru or keeping India secular ? Do you think these reasons were only ethical and sentimental ? Or were there some prudential reasons as well ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru gave following reasons to make India a secular state.

1. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s approach to the problems of life was scientific and realistic. He opposed traditional customs and conventions.

2. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to separate religion and politics. To make democracy successful it is essential that democratic government should be based on secularism.

3. According to Pt. Nehru to build a unified nation, it is essential that secularism should be adopted. There should be no official religion of the state. To protect Muslim minority and to create confidence among Muslims Pt. Nehru favoured secularism. Pt. Nehru was a staunch secularist. To protect the rights of Muslims India was declared a secular state. There was no prudential reason rather there was only ethical and sentimental reason.

Question 7.
Bring out two major differences between the challenges of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country at the time of independence.
Answer:
Two major differences between the challenges of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country at the time of independence were as follow :

• Colonial System of provincial administration.
• Cultural development of deverse communities of India.

Question 8.
What was the task of the States Reorganisation Commission ? What was its most salient recomendations ?
Answer:
After independence, the reorganisation of states were sought on liguistic basis. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru announced the appointment of this Commission in Lok Sabha on 22nd December 1953 for impartial persual of the issue. This Commission was headed by Fazzal Ali. The Commission recommended the regrouping of states on the basis of language and culture as well.

It submitted its recommendations as under:

• Proper attention should be given to cultural and communicative needs of the communities speaking different languages.
• Attention should be paid to the other regional languages besides Hindi.
• Linguistic minorities should be well protected.

Question 9.
It is said that the nation is to a large extent an ‘Imagined Community’ held together by common belief, history, political aspirations and imaginations. Identify the features that make India a nation.
Answer:
A nation is a group of people bound together by certain ties like common religion, common culture, common beliefs, common history, common political aspirations and imagination etc. in such a manner that they have a sense of oneness. Before independence, the question often arose whether India should be called a nation or not. Many foreign writers refused to accept India as a nation. Prime Minister Churchill of England did not accept India’s claim of being called a nation. But India is a nation.

Unity in Diversity. Though India is a country of many languages, many religions, many races and different customs, yet after the achievement of independence there is evident amongst its people a Consiousness of Unity. There is a Current of Unity in India’s diversity. This was seen at the time of the Indo-Indian conflict and the Indo-Pakistan War. It is this unity that makes our representatives speak with one voice in international conference.

Sovereign State. India is fully severeign both in national and international matters. Our government is fully sovereign, backed by the united will of the people. Spiritual feeling. Nationality is a spiritual feeling and the people of India had this feeling even before independence and they have that feeling now also. Despite all the differences amongst the various communities inhabiting India, people have the feeling of one nation.

National Integration. It is due to own national integration that we can say with pride India was nation before 1947 and it is nation even now. Secular State. India is a secular state and it has encouraged national integration. Planning. After independence Indian government adopted planning for economic development of the country. Planning has become integral part of our political and economic system.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the questions below : (Imp.)
‘In the history of nation-building only the Soviet experiment bears comparison with the Indian. There too, a sense of Unity had to be forged between many dieverse ethnic groups, religious, linguistic communities and social classes. The scale geographic as well as demographic was comparably massive. The raw material, the state had to work with was equally unpropitious, a people divided by faith and driven by debt and disease. ‘ Ramchandra
Guha.
(a) List the communalities that the author mentions between India and Soviet Union and give one example for each of these from India.
(b) The author does not talk about dissimilarities between the two experiments. Can you mention two dissimilarities ?
(c) In restrospect which of these two experiments worked better and why ?
Answer:
(a)

• Unity among many ethnic groups.
• Unity among religious communities.
• Unity among linguistic communities.
• Unity between social classes.

(b) Following are the two dissimilarities between the two experiments :

• Establishment of federation
• Economic and Political Planning.

(c) Soviet Union experiment had worked better. There too, a sense of unity had to be forged between many diverse ethnic groups, religious, linguistic communities and social classes.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9 Globalisation Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Globalisation NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9

Globalisation Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9

Question 1.
Which of the statements is true about globalisation ?
(a) Globalisation is purely one economic phenomenon.
(b) Globalisation began in 1991.
(c) Globalisation is the samething- as waster nisation.
(d) Globalisation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.
Answer:
(d) Globalisation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.

Question 2.
Which of the statements is true about the impact of globalisation ?
(a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.
(b) Globalisation has had a uniform impact on all states and societies.
(c) The impact of globalisation has been confined to the political sphere.
(d) Globalisation inevitably results in cultural homogeneity.
Answer:
(a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.

Question 3.
Which of the statements is true about the causes of globalisation ?
(a) Technology is an important cause of globalisation.
(b) Globalisation is caused by a particular community of people.
(c) Globalisation originated in U.S.
(d) Economic interdependence alone causes globalisation.
Answer:
(c) Globalisation originated in U.S.

Question 4.
Which of the statements is true about globalisation ?
(a) Globalisation is only about movement of commodities.
(b) Globalisation does not involve a conflict of values.
(c) Services are an insignificant part of globalisation.
(d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.
Answer:
(d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.

Question 5.
Which of the statement is false about globalisation ?
(a) Advocates of globalisation argue that it will result in greater economic growth.
(b) Critics of globalisation argue that it will result in greater economic growth.
(c) Advocates of globalisation argue that it will result in cultural hemogenisation.
(d) Critics of globalisation argue that it will result in cultural hemogenisation.
Answer:
(d) Critics of globalisation argue that it will result in cultural hemogenisation.

Question 6.
What is Worldwide interconnectedness? What are its components ?
Answer:
Modern age is an age of interdependence. People and states are interdependents. People feel that they cannot live in isolation, rather they have to live as inter-connected. People living in different parts of the world feel that they are not members of the different nations, but members of a World Community, it is globalisation.

In simple words, world wide interconnectedness means the flow or movement of ideas, capital, commodities and people from one part of the world to another. Its components are ideas, capital, commodities and people.

Question 7.
How has technology contributed to globalisation ? (Imp.)
Answer:
Many factors are responsible for the growth of globalisation. However, technology is the major factor which has played a very important role in the development of globalisation.

• Recently, revolution in communications and information technology has brought the states very close to each other and it has increased the interdependence of the states.
• Advancement in technology has made it possible for the individuals to keep themselves fully informed of all events and happenings in the world.
• Modern technology has made it possible for the people, capital, commodities, ideas, etc. to move from one place to another place i.e. from one country to another country.
• Due to advancement in technology events, taking place in one part of the world has impact over other parts of the world.

Question 8.
Critically evaluate the impact of the changing role of the state in the developing countries in the light of globalisation.
Explain the increase and decrease in the role of the state activities in the developing countries due to globalisation.
Answer:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘Global Village’ by lessening its distances. Martin Show has observed “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act globally but because in pursuit of other suit power, communication world wide connectedness has developed.” Globalisation has affected the state activities of the developing countries. It has increased and decreased the role of the state activities in the developing countries.

(a) Increase in the Role of the State Activi¬ties. States are benefitted by globalisation. In fact, globalisation has increased the activities of the state.

1. In developing countries state is still dominating because state is the premier and sole basis of political community.

2. Due to globalisation states are able to collect information about individuals.

3. State has full power to maintain law and order in the state. State is responsible for the security and safety of the state. Defence is the major responsibility of the state.

4. Competitive economy is very useful for de-veloped and developing countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industries of developed countries.

Decrease in the Role of State Activites. Glo-balisation has also decreased the activities of the state.

1. Globalisation has reduced the capacity of the state to perform welfare functions. Due to the growth of multi-national companies the functions of the government have been limited.

2. Globalisation has greatly affected the decision making power of the state. Multi-national companies have greatly affected the working of the states.

3. Due to globalisation present states are not working as a welfare state.

4. Privatisation has rapidly increased the process of disinvestment and private sector has become more important than public sector.

5. Liberalisation has reduced the duties and re-sponsibilities of the state. Now states have no power to intervene in economic affairs i.e. exports, imports etc. Licence and quota fixation have been abolished. Free trade and free competition is fully accepted by all developing countries of the world.

Question 9.
What are the economic implications of globalisation ? How has globalisation impacted on India with regard to this particular
dimension ?
Or
Examine the economic implications of globalization? How has globalization impacted on India the regard to this particular dimension? (CBSE Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Economic implications of globalisation are as follows :

• Economic globalisation draws the role of inter-national institutions like the IMF and the WTO.
• Economic globalisation shows the distribution of economic gains i.e. who gets the more and who gets less.
• Economic globalisation involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world. This flow can take various
  forms : commodities, capital, people and idea.
• Globalisation has involved greater trade in com¬modity across the globe.
• Economic globalisation has created an intense division of opinion all over the world.
• Economic globalisation has also led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries.
• Developed countries have guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure that citizens of other countries cannot take the jobs of their own citizens.

In 1991, Indian government faced many economic problems such as shortage of adequate capital, rising prices, slow develoment, etc. Indian government adopted new economic policy to improve the financial condition of the country.

Multi-national companies were invited to come and sell their goods and services in India. Liberalisation and privatisation were encouraged. In the sphere of information and technology, automobile, electronic and processing industry many foreign companies had set up their units in India.

Question 10.
Do you agree with the arguments that globalisation leads to cultural heterogeneity ?
Answer:
Cultural diversity is a universal phenomenon. Each society has its own culture. One culture differs from another culture. One culture does not have all the similarities of another culture. I fully agree with the view that globalisation leads to cultural heterogene¬ity. No culture would disappear due to globalisation. In fact, globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation.

Question 11.
How has globalisation impacted on India and how is India in turn impacting on globalisation ?
Answer:
Globalisation has a great impact on India and India has also exercised vast impact on globalisation. In 1991, Indian government faced many economic problems such as shortage of adequate capital, rising prices, slow development etc. Indian government adopted new economic policy to improve the financial condition of the country.

Multi-national companies were invited to come and sell their goods and services in India. Liberalisation and privatisation were encouraged. In the sphere of information and technology automobile, electronic and processing industry many foreign companies had set up their units in India. The prices of many consumer goods have come down like T.V, radio, air-conditions,

The telecommunication sector has made tremendous growth. People can see many T.V. channels. Mobile phones have reached every where and to the masses. India’s share in the trade of goods and services in the world has increased.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Environment and Natural Resources NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8

Environment and Natural Resources Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8

Question 1.
Which among the following best explains the reason for growing concerns about the environment ?
(A) The developed countries are concerned about protecting nature.
(B) Protection of the environment is vital for indigenous people and natural habitats.
(C) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(C) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.

Question 2.
Mark Correct or Wrong against each of the following statements below that describe the Earth Summit.
(A) It was attended by 170 countries, thousands of NGO’s and many MNCs.
(B) The summit was held under the aegis of the U.N.
(C) For the first time, global environmental issues were firmly consolidated at the political level.
(D) It was a summit meeting.
Answer:
(A) True
(B) True
(C) True
(D) True.

Question 3.
Which among the following are True about the Global Commons ?
(A) The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.
(B) The global commons are outside the sovereign jurisdiction.
(C) The question of managing the global commons reflected the North-South divide.
(D) The countries of the North are more concerned about the protection of the global common than the countries of the South.
Answer:
(A) The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.

Question 4.
What was the outcome of the Rio Summit ?
Or
What was the ‘Earth Summit’ ? How : . far did the summit prove to be useful ? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2016) :
Answer:
In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, It is also called the Earth Summit. The conference was attended by 170 countries and thousands of NGO’s and Multi-National Corporations. After a lot of discussion in the Rio Summit, many conventions were produced dealing with climate change, bio-diversity, forestry, etc. It also recommended a list of developments practices under the title Agenda 21.

In the Rio Summit, there was a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach is known as sustainable development. The United Nations Framework Convention on climate change 1992 provided that all the nations should cooperate to protect the environment.

Question 5.
What is meant by the Global Commons ? How are they exploited and polluted ?
Or
What are ‘Global Commons’? Why is : it said that international co-operation over the Global Commons is not easy ? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
What is meant by Common Property Resources ? Explain with example ? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Global Commons are those areas, objects or resources of the world which are not part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any one state. Examples of Global Commons are earth’s atmosphere, the ocean floor, air space, outer space, Antarctica. Global Commons are also called world heritage because they are passed on by the present generation to the next generation and so on. Global environment is also a Global Common and world heritage.

Cooperation over the Global Common is very difficult due to lack of consensus on commons environmental agendas. Generally countries use Global Commons ruthlessly and never think of their obligations to protect it also. For example, Commercial ships, war ships, passenger ships, boat’s, etc. freely use sea water and sealine communications.

Sea water is polluted by these ships because these are driven by diesel power. Moreover, developed countries dumped their waste in the sea. People living on the banks of rivers also throw their waste in rivers. Developed and nuclear countries pollute the environment by their nuclear experiments.

Question 6.
What is meant by Common but ; differentiated responsibilites ? How could we implement the idea ?
Or
“States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment.” Analyse the statement giving suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The relevant part of the Rio Declaration says that States shall cooperate in the spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of the different contributions of global environment degradation, states have common but differentiated responsibilities.

The developed countries accepted the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressure their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command.” The largest share of historical and current global emissions has originated in developed countries. Per capita emissions in developing coutries are still relatively low.

Hence India, China and other developing countries ere exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. Under Kyoto Protocol industrial countries are required to cut their green house gas emissions. Following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility India is of the view that major responsibilities of curbing emission rests with the developed countries which have accumulated emissions over a long period of time.

Question 7.
Why have issues related to global environment protection become the priority concern of states since the 1990 ?
Answer:
The issues related to global environment protection have become the priority concern of states since 1990 due to following reasons :

• Agricultural land is reducing and its fertility is also reducing.
• According to human Development Report 2006 of United Nation Development programme about 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no accesss to the safe drinking water where as about 2.6 billion people have no sanitation facilities.
• Natural forests are being cut down as large scale and have people being displaced.
• There is a steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere poses a real danger to ecosystems and human health.
• Coastal pollution is increasing globally. The coastal water are becoming pulluted due to land based activities.

Question 8.
Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save planet earth. Substantiate the statement in the light of the ongoing negotiations between the North and the South on environmental issues.
Answer:
The developed and rich countries of the first world are generally known as the ‘Global North’ while the poor and developing countries of the third world are called the ‘Global South’, ‘Global North’ were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the ‘Global South’ Northern states were more concerned with ozone depletion and global warming, while Southern states were anxious to establish the relationship between economic development and environmental management.

At Rio Summit, Convention dealing with climate changes was produced. There was a consensus on combating economic growth with ecological responsibility. This is called sustainable development approach.

India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the requirement of the Kyoto Protocol because their contributions to the emi ssion of greenhouse gases during industrialisation was insignificant. At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per capita emission rates of developing countries are tiny fractions of those in the developed world, India is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing emission rests with the developed countries.

Even United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) acknowledged that developed countries are responsible for most historical and current greenhouse emission, and emphasized that economic and social development are the first and overriding priorities of the developing countries politics.

Question 9.
The most serious challenge before the states is pursuing economic development without causing further damage to the global environment. How could we achieve this ? Explain with a few examples.
Answer:
Modern state is a welfare state and welfare state’s main aim is to raise the standard of living of the people and this aim can be achieved through economic development. America, England, France, Japan and other developed countries have made tremendous economic development. But the major challenge before the modern state is to pursue economic development without causing further damage to the global environment.

This problem can be solved by adopting following measures :

• Need of Holistic or Integrated Thinking. In European world emphasis is on materialistic philosophy. But the need is to change the thinking of human being. Need is to follow Holistic or Intergrated thinking of India.
• Control over population. Rapid population growth is the major factor responsible for environment pollution. Hence the need to the check the growth of world population. States should take effective measures to check the growth of population.
• To protect Forests. To protect the environment it is very essential to protect the forests. In India Council of Forestry Research and Education is working successfully.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Security in the Contemporary World NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7

Security in the Contemporary World Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7

Question 1.
Match the terms with their meaning :
I. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) – (a) Giving up certain types of weapons.
II. Arms Control – (b) A process of exchanging information on defence matter between nations on a regular basis
III. Alliance – (c) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks.
IV. Disarmament. – (d) Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons.
Answer:
I. (b) II. (d) III. (c) IV. (a).

Question 2.
Which among the following world you consider as a traditional security concern/non- traditional security concern/not a threat ?
(a) The spread of Chikungunya/dengue fear.
(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.
(c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region.
(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.
(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country.
Answer:
(a) Non-traditional security.
(b) Non-traditional security.
(c) Non-traditional security.
(d) Non-traditional security.
(e) Not a threat.

Question 3.
What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional security? Which category would the creation and sustenance of alliances belong to ?
Or
Differentiate between the traditional and the non-traditional notions of security ? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Mainly, there are two types of Security traditional and non-traditional. Traditional security mainly concerned with the national security. Traditional security relates only to extremely dangerous threats threats that could so endanger the core values of the whole country.

Traditional concepts of security are mainly concerned with the use of threat of use of military force. But non- traditional security go beyond military attack or threat. It includes a wide range of threats and dangers affecting the conditions of existence. In the traditional security, the referent is the state whereas in the non- traditional conception, the referent is expanded.

In the non-traditional conception of Security, not only the state but individual and the whole humanity. Non- traditional view of security is also known as ‘Human Security1 or ‘Global Security’. Creation and sustenance of alliances belong to the traditional security.

Question 4.
What are the differences in the threats that people in the third world face and those living in the first world face ?
Or
How are threats faced by the people in the third world different from those faced by the people living in the First World ? Support your answer with examples. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
After Second World War, the era of Cold War emerged between Soviet Bloc and American Bloc. About one-third of all the wars took place due to Cold War between the two Superpowers. Most of these wars took place in the Third World. Just as European colonial rulers feared violence in the colonies, similarly in some colonies, after independence, people feared that they might be attacked by their former colonial rulers.

The Security challenges faced by the Third World (Asian and African Countries) countries. Third World countries faced the prospect of military conflicts with the neighbouring countries. They also faced internal threats. Third World countries feared more from their neighbours than from Soviet Union or America. Moreover, these countries also feared due to separatist movements which wanted to become independent country. Sometimes external and internal threats merged.

Question 5.
Is terrorism a traditional or non- traditional threat to security ?
Answer:
Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to security. Terrorism is a new threat to the lives of individual and mankind. It has emerged in the end of the 20th century.

Question 6.
What are the choices available to a state when its security is threatened according to the traditional security perspective ?
Answer:
When there is threat of war, a government has three choices :

• To surrender before the aggressor.
• To prevent the state from attacking by promising to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable level.
• To defend itself when there is actually a war.

Question 7.
What is ‘Balance of Power’ ? How could a state achieve this ?
Or
Explain balance of power as a component of traditional security . policy. How could a state achieve this balance ? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Introduction. The concept of Balance of Power is the oldest and most controversial of all the concepts of international politics. This concept developed gradually as the structure of society formed into nations.

The concept of balance of power has been present wherever and whenever the multiple-state system has existed. The contemporary writers call this theory, ‘a basic principle of international relations’ and ‘fundamental law of politics.’

Definition and Meaning of Balance of Power.
Critics have given different opinions regarding the definition and meaning of ‘Balance of Power’. Their views regarding Balance of Power are given below :
1. To Quincy Wright, “It is a system designed to maintain a continuous conviction in any state that if it attempts aggression it would encounter an invincible combination of the others.”

2. Morgenthau holds that, “it is an actual state of affairs in which power is distributed among several nations with approximate equality.” These definitions show diversity in the views of scholars regarding the meaning of Balance of Power. Balance of Power is an application of the checks and balance theory of domestic politics to international politics.

Devices for Maintaining Balance of Power

The balance of power creates an equilibrium which is temporary and improvised. It is in this sense dynamic. In order to maintain a favourable balance of power, the States have been continually engaged in evolving certain devices. These are :

1. Alliances and Counter-Alliances. The most commonly applied technique for the maintenance of balance of power is the system of alliance. This system is as old as the known history of States. According
to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for function of the balance of power operating within a multiple State system.”

2. Armament and Disarmament. Amassing the armaments is the most visible way of gaining power advantage. Whenever a nation increases its military power its rival nations also enter a race of armaments. The best example is that of U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. in this respect. Disarmament is also sometimes a weapon of balance of power. But in practice disarmament efforts for maintaining balance have been disappointing.

3. Compensation. This technique involves the redistribution of territory in such a way that international equilibrium is not disturbed. Each great power receives equal share of territory.

4. Buffer State. The third way of acquiring power and maintaining it, according to Mahendra Kumar, “is to set up a neutral buffer State which is weak and which is situated between two large and unfriendly nations. The function of such a buffer State is to keep the large unfriendly powers apart and thus minimize the chances of war between them.” Poland was a buffer State between Russia and Germany.

5. Intervention and Non-intervention. It often happens that a major nation tries to regain a lost ally or puts up a new ally by intervening in the internal affairs of a smaller country and establishing there a friendly Government. Britain intervened in Greece at the end of the World War II in order to ensure that Greece did not fall into the hands of Communists. Likewise Russia did in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. U.S.A. is a great interventionist in Latin America. India intervened in Bangladesh struggle.

6. Divide and Rule. Lastly there is a method of altering the distribution of power by detaching allies from the opposite side, compelling them either into neutrality or isolated position of winning their friendship. Britain has pursued this policy with great success in many of her colonies.

7. Holder of Balance. Since changes in the power of nations take place so often, there is the necessity of the balance or the holder of balance, or the laughing third party. The balancer is a nation or a group of nations, which remains aloof from the rivalries of others and plays the role of the laughing third party by posing temptations to the other equal parties so that each of the contending parties to win over the support of the balance. Thus, these are the devices of Balance of Power.

Question 8.
What are the objectives of military alliances ? Give an example of functioning of military alliance with its specific objectives.
Answer:
Military alliances were made after the Second World War in the era of a Cold War. An alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack. Most alliances are based on written treaties or agreements. Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interests change.

Objectives of Military Alliance.

• Military alliances provide collective security to member states against attack by big powers.
• Military alliances increase the power of the big state who leads the alliance.
• Another objective of Military alliance is to maintain balance of power.

Example of Military Alliance. NATO and Warsaw Pact are examples of military alliance. NATO came into being as a defence organisation against the Soviet Union. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was signed on 4th April, 1949 between 12 states— U.S.A. and its allies. The leaders of NATO-U.S.A. was successful in expanding this alliance in the Post Cold War period. After the disintegration of Soviet Union many members of Warsaw Pact become the members of NATO.

Even Russia became a partner of NATO.
Aims of NATO. NATO is based on a Preamble and 14 Articles.

• The Preamble reaffirms the faith of the parties to the treaty in the purposes and principles of the Charter of U.N.
• The members are determined to safeguard their freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their people founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and rule of law.
• The main aim of NATO was to serve as a deterrent against a Soviet attack on Europe.

Question 9.
Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Do you agree with the statement ? Substantiate your argument.
Answer:
Environment pollution is a serious problem of modern world. The U.N. National Research Council defines pollution as “a desirable change in characteristics of our air, land and water that may or will harmfully affect human life or that of other desirable species, over industrial processes, living condition and cultural assets or that may or will waste or deteriorate our war material resources.”

Whatever the form of pollution is, it certainly effects living conditions. Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Air pollution, Water pollution, Land pollution and Sound pollution are creating various health problems for human being. Dirty water is the world’s biggest killer and it is the biggest pollution problem.

Question 10.
Nuclear Weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against Contemporary security threats to States. Explain the Statement.
Answer:
Since the beginning of civilization the individual and also the state derived the sense of security or deterrence or defence from the weapons, it had been in possession. In fact, possession of weapon gave strength to the individual as well as to the state. With the passage of time forms or type of weapons has changed. In the 20th Century most sophisticated weapons has developed.

Present age is an age of nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapon are very destructive and it threatens the existence of humanity. Nuclear weapons will destroy not only the enemy state but also the country which will use them. Use of Nuclear Weapons or atomic bombs will effect the almost whole world. That is why it is rightly said that the nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against contemporary security treats to states.

Question 11.
Looking of the Indian Scenario, what type of security has been given priority in India, traditional or non- traditional ? What examples could you site to substantiate the argument ?
Or
What is meant by Security ? Mention any four components of Indi an Security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Meaning of Security. For the see Long Answer Type Questions No. 1. (Other Important Questions)
India has faced traditional and non-traditional threates to its security. India has faced external danger to its security as well as danger from within.

After Independence India adopted its own security policy and even now the same policy is being followed by the present government. Measures adopted to protect the sovereignty and integrity of the country and other threats such as poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, terrorism, diseases etc. Security Policy or Security Strategy. Main features of India’s Security Strategy are as follow :

1. Strengthening of Military Power and Capabilities. At the time of independence India faced threats to its security from neighbouring states as well as from within due to communal violence. India has to build up its military strength and its capabilities. India adopted the policy of making nuclear tests to safeguard its security. Indian conducted nuclear tests in 1974 and in 1998 successfully.

2. Strengthening International Organisations, International norms and laws. India has strengthened International Institutions, Organisation, International norms, International law etc. to protect its security interests. India has full faith in the United Nations and India has always supported the activities of the United Nations.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, finally supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament etc. To make more effective Indian leaders has suggested many reforms in the structure and functioning of U.N. India argued for an equitable

New international Economic Order : Instead of joining any Bloc India preferred to follow the policy of non-alignment. India joined 160 countries that have signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Indian troops have been sent to other countries on U.N. peace keeping mission.

3. Policy of Meeting the Internal Threats. India adopted firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatists etc. of Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir. Separatists have tried to break away from India. They threatened unity and integrity of the country. Indian government adopted democratic method to deal with separatists but firmly told them that there can be now compromise with nation’s unity and security.

4. Economic and Social Development.
Concentration on Socio-Economic development is another feature of India’s Security Strategy. India has been making great efforts to develop economy in such a way so that the problems of poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, inequality are solved. Indian government is trying very hard to combine economic growth with human development. At the time of Independence literacy rate was 18 per cent which is now about 65 percent.

5. Secularism. India has adopted policy of secularism to deal with communalism. Secularism has promoted the spirit of national unity and communal harmony.

6. National Security Advisor. For the last few years Indian Government has started appointing National Security Advisor. The main function of National Security advisor is to point out the shortcomings in security system and to give suggestion to improve the security system.

Question 12.
Read the Cartoon below and write a short note in favour or against the connection between war and terrorism depicted in this cartoon.
Answer:

The Cartoon shown above shows close relation between war and terrorism. Both war and terrorism is an organised, planned and deliberate act of violence. Both war and terrorism are against democracy and crime against humanity. Both are responsible for destruction of property and mankind. Both war and terrorism have no faith in peace and human values. Both war and terrorism have become a global phenomena. War is terrible and terrorism makes it more terrible.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 International Organisations Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

International Organisations NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6

International Organisations Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6

Question 1.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below about the Veto power :
(A) Only the permanent members of the Security Council possess the Veto power.
(B) It is a kind of negative power.
(C) The Secretary-General uses this power when not satisfied with any decision.
(D) One Veto can stall a Security Council resolution.
Answer:
(A) Correct
(B) Correct
(C) Wrong
(D) Correct.

Question 2.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below that describe the way the UN functions.
(A) All security and peace related issues are dealt within the Security Council.
(B) Humanitarian policies are implemented by the main organs and specialised agencies spread across the globe.
(C) Having consenses among the five permanent member on security issues is vital for its implementation.
(D) The members of the General Assembly are automatically the members of all other principal organs and specialised agencies of the U.N.
Answer:
(A) Correct
(B) Correct
(C) Correct
(D) Wrong.

Question 3.
Which among the following would give more weightage to India’s proposal for permanent member in the Security Council.
(A) Nuclear Capability.
(B) It has been a member of the UN since its inception
(C) It is located in Asia
(D) India growing economic power and stable political system.
Answer:
All the above.

Question 4.
The U.N. agency concerned with the safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology is:
(A) The UN Committee on Disarmament
(B) International Atomic Energy Agency
(C) UN International Safeguard Committee
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
International Atomic Energy Agency.

Question 5.
WTO is serving as the successor to which of the following organisations :
(A) General Agreement on Trade and Tariff
(B) General Arrangement on Trade and Tariff
(C) World Health Organisation
(D) UN Development Programme.
Answer:
General Agreement on Trade and Tariff.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The prime objective of the UN is ……………..
(b) The highest functionary of the UN is called ……………..
(c) The UN Security Council has …………… permanent and …………… non-permanent members.
(d) …………… is the present UN Secretary-General.
Answer:
(a) Maintenance of International peace and security
(b) Secretary General
(c) Five and Ten
(d) Antonio Guterres.

Question 7.
Match the principal organs and agencies of the UN with their functions.

Answer:
1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (f) 6. (h) 7. (a) 8. (g)

Question 8.
What are the functions of the Security Council ?
Answer:
Security Council is the most important and most powerful organ of the U.N. The following are the main functions of Security Council :

• The admission of new states to the organization and the expulsion therefrom can only be done on the recommendation of the Security Council.
• It makes recommendations to the General Assembly for the appointment of the General Secretary.
• It can take any measure necessary to maintain or restore international peace.
• It can ask the contesting parties to solve their conflicts by peaceful means, like negotiation, enquiry and mediation.
• The Security Council may decide measures, not involving the use of armed force, to be employed to give effect to its decisions.
• The Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land force, as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.
• It shares with the General Assembly the function of electing judges to the International Court of Justice and right or request the court for advisory opinion on legal matters.

Question 9.
As a citizen of India, how would you support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of the Security Council ? Justify your proposal. (Imp.)
Or
Why should India be made a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council? Give any three arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
India has raised the question of restructuring the Security Council. Addressing the General Assembly on Sept. 26, 1998. Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee put India’s claim for a permanent seat in the Security Council. As a citizen of India I am of the view that India should be made permanent member of the Security Council. India rightly deserves a permanent seat in the Security Council because it fulfils almost all the criteria laid down by the U.N.

• India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost one-fifths of the world population.
• India is the largest democratic country in the world.
• India has full faith in the U.N. and it has actively participated in all initiatives of the United Nations.
• India has played an important role in the peace¬keeping efforts of the U.N.
• India has made regular financial contributions to the U.N.
• India’s economy is increasing rapidly. India is now a developing country. Its economy is on sound footing.
• India has always helped the dependent countries in the attainment of freedom.
• India has played a very important role in furthering the efforts of the non-aligned movement for peace, security and development.
• India has conducted nuclear tests successfully to safeguard the security of India.

Question 10.
Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the U.N.
Answer:
Now-a-days a demand for reform in the United Nation is being made. Two kinds of reforms are being demanded in the U.N. i.e.

• Structural functional
• Jurisdiction of the U.N.

Both these reforms are needed to make U.N. successful. But the various reforms which are suggested are not implemented due to following difficulties :

• There is no agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council on the composition of Security Council. Several basis are being considered for permanent seat but there is no consensus among the big powers.
• Former Secretary General Kofi Anan has suggested some reforms in the jurisdiction of the U.N. but these reforms are not put into practice. In fact, it is very difficult to implement the various reforms due to difference among big powers.

Question 11.
Though the U.N. has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continuation. What makes the U.N. an indispensable organisation ?
Answer:
The United Nations is outcome of man’s effort to save the world from the scourage of wars. The U.N. came into being on 24 October, 1945. The basic aim of the U.N. is to maintain international peace and security. Although U.N. is trying hard for the all round progress of the world but it has failed on many platform. It has failed to solve Kashmir problem. The dispute between the Israel and Arab countries has not been solved so far. The U.N. has also failed to meet the situation of Civil war in Angola.

Though the U.N. has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continue because U.N. is an indispensable organisation. The works it has done in past years are undoubtedly appreciable and these works are the marks U.N.’s sincerity, dedication and commitment to the cause of World’s peace and progress.

The greatest achievement of the U.N. is the prevention of third world war. The wars in Korea, Israel and Indonesia have been stoped with the efforts of U.N. The war between India and Pakistan on Kashmir issue was brought to an end. It brought about a cease fire in Kashmir and it deserves credit for that. It has removed foreign troops from Syria, Lebanon, Burma and Iran.

The U.N. has attained success in the areas of international cooperation and friendship. It has done appreciable work for the economic and social development. The U.N. is giving technical assistance to develop less industrialised countries. Specialised agencies such as I.L.O; UNESCO; W.H.O. etc. have played a very important role in solving, economic, social, health and labour problems of the world. No doubt, U.N. is an indispensable organisation. Though U.N. has failed on many fronts but it does not lesson its importance.

Question 12.
‘Reforming the U.N. means restructuring of the Security Council.’ Do you agree with this statement ? Give arguments for or against this position.
Or
Reforming the UN means restructuring of the security council. Suggest measures to reform UNSC. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
United Nations was established in 1945 and now it needs reforms in structure and working. Some scholars are of the opinion that reforming the United Nations means restructuring of the Security Council. I fully agree with this view. In fact if we are really interested in reforming the U.N. then we must reform the Security Council.

Security Council is one of the most important organs of the United Nations. Security Council is mainly responsible for maintaining international peace and security. The Security Council may decide measures not involving the use of armed forces, to be employed to give effect to its decision. The Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land force, as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.

The Security Council consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent members of the Security Council. The permanent members enjoy Veto power. If we want to reform the U.N. then reforms should be made in the Security Council because it is one of the most powerful organs of the U.N.

The Security Council reflects the global power structure of 1945, when many nations of the world were still under colonial rule. Security Council is geographically unbalanced and not properly represented. For more than a decade, the U.N. General Assembly has debated to reform the Security Council but no reform has been made due to lack of agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Alternative Centres of Power NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4

Alternative Centres of Power Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4

Question 1.
Arrange the following in chronological order:
(a) China’s accession to WTO 2001
(b) Establishment of the E.E.C. 1957
(c) Establishment of the E.U. 1992
(d) Birth of A.R.F. 1994
Answer:
(b) 1957
(c) 1992
(d) 1994
(a) 2001.

Question 2.
The ‘ASEAN Way’
(a) Reflects the lifestyle of ASEAN members
(b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co-operative.
(c) The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members.
(d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members.
Answer:
(b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co-operative.

Question 3.
Who among the following adopted ‘Open door’ policy ?
(a) China
(b) E.U.
(c) Japan
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(a) China

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over …………. and …………. region.
(b) ARF was established in the year ………….
(c) China entered into bilateral relations with …………. (a major country) in 1972.
(d) …………. plan influenced the establishment of the organisation for European Economic Co-operation in 1948.
(e) ……………. is an organisation of ASEAN that
deals with security.
Answer:
(a) Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin
(b) 1994
(c) U.S.A.
(d) Marshall
(e) Security Community.

Question 5.
What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations ?
Answer:
The main aims of establishing regional organ¬isations are as follow :

• The main aim of regional organisation is the development of regional cooperation amongst the member countries of a region.
• The aim is to create the feeling of brotherhood amongst the member states.
• Regional organisations boost the economic de¬velopment of their members.
• Regional organisations aim to create a balance of power in international politics, so that super powers do not play their ‘dadagiri’.
• Regional organisations increase the foreign trade of their members. Foreign trade brings foreign exchange as well as prosperity.
• Regional organisation aims to create collective security for their member states. Collective security is more effective but less expensive.

Question 6.
How does geographical proximity influ¬ence the formation of regional organisations ?
Answer:
Geographical proximity plays a very important role in the formation of regional organisations. Groom believes that “it is abusing the common sense meaning of the term to envisage it (regionalism) in any other way than primarily as a geographical entity.” Due to geographical proximity feelings of brotherhood and mutual co-operation developed among the neighbouring states, neighbour countries generally develop the bonds of friendship and spirit of co-operation and these are very helpful in the strengthening of regional organisations.

Due to geographical unity the countries possess common customs, common traditions, common culture, common interests, common problems, etc. These common feelings create a feeling of common brotherhood among them. Geographical unity encourages economic cooperation and interstate trade. Thus geographical unity is very helpful in the establishment of regional organisation. But geographical contiguity is not the only criterion in the formation of regional organisations.

Question 7.
What are the components of the ASEAN VISION 2020 ? (Imp)
Answer:
ASEAN was established in 1967 by five coun¬tries of this region. The main objective of ASEAN was to accelerate economic growth. ASEAN is very fastly growing into a very important regional organisation. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community.

In its vision 2020 ASEAN has hoped that it will become very strong in economy that it will be able to play an important role in international affairs. ASEAN would encourage negotiations to solve conflicts in the region. It would encourage the spirit of cooperation and brotherhood. ASEAN would encourage respect for sovereign rights of the member states. It would play the role of mediator to solve disputes among the states. The ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor Crisis, etc.

Question 8.
Name the pillars and the objectives of the ASEAN Community.
Answer:
In the Summit of 2003, ASEAN decided to establish an ASEAN Community on the line of European Union. ASEAN Community consists of three pillars, namely:

• The ASEAN Security Community
• The ASEAN Economic Community and
• The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

Objectives of the ASEAN Community. Main objectives of the ASEAN Community are as follows :

• The main objective is to accelerate economic growth.
• Development of Culture and Social progress.
• To create a common market and production base for ASEAN countries.
• To safeguard the economic interests of the member states.
• To promote regional peace and stability.
• To promote mutual cooperation and assistance in providing training and research facilities to their people.

Question 9.
In what ways does the present Chinese Economy differ from its Command Economy ?
Answer:
In following ways the present Chinese Economy differs from its Command Economy:
(1) After the inception of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 Soviet model of economy was followed. Planned and state controlled economy was followed whereas present Chinese economy is based on priva¬tisation and free trade.

(2) In Command Economy agriculture and industry were completely under the control of the state, but at present there is privatisation of agriculture and industry.

(3) In the State Controlled Economy there was no room for private enterprise and private property. But in the present economic system private enterprise and private property are integral part of Chinese economic system.

(4) In the Command Economy there was no room for foreign investment. But at present China is considered to be the most attractive nation for foreign investment.

(5) In the Command Economy there was no free market and open competition. But the present economy of China is based on free competition. China is a mem¬ber of World Trade Organisation.

Question 10.
How did the European countries resolve their post-second war problems ? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.
Answer:
European Union is a very strong regional organisation of European countries. It plays a very  important role in the world politics. European Union is also called European Common Market or European Common Community. The two World Wars within a very short duration inflicted very heavy losses upon European countries. During six years of the Second World War, Euro-pean countries suffered heavy economic, material and manpower losses.

The Second World War shattered many of the assumptions and structures on which the European states had based their relations. After the Second World War majority of the European leaders were convinced that their relations should be reconstructed. They were compelled to find out solutions from European perspective and ultimately formed an organisation known as European Union.

Attempts that led to the formation of the European Union may be discussed as follows :

(1) After Second World War, European integration was aided by Cold War. To revive Europe’s economy America extended financial aid to European countries under Marshall Plan.

(2) Under Marshall plan an organisation of European Economic Co-operation was established in 1948 to channel aid to the West European states.

(3) In 1949 the Council of Europe was established for coordinating the policies of the member states.

(4) In 1951 six countries of Western Europe (Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, West Germany and Luxumberg) signed a treaty called Treaty of Paris and formed European Coal and Steel Community.

(5) In 1957 six countries, who had established European Coal and Steel Community, signed a treaty called Treaty of Rome and established European Economic Community. They also established another forum called European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).

(6) In 1979 a parliament of European Economic Community was established. Members of European parliament are directly elected.

(7) Disintegration of Soviet Union in December 1991 encouraged Western European countries to move further for regional co-operation. They signed a treaty at Maastricht (Netherland) and European Union was established. After the historic Maastricht (Netherland) treaty, the European Communities got united with the European Union and adopted the objectives of securing a real and effective Monetary Union and Political Union.

Question 11.
What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organisation ? (Imp)
Or
How did the European Union exercise its political and diplomatic influence ?
Answer:
The European Union has also political and diplomatic influence. One of the European member, France is permanent members of the Security Council of United Nations. Besides permanent members many members of the European Union are non-permanent members of the Security Council.

In this way European Union has influenced the policies and various resolutions of the United Nations. It has also exercised some influence on U.S. policies such as current U.S. position on Iran Nuclear programme. Its use of diplomacy, economic investments and negotiations has been effective as in the case of its dialogue with China on human right and environmental degradation.

Question 12.
The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement ? Substantiate your arguments.
Or
Why did India and China both view themselves as rising powers in the global politics in spite of tensions between them? Substantiate your answer by giving any four areas that have brought cordiality in their relationship. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
After the disintegration of Soviet Union Unipolar World Order emerged. After 1990 U.S.A. became the sole super power in the world politics. No opposition or no challenge to her authority. America started behaving as a hegemonous actor. Due to dominance of U.S.A. in world affairs leaders of the world have started thinking how to control the hegemony of America.

Some thinkers and leaders of the world are of the view that the emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. There is a great truth in this view due to following facts and reasons :
(1) Both China and India are the biggest countries of the world. On population basic China is No. 1 and India is No. 2 in the world. China’s population is more than 122 crores, while that of India is more than 100 crores.

(2) The economies of both the countries are fast developing. Past-Mao China established an all-time global record in doubling per capita output between 1977 and 1987. According to the World Bank’s purchasing power parity (ppp) estimated, China with 1994 G.D.P. of just under 8.3 trillion, has become the second largest economy in the world, after the United States.

(3) According to Rand study, China’s GDP will reach $ 11.3 trillion by year 2010 compared to $ 10.7 trillion for the United States. It is estimated that China’s economy would become the largest economy of the world by the end of 2040. India’s economy is also rising very fast.

(4) In the present time United States is improving its relations with India and China. U.S.A. is more interested in maintaining close relations with India and China.

(5) Both China and India are nuclear powers. China is a permanent member of the Security Council while India is in a race for permanent member seat in the Security Council.

(6) Both China and India have adopted privatisation and free trade policy.

(7) India’s foreign policy is based on the principle of non-alignment and India has always adopted independent foreign policy. India has criticised many times policies and activities of U.S.A.

India did not agree to send her forces to Iraq inspite of many requests made by America. India refused to participate in any operation which is not having the sanctions of United Nations.

(8) India conducted five nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998 in order to develop a full-fledged nuclear deterrent to safeguard India’s security. President Bill Clinton ordered tough sanctions against India in retaliation for its underground nuclear tests. However, India did not bother about American sanctions and ultimately on 23rd September, 2001 America lifted the sanctions.

(9) Both China and India have large foreign exchange reserves and both are in a position to make big investment in other countries.
We can safely conclude that in the near future unipolar world order would be replaced by multi-polar world order.

Following are the area that have brought coordiality between the two Nation.

• India and China having good Economic relations.
• Both countries becoming more familiar with each other, increasing transportation.
• Both countries having similar views on clean energy.
• India and China having similar views of climate change.

Question 13.
The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisation. Justify this statement.
Answer:
It is rightly said that the peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional organisations. This statement is also supported by the History of the world. Regional economic organisations always promote peace and prosperity whereas military regional alliances generally promote war and destruction.

After Second World War U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. emerged as super powers. Super powers developed two Blocs i.e. Soviet bloc and American bloc. There was atmosphere of Cold War. Due to military alliances and military regional organisations there were many conflicts in different parts of the world.

But, on the other hand regional economic organisation brought peace and prosperity in many parts of the world. For example European Economic Community was established in 1957 with a view to reconstructing the economy of European countries. Within a short period it became a very powerful economic and political regional organisation because its economy is next to that of U.S.A. New European Union has its own parliament, own flag and its own currency. European Union has succeeded in bringing peace and prosperity in the Europe on the basis of its economic strength.

Another example of regional economic organisation is that of ASEAN. ASEAN was established in 1967. ASEAN has played a very important role in bringing peace and prosperity in the region. The following facts also support the statement that peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisation :

• Regional economic organisation promotes the feelings of mutual co-operation amongst the members.
• It accelerates economic growth and it improves the standard of living of the people.
• It promotes and strengthens cooperation with other countries of the world.
• It contributes to the development of atmosphere of peace in the region and ultimately in the world.
• It maintains balance of power which is very essential for world peace.
• Regional economic organisation encourages free trade and common currency amongst the member states.
• It encourages members to solve their conflicts peacefully.

Question 14.
Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation ? Give your suggestions.
Answer:
The relations between India and China are very ancient. Till 1962 the relations between the two countries were very cordial. China attacked India on 20th Oct. 1962. China declared Unilateral Ceasefire on 21st November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession. Given ahead are the main contentious issues between India and China :
1. India and China have a controversy over the McMohan line, the border line between India and China.

2. China entered into military alliances with Paki-stan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. These agreements pose a great threat to the security of India.

3. Tibet issue is another issue of contentions be-tween India and China. India considers Tibet as an autonomous region of China, However, China considers Tibetan exile government in India an act of hostility.

4. China by its action has not recognised Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory. It has shown Arunachal Pradesh in Chinese maps.
While boundary problem is still unresolved, both countries have come forward to strengthen their relations in the field of trade and commerce. Trade relations began in 1978 itself.

In 2007 trade volume between the two countries rose to $40 b. Official and political leaders are exchanged. Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited China in Jan. 15, 2008. Indian Prime Minister and Chinese Prime Minister signed a joint declaration titled ‘A Shared Vision for the 21st Century.’ They also signed 11 Agreements for cooperation in rail, housing, geo-sciences, land resources management and other sectors.