CBSE Class 8

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the Class 8 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Colonialism and the City available on this page. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the Answers to the Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions Colonialism and the City

Extra Questions for Class 8 History Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Name any important port on the west coast of India in the seventeenth century. When its importance declined?
Answer:
(1) Surat in Gujarat.
(2) In the eighteenth century.

Question 2.
Which two industries were crucial for the industrial revolution in the modern world?
Answer:
(1) Textile industry.
(2) Iron and steel industry.

Question 3.
What factor made Britain the foremost industrial nation in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
Mechanised production of cotton textiles.

Question 4.
When was India the world’s largest producer of cotton textiles?
Answer:
Around 1750, before the British conquered Bengal.

Question 5.
Why had Indian textiles been renowned for?
Answer:
Indian textiles had long been renowned for their fine quality and exquisite craftmanship.

Question 6.
In which countries were Indian textiles traded?
Answer:
Southeast Asia e.g:, Java, Sumatra and Penang and West and Central Asia.

Question 7.
Since when did European trading begin buying Indian textiles for sale in Europe?
Answer:
From the sixteenth century.

Question 8.
What was piece goods?
Answer:
They were usually woven cloth pieces that were 20 yards long and 1 yard wide.

Question 9.
Name any two types of printed cotton cloths that were exported to England from India during early eighteenth century.
Answer:

1. Chintz
2. Cossaes (Khassa)
3. Bandanna.

Question 10.
Where does the-English term Chintz come from?
Answer:
It is derived from the Hindi word Chhint.

Question 11.
What is Chintz?
Answer:
Chintz is a printed cotton cloth with small and colourful flowery designs.

Question 12.
Why was there a craze for printed Indian cotton textiles in Europe?
Answer:
This was mainly for their exquisite floral designs, fine textile and relative cheapness.

Question 13.
Where were bandanna mostly produced?
Answer:
Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Question 14.
Who was rangrez?
Answer:
For coloured textiles, the thread was dyed by the dyer, known as rangrez.

Question 15.
Who was Chhipigar?
Answer:
For printed cloth, the weavers needed the help of specialised black printers known as Chhipigars.

Question 16.
Why did handloom weaving not completely die in India?
Answer:
This was because, some types of cloths like saris with intricate borders, cloths with traditional woven patterns, coarse cloths could not be supplied by machines. –

Question 17.
Which were the new centres of weaving in the late nineteenth century?
Answer:
(1) Sholapur in Western India.
(2) Madura in South India.

Question 18.
When and where was the first cotton mill in India set up?
Answer:
(1) In 1854
(2) In Bombay.

Question 19.
Who was Machael Faraday?
Answer:
He was a legendary scientist and discoverer of electricity and electromagnetism.

Question 20.
When did TISCO begin producing steel?
Answer:
In 1912.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions Short Answers Type

Question 21.
How did European companies make enormous profits out of Indian textiles during eighteenth century?
Answer:
European trading companies – the Dutch, the French and the English purchased cotton and silk textiles in India by importing silver.

Question 22.
Why was the sword of Tipu Sultan so special?
Answer:
This sword had an incredibly hard and sharp edge that could easily rip through the opponent’s armour. This quality of the sword came from a special type of high carbon steel called WoQtz.

Question 23.
Who was Charles Weld?
Answer:
CharlesWeld was an American geologist who with Dorabji Tata travelled in Chhattisgarh in search of iron ore deposits in 1904.

Question 24.
Who invented spinning jenny in 1764? What was its impact?
Answer:
(1) In 1764, the spinning jenny was invented by John Kaye.
(2) This increased the productivity of the traditional spindles.

Question 25.
When was steam engine invented and by whom? What was its impact?
Answer:
(1) Steam engine was invented in 1786 by Richard Arkwright.
(2) Cloth could now be woven in immense quantities and cheaply too.

Question 26.
What were the impact of Bengal victory by the British on trade with England?
Answer:
(1) The British no longer had to import i precious metal to buy Indian goods.
(2) They collected revenues from peasants and zamindars in India and used this revenue to buy Indian textiles.

Question 27.
Name some communities who were famous for weaving.
Answer:

1. The tanti weavers of Bengal,
2. the julahas or momin weavers of north India,
3. sale and kaikollar and devangs of south India are some of the communities famous for weaving.

Question 28.
Why had Bombay grown as an important port for the export of raw cotton from India to England and China?
Answer:
This was because, (1) it was close to the vast black soil tract of Western India where cotton was grown.
(2) When the cotton mills came up, they could get supplies of raw material with ease.

Question 29.
How were the furnaces built in villages of India?
Answer:
(1) The furnaces were most often built of clay and sun-dried bricks.
(2) The smelting was done by men while women worked the bellows, pumping air that kept the charcoal burning.

Question 30.
On the outline map of India, locate the following place:
(a) One cotton manufacturing region.
Answer:

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions Long Answers Type

Question 31.
Which were the major centres of weaving in the late eighteenth century India?
Answer:
The textile production was concentrated in the following four regions in the early nineteenth century:

1. Bengal was one of the most important centres. Located along the numerous rivers in the delta, the production centres in Bengal could easily transport goods to distant places.
2. Dacca in Eastern Bengal was the foremost textile centre in the eighteenth century. It was famous for its mulmul and jamdani weaving.
3. A cluster of cotton weaving centres was along the Coromandel coast stretching from Madras to northern Andhra Pradesh.
4. On the western coast, there were important weaving centres in Gujarat.

Question 32.
What were the various stages of textile production in India?
Answer:

1. The first stage of production was spinning which was mostly done by women. The thread was spun on the charkha and rolled on the takli.
2. Then thread was woven into cloth by the weaver which was generally done by men.
3. For coloured textiles, the thread was dyed by the dyer.
4. For printed cloth, the weavers needed the help of specialist block printers.

Question 33.
What were the effects of the decline of Indian textiles in the nineteenth century?
Answer:

1. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, English-made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets in Africa, America and Europe.
2. Thousands of weavers in India became jobless. Bengal weavers were the worst hit.
3. English and European companies stopped buying Indian goods and giving advances to weavers to secure supplies.
4. By the 1830s, British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. In fact, by the 1880s, two-thirds of all the cotton clothes worn by Indians were made of cloth produced in Britain.

Question 34.
What happened to the weavers and spinners who lost their livelihood?
Answer:

1. Many weavers became agricultural labourers.
2. Some migrated to cities in sjearch of work.
3. Some went out of the country to work in plantations in Africa and South America.
4. Some of them found work in the new cotton mills that were established in Bombay, Ahmedabad, Sholapur, Nagpur and Kanpur.

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Colonialism and the City PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the Class 8 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers When People Rebel available on this page. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the Answers to the Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 5 When People Rebel helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions When People Rebel

Extra Questions for Class 8 History Chapter 5 When People Rebel

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
When was the subsidiary alliance imposed on Awadh?
Answer:
In 1801.

Question 2.
When was Awadh annexed?
Answer:
In 1856.

Question 3.
On what ground was Awadh annexed.
Answer:
It was said that the territory was misgoverned and the British rule was needed to ensure proper administration.

Question 4.
Why were the sepoys reluctant to serve overseas?
Answer:
This was because, those days many people in the country believed that if they crossed the sea, they would lose their religion and caste.

Question 5.
Why did the sepoy refused to go to Burma in 1824?
Answer:
Due to fear of losing their religion and caste by travelling through the sea route.

Question 6.
When was a new law passed, if required, sepoy had to serve overseas?
Answer:
In 1856.

Question 7.
What was the impact of the British land policies, on the sepoy?
Answer:
The sepoys were angry because many of them were peasants and had families in the villages.

Question 8.
When did the sepoy mutiny start?
Answer:
In May, 1857.

Question 9.
From where did the sepoy mutiny begin?
Answer:
From Meerut.

Question 10.
Who was Mangal Pandey? Why is he famous?
Answer:
Mangal Pandey was a sepoy in the Company army. He rebelled against the British and was hanged.

Question 11.
Who was Nana Saheb?
Answer:
Nana Saheb was the adopted son of the late Peshwa Baji ftao.

Question 12.
Who was Tantia Tope?
Answer:
He was the general of Nana Saheb.

Question 13.
Below are given the names of some rebel leaders. Name the places where they headed the rebellion. Ahmadullah Khan, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan.
Answer:
Ahmadullah Khan – Lucknow
Kunwar Singh – Bihar
Bakht Khan – Delhi

Question 14.
When was Delhi recaptured from the rebel forces.
Answer:
In September, 1857.

Question 15.
Which rebel leader fought a guerilla war with the British?
Answer:
Tantia Tope.

Question 16.
What reward was announced for the loyal landlords?
Answer:
They were allowed to continue to enjoy traditional rights over their lands.

Question 17.
When was the power from the hands of the East India Company transferred to the British Crown?
Answer:
In 1858.

Question 18.
What was the Governor-General called from 1858?
Answer:
Viceroy.

Question 19.
What major change was observed in ruling Indian territory after the revolt of 1857?
Answer:
After the revolt of 1857, the British Government undertook direct responsibility for ;
ruling India.

Question 20.
Why were Muslims treated as hostile after 1857?
Answer:
This was because, the British believed that they were responsible for the rebellion in a big way.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions Short Answers Type

Question 21.
What plan did the company make to bring an end to the Mughal dynasty?
Answer:

1. In 1849, Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah, the family ;
   of the king will have to leave the Red Fort.
2. In 1856, Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last king. After his death none of his descendants would be recognized as king.

Question 22.
Why were the sepoys employed in the service of the Company unhappy?
Answer:

1. Most of the sepoys were farmers and land policies of the Eptish harmed them.
2. They were unhappy about their post, allowances and conditions of service.
3. Also, some of the new rules violated their religious sensibilities and beliefs.

Question 23.
What new rule was passed about the overseas service of the sepoy in 1856?
Answer:
In 1856, the Company passed a new rule that every new person who would look for employment in the Company’s army had to agree to serve overseas, if required.

Question 24.
How did the following react during 1857?
Nana Saheb, Begum Hazrat Mahal.
Answer:

1. Nana Saheb – He gathered armed forces and expelled the British garrison from Kanpur. He proclaimed himself Peshwa. He declared that he was a governor under emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.
2. Begum Hazrat Mahal – She was the wife of the deposed Nawab Wazid Ali Shah of Lucknow. She took an active part in organising the uprising against the British.

Question 25.
On the outline map of India, locate the following places :
(a) Jhansi
(b) Meerut
Answer:

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions Long Answers Type

Question 26.
What reforms were made by the British in the Indian society? How did Indians see these laws?
Answer:
1. (i) Laws were passed to stop the practice of sati and to encourage the remarriage of widows.
(ii) English-language education was actively promoted.
(iii) The Company allowed Christian missionaries to function freely in its domain and even own land and property.
(iv) Laws were passed for easy conversion to Christianity. Those who converted to Christianity could now inherit ancestral property

2. Many people felt that British were destroying their religions, social customs and traditional ways of life.

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers When People Rebel PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the Class 8 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age available on this page. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the Answers to the Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

Extra Questions for Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
To which tribes did Birsa belong?
Answer:
Munda tribe.

Question 2.
Where did Munda people live?
Answer:
Munda people lived in Chhotanagpur region of the present-day state of Jharkhand.

Question 3.
Name two other tribes who were the followers of Birsa.
Answer:
Santhals and Oraons.

Question 4.
Who were called dikus?
Answer:
The outsiders were called dikus by the tribes.

Question 5.
Where were the shifting cultivators found?
Answer:
Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and Central India.

Question 6.
Where did the Khonds live?
Answer:
The Khond people lived in the forests of Orissa.

Question 7.
How did Khond people obtain their livelihood?
Answer:
The Khond people obtain their livelihood by hunting and food-gathering.

Question 8.
How did the forest people obtain things that they did not produce in the forests?
Answer:
They mostly exchanged goods to fulfil their need of things they did not produce.

Question 9.
What did the forest people do when supplies of forest produce shrank?
Answer:
They wandered around in search of work as labourers.

Question 10.
Name any two tribes who lived by herding and rearing animals.
Answer:
Van Gujjars and Gaddis.

Question 11.
Where did the Baiga people live?
Answer:
The Baiga people lived in the forests in Central India.

Question 12.
Name any two settled tribal groups.
Answer:
Gonds and Santhals.

Question 13.
What did the British officials think about settled tribal groups?
Answer:
The British officials thought them to be more civilised than hunter-gatherers.

Question 14.
With which tribal groups the British were uncomfortable?
Answer:
The British were uncomfortable with those tribal groups who moved about and did not have a fixed home.

Question 15.
Why did the British want tribes to become peasant cultivators?
Answer:
This was because, peasants were easier to control and administer than people who were always on move.

Question 16.
What were the Reserve Forests?
Answer:
They were the forests which produced timbers. The tribal people were not allowed to enter these forests.

Question 17.
Why were the forest villages established?
Answer:
The forest villages were established to ensure a regular supply of cheap labour for cutting trees for railway sleepers.

Question 18.
When and where did the revolt of Songram Sangma take place?
Answer:
The Songram Sangma revolt took place in 1906 in Assam.

Question 19.
When and where did the Forest Satyagraha take place?
Answer:
The Forest Satyagraha took place in the 1930s in the Central Provinces.

Question 20.
Name the tribe which reared cocoons.
Answer:
Santhals of Hazaribagh.

Question 21.
Where did tribes work as labourers in the late nineteenth century?
Answer:
They worked in tea plantations of Assam and coal mines of Jharkhand.

Question 22.
What was the aim of Birsa’s movement?
Answer:
His movement aimed at reforming tribal society and take it out of the hands of dikus.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions Short Answers Type

Question 23.
What did people think about Birsa? What did Birsa proclaim about himself?
Answer:

1. People believed that Birsa could cure all diseases and multiply grains.
2. Birsa proclaimed about himself that God has appointed him to save his people from trouble and free them from the slavery of dikus.

Question 24.
Why were the Munda and other tribal people of the region unhappy with the British rule?
Answer:

1. They were unhappy with the changes they were experiencing and the problems they were facing under the British rule.
2. Their ways of life seemed to be disappearing, their livelihoods were under threat, and their religion appeared to be in danger.

Question 25.
Comment on tribal societies.
Answer:

1. Most tribes had customs and rituals different from those laid down by Brahmins.
2. The tribal societies did not have the same social divisions that were characteristics of caste societies.
3. People who belonged to the same tribe thought of themselves as sharing common ties of kinship.

Question 26.
How did the shifting cultivators live their lives?
Answer:

1. The lives of the shifting cultivators depended on free movement within the forest.
2. Their lives depended on being able to use the land and forests for growing their crops.

Question 27.
What did the tribal people do when supplies of forest produce shrank?
Answer:

1. Some of the tribal people did odd jobs in the villages.
2. They carried load or got jobs in building roads.
3. Some people laboured in the fields of peasants and farmers.

Question 28.
Why were Baiga people reluctant to do works for others?
Answer:

1. The Baigas saw themselves as people of the forest, who could only live on the produce of the forest.
2. The Baiga people considered it to be below the dignity of a Baiga to become a labourer.

Question 29.
Why did tribal people become dependent on traders and moneylenders?
Answer:
Following were the reasons of their dependence:

1. The tribal people often needed to sell and buy goods in order to be able to get those goods which were not produced in their locality.
2. Traders came around with things for sale. Money-lenders gave loans with which the tribals could meet their cash needs.

Question 30.
Why did the tribal people see moneylenders and traders as evil outsiders? ‘
Answer:

1. The traders sold them things at high prices and purchased goods from them at low prices.
2. The moneylenders charged high-interest rates on the loans which they provided to the tribal people.

This led to indebtedness and poverty among the tribal people. This was because, they saw them as evil outsiders.

Question 31.
Discuss some herders and animal rearing tribal people.
Answer:

1. The Van Gujjars of the Punjab hills and the Labadie of Andhra Pradesh were cattle herders.
2. The Gaddis of Kulu were shepherds.
3. The Bakarwals of Kashmir reared goats.

Question 32.
Discuss the state of rights oh the land among Mundas.
Answer:

1. Among Mundas, the land belonged to the Clan as a whole.
2. All members of the Clan were regarded as descendants of the original settlers, who has first cleared the land. Therefore, all of them had the rights on land.

Question 33.
What happened to the British effort to settle jhum cultivators?
Answer:

1. This effort was not very successful.
2. Settled plough cultivation was not easy in the areas where water was scarce and the soil was dry.
3. Jhum cultivators who undertook the plough cultivation often suffered, since their fields did not produce good yield. People started protesting settled ploughing.

Question 34.
Explain the reformist ideas of Birsa.
Answer:

1. Birsa asked people to give up drinking liquor which was devastating people’s personal, family and social life.
2. He urged people to clean their village and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.

Question 35.
What were the political aims of Birsa movement?
Answer:

1. Birsa wanted to drive out missionaries, money-lenders, Hindu landlord and the government.
2. This movement wanted to set up a Munda Raj with Birsa as its head.

Question 36.
Why did Munda people consider dikus as the cause of their misery and sufferings?
Answer:

1. They felt that the land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.
2. They saw that Hindu landlords and moneylenders were taking over their land.
3. They saw that the missionaries were criticising their traditional culture.

Question 37.
What is colonial rules?
Answer:
When the powerful country has been administration the land and resource of a country it is called colonial rules.

Question 38.
What were the two main systems of indigo cultivation?
Answer:

1. nij-cultivation on planter’s own land.
2. ryoti-cultivation on ryot’s land.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions Long Answers Type

Question 39.
Explain jhum cultivation.
Answer:

1. This was done on small patches of land, mostly in the forest.
2. The cultivators cut the trees and burnt the vegetation to clear the land for cultivation.
3. They spread ash throughout the land. They did not plough the land.
4. They broadcasted the seeds.
5. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field to follow the same process.

This is because, this is also known as shifting cultivation.

Quesiton 40.
Discuss the hunting and gathering amongst the Khonds.
Answer:

1. The Khonds lived in the forests of Orissa. They were hunters and gatherers.
2. They regularly went out on collective hunts and then divided the meat amongst themselves.
3. They ate fruits and roots they collected from forests. They also cooked foods using oil extracted from the seeds of sal and mahua.
4. They collected medicinal herbs and shrubs from the forest and sold them in the local market.
5. They collected kusum and palash flowers from the forests and supplied them to the local weavers and leather workers.

Question 41.
What was the status of tribal chiefs before the arrival of the British?
Answer:

1. In many areas, tribal chiefs were important people.
2. They enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer and control their territories.
3. In some places, they had their own police and decided on the local rules of land and forest management.

Question 42.
How was the tribal life affected by the forest laws?
Answer:

1. The British extended their control over all forests and declared that forests were state property.
2. Some forests were classified as Reserved Forests.
3. In these forests, people were not allowed to move freely.
4. They were prevented from practising jhum cultivation, collecting fruits or hunting animals in these forests.

Question 43.
In what ways was the Birsa movement important?
Answer:
This movement was important in the following two ways:

1. It forced the colonial government to introduce land laws in favour of the tribal people so that the dikus could not easily take over tribal lands.
2. It showed once again that the tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice.
3. They were able to express their anger against the exploitative and oppressive colonial rule.

Question 44.
What problems did shifting cultivators face under the British rule.
Answer:

1. The Jhum cultivators who took to plough cultivation as per the British model, often suffered.
2. The fields did not produce good yields.
3. Cultivators had to pay revenue fixed by the British.
4. They wanted to shift back to the Jhum cultivation.
5. Finally, they had to protest this new method.

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the Class 8 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Ruling the Countryside available on this page. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the Answers to the Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions Ruling the Countryside

Extra Questions for Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
When did the Mughal Emperors appoint the East India Company as the Diwani of Bengal?
Answer:
On 12 August, 1765.

Question 2.
After the Company got the Diwani, why did artisans begin deserting villages?
Answer:
This was because, they were forced to sell their goods to the Company at lower prices.

Question 3.
When was a terrible famine observed in Bengal?
Answer:
In 1770.

Question 4.
When and where was the Permanent Settlement introduced?
Answer:
Permanent Settlement was mainly introduced in the province of Bengal in 1793.

Question 5.
Who introduced Permanent Settlement?
Answer:
Charles Cornwallis.

Question 6.
Who were authorised to collect rent from the peasants under Permanent Settlement?
Answer:
Rajas and taluqdars.

Question 7.
What was the benefit of Permanent Settlement to the Company?
Answer:
It ensured a regular flow of revenue to the Company.

Question 8.
Which revenue system was introduced in the North-Western province of Bengal Presidency?
Answer:
The mahalwari settlement.

Question 9.
Who introduced mahalwari settlement?
Answer:
Holt Mackenzie.

Question 10.
In which area was the ryotwari system introduced?
Answer:
In the Southern India.

Question 11.
Who introduced the ryotwari system?
Answer:
Thomas Munro.

Question 12.
Name few crops and related area which the British forced people to grow?
Answer:

1. Jute – in Bengal
2. Tea – in Assam
3. Sugarcane – in the United Province
4. Wheat – in Punjab
5. Cotton – in Maharashtra and Punjab
6. Rice – in Madras.

Question 13.
Where was the Kalamkari print created?
Answer:
Kalamkari print was produced by the weavers in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 14.
In which climate do the indigo plants grow?
Answer:
In tropical climate.

Question 15.
Which other plant was used in the place of indigo in Europe?
Answer:
Woad.

Question 16.
In which climate was woad grown?
Answer:
In temperate climate.

Question 17.
Name few areas where woad plants were grown?
Answer:
Northern Italy, Southern France and in parts of Germany and Britain.

Question 18.
Which type of dyes were made from woad plants?
Answer:
Woad plants were used to make blue and yellow dyes.

Question 19.
Why did dyers prefer indigo?
Answer:
Because indigo produced a rich blue colour, whereas the dye from woad was pale and dull.

Question 20.
Where did the French begin cultivating indigo?
Answer:
In St. Domingue in the Caribbean island.

Question 21.
Where was indigo cultivation initiated in India?
Answer:
In Bengal province.

Question 22.
What were the two main systems of indigo cultivation?
Answer:
nij and ryoti.

Question 23.
What was the impact of indigo cultivation on the soil?
Answer:
Indigo plants had deep roots and it exhausted the soil. After indigo harvest, the land could not be sown with rice.

Question 24.
When did indigo ryots occur in Bengal?
Answer:
In 1859.

Question 25.
Who supported indigo ryots?
Answer:
Indigo peasants, local zamindars and village headmen.

Question 26.
Why was the Indigo Commission appointed?
Answer:
The Indigo Commission was appointed to enquire into the system of indigo production.

Question 27.
What was the report of Indigo Commission?
Answer:
The Indigo Commission held the planters guilty and criticised them for the coercive methods they used with indigo cultivators.

Question 28.
After indigo revolt in Bengal, to which area was indigo cultivation shifted?
Answer:
Indigo cultivation was shifted to Bihar.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions Short Answers Type

Question 29.
How Diwani of Bengal was seen by the British?
Answer:

1. As Diwan, the Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control.
2. Now the Company had to think of administering the land and organising its revenue resources.
3. It had to ensure that it could buy the products it needed and sell what it wanted.

Question 30.
Name two problems created by the Permanent Settlement.
Answer:

1. Zamindars were now not interested in the improvement of land.
2. The revenue was very high. So many zamindars were unable to pay this revenue. Thus, their zamindaris were sold off.

Question 31.
Why were the zamindars not interested in improving land?
Answer:

1. They saw the possibility of earning without trouble and risk of investment.
2. They were giving land on rent to tenants, so they did not need to improve it.

Question 32.
Why did Munro choose ryotwari system for South India?
Answer:
(i) In South India, there was no’ tradition of zamindars.
(ii) The ryots (cultivators) tilled the land for generations.
So, Munro decided have contracts directly with the ryots. Hence, the ryotwari system was introduced.

Question 33.
What were the results of the new revenue systems?
Answer:
Peasants were unable to pay revenue, ryots fled the countryside, and villages became deserted in many regions. These all was due to over-optimistic imagination of revenue collection by the officials.

Question 34.
Why did the demand of indigo increase by the end of the eighteenth century?
Answer:

1. This was because, by this time Britain began to industrialise.
2. In Britain, cotton production expanded dramatically.
3. This created an enormous new demand for cloth dyes.

That was why, the demand of indigo increased by the end of the eighteenth century.

Question 35.
What do you mean by nij system of indigo cultivation?
Answer:

1. In this system, the planters produced indigo on lands that they directly controlled.
2. The planters either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars and produced indigo by directly employing hired labourers.

Question 36.
Why were the planters reluctant to expand area under nij cultivation till the late nineteenth century?
Answer:

1. The large area required for indigo cultivation was not available.
2. They attempted to lease in the land near the factory. The eviction of peasants in these fields often led to conflicts.
3. The time of rice cultivation matched with that of the indigo. So, labours were not available in plenty.

Nij cultivation on large scale also required many ploughs and bullocks e., huge investment.

Question 37.
Comment on the reports of the Indigo Commission.
Answer:

1. The Commission held the planters guilty of oppressive methods used against the cultivators.
2. It declared that indigo production was not profitable for ryots.
3. It asked the ryots to fulfil their existing contracts but refuse to grow indigo in future.

Question 38.
Give a brief description of the Mahalwari System.
Answer:

1. The revenue of all the plots of the village was calculated and added of the mahal.
2. The demand of revenue was to be reversed periodically.
3. The responsibility of collecting revenue was given to the village headman.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions Long Answers Type

Question 39.
Discuss the mahalwari system introduced in the North-West provinces of the Bengal.
Answer:

1. In this system, village was taken as a revenue unit.
2. In this system, land was inspected, fields were measured, rights and customs of different groups were noted and then revenue of all the plots of the village was calculated and added so as to estimate the revenue of the mahal.
3. The demand of the revenue was to be revised periodically.
4. The responsibility of collecting revenue was given to the village headmen.

Question 40.
Discuss how the British people looked indigo cultivation as an opportunity.
Answer:

1. With a remarkable growth in indigo trade, commercial agents and officials of the Company began investing in indigo production.
2. Many officials resigned from the Company job and looked after their indigo business.
3. Those who had no money to produce indigo could get loans from the Company and the banks.

Question 41.
Explain the reaction of the ryots during the indigo revolt of Bengal.
Answer:

1. The ryots refused to pay rents to the planters.
2. They attacked indigo factories armed with locally available weapons.
3. They boycotted those who worked for the planters.
4. The gomasthas were beaten up.
5. They swore they would no longer take advances to sow indigo.
6. They decided not to be bullied by the lathiyals of the planters.

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Ruling the Countryside PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the Class 8 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers From Trade to Territory available on this page. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the Answers to the Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions From Trade to Territory

Extra Questions for Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Who was the last powerful Mughal ruler?
Answer:
Aurangzeb.

Question 2.
How did the Mughal empire become weak?
Answer:
After Aurangzeb’s death, many Mughal governors began establishing their own regional kingdoms. This weakened Mughal empire.

Question 3.
When and where was the East India Company established?
Answer:
The East India Company was established in 1600, in England.

Question 4.
Who gave a Charter to the Company to trade with the East?
Answer:
Queen Elizabeth I.

Question 5.
What did the Charter mean?
Answer:
The Charter meant that no other trading group in England could compete with the East India Company.

Question 6.
Which western power came first to India?
Answer:
Portuguese.

Question 7.
Who discovered the sea route to India and when?
Answer:
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India in 1498.

Question 8.
Where was the Portuguese base in India?
Answer:
In India, the Portuguese base was in Goa.

Question 9.
Through which route the British came to India?
Answer:
The British came to India through the Cape of Good Hope (South of Africa).

Question 10.
Name the two European powers other than British and Portuguese who established trade links with India.
Answer:
Dutch and French.

Question 11.
What were the major trade items for the European piowers?
Answer:
Cotton and silk textiles – pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, etc.

Question 12.
When and where was the first English factory set up?
Answer:
The first English factory was set up in 1651 on the bank of the river Hugli.

Question 13.
What were the Company’s traders known as?
Answer:
The Company’s traders were known as ‘factors’.

Question 14.
Which Mughal Emperor granted the Company the right to trade duty free through farman?
Answer:
Aurangzeb, through his farman, granted the right to the Company to trade duly free.

Question 15.
Name the Nawabs of Bengal who asserted their power and autonomy against the Mughals.
Answer:
(i) Murshid Quli Khan
(ii) Alivardi Khan
(iii) Sirajuddaulah

Question 16.
Who were the two sides in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
The two sides in the Battle of Plassey were the Nawab of Bengal and the East India Company.

Question 17.
Which Nawab of Bengal was defeated in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Sirajuddaulah.

Question 18.
Who led the Company in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Robert Clive.

Question 19.
Why did the Battle of Plassey become famous?
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory, the Company won in India.

Question 20.
Name the Commander who deceited Siraj uddaulah in the Battle of Plassey.
Answer:
Mir Jafar.

Question 21.
Why was Mir Jafar deposed by the Company? Who was made the new Nawab?
Answer:
Mir Jafar was deposed by the Company because he was unwilling to do as per the Company’s directions. Mir Qasim was made the new Nawab.

Question 22.
Which Nawab was defeated in the Battle of Buxar?
Answer:
Mir Qasim.

Question 23.
When was the Battle of Buxar fought?
Answer:
In 1764.

Question 24.
Who made Company the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal and when?
Answer:
The Mughal Emperor, in 1765.

Question 25.
What did Diwani to the Company mean?
Answer:
Diwani allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

Question 26.
Why was Robert Clive cross-examined by the British Parliament?
Answer:
Robert Clive was cross-examined by the British Parliament on the charges of corruption and amassing huge wealth in India during his service period.

Question 27.
What was the role.of Residents appointed by the Company in the Indian states?
Answer:
Through the Residents, the Company tried to interfere in the internal affairs of Indian states.

Question 28.
Name any two Indian states which fell victim to the subsidiary alliance.
Answer:
Awadh and Hyderabad.

Question 29.
Who was Hyder Ali?
Answer:
Hyder Ali was the ruler of the state of Mysore.

Question 30.
Which foreign power helped Tipu modernise his army?
Answer:
The French helped Tipu modernise his army.

Question 31.
How many wars were fought between the state of Mysore and the British?
Answer:
Four.

Question 32.
In which battle was Tipu Sultan killed?
Answer:
Tipu Sultan was killed in the Battle of Seringapatam.

Question 33.
In which battle the Marathas were defeated by the Company?
Answer:
The Marathas were defeated in the third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

Question 34.
Name the Maratha dynasties.
Answer:
(i) Sindhia,
(ii) Holkar,
(iii) Gaikwad,
(iv) Bhonsle.

Question 35.
Name two famous Maratha statesmen of the late eighteenth century.
Answer:
Mahadji Sindhia and Nana Phadnis.

Question 36.
Name the Governor-General who initiated the policy of “paramountcy”.
Answer:
Lord Hastings.

Question 37.
What was the policy of paramountcy?
Answer:
Under this policy, Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states.

Question 38.
Who was Chennamma?
Answer:
She was Queen of Kitoor in Karnataka.

Question 39.
Who was Rayanna?
Answer:
Rayanna was a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor who revolted against the British.

Question 40.
When wds Punjab annexed by the Company?
Answer:
In 1849.

Question 41.
Name the Governor-General who brought the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 42.
Name any four Kingdoms annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
(i) Satara,
(ii) Sambalpur,
(iii) Udaipur,
(iv) Nagpur,
(v) Jhansi.

Question 43.
How many Presidencies were there in the British India? Name them.
Answer:
There were three Presidencies:
(i) Bengal,
(ii) Madras,
(iii) Bombay.

Question 44.
Who was the first Governor-General of India?
Answer:
Warren Hastings.

Question 45.
Who presided over the civil and criminal courts?
Answer:
The District Collector.

Question 46.
When was the Supreme Court established?
Answer:
The Supreme Court was established in 1773 under the provisions of Regulating Act.

Question 47.
Which new technology aided the Company to become a territorial colonial power?
Answer:
New steam technology.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions Short Answers Type

Question 48.
What facilities did the Company get through the Royal Charter?
Answer:
With this Charter:
(i) The Company could venture across the oceAnswer:.
(ii) The Company could look for new lands from which it could collect revenues.
(iii) The Company could buy goods at cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices.
(iv) The Company had no Competitor from England.

Question 49.
Why did the European Companies conflict with each other?
Answer:
(i) They were trade competitors.
(ii) The only way the trading Companies could flourish, was by eliminating rival competitors.
(iii) The urge to secure markets, therefore, led to fierce battles between the trading Companies.

Question 50.
How did the farman issued by Aurangzeb cause loss of revenue for Bengal?
Answer:
(i) Aurangzeb’s farman had granted the Company the right to trade without paying duties.
(ii) But the Company officials who were carrying individual trade also refused to pay duty. This caused enormous loss of revenue for Bengal.

Question 51.
Why did Sirajuddaulah capture Kassimbazar factory of the British?
Answer:
(i) The Company was meddling in the political affairs of the province.
(ii) The Company was involved in fortification of its settlement.
(iii) The Company was not paying revenues properly.

Question 52.
What was the main reason that Sirajuddaulah lost the Battle of Plassey to the British?
Answer:
(i) One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Zafar, one of the Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the battle.
(ii) Clive had managed to secure his support by promising to make him nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah.

Question 53.
Why were the Company officials called ‘nabobs’ in Britain?
Answer:
(i) The officials who managed to return with wealth led flashy lives in Britain and.they flaunted their riches.
(ii) They were ridiculed as ‘nabobs’ the anglicized version of the Indian word nawab.

Question 54.
Why did the British want to capture Mysore?
Answer:
Following were the reasons:
(i) Mysore controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom.
(ii) Tipu stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom.
(iii) He disallowed the local merchants from trading with the Company.

Question 55.
Explain the resistance shown by the state of Kitoor against the British annexation.
Answer:
(i) When the British tried to annex Kitoor, Rani Chennamma took arms and led an armed struggle against the British. But she was captured and died in prison.
(ii) Later a poor chowkidar Rayanna carried the resistance. He captured many British camps and destroyed them.

Question 56.
What was Doctrine of Lapse? On what pretext did the Company annex Awadh?
Answer:
(i) According to this doctrine, if an Indian ruler dies without a male heir, his kingdom would ‘lapse’, i.e., his kingdom would become the part of the Company.
(ii) The Company annexed Awadh under the pretext that it was freeing the people from the misgovemment of the Nawab.

Question 57.
What did the British do to secure their control over the north-west?
Answer:
(i) To secure their control over the north-west, the Company fought wars with Afghanistan.
(ii) Between 1838 and 1842, the Company fought wars with Afghanistan and established its rule there indirectly.
(iii) It also annexed Sindh in 1843.

Question 58.
What was the Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
According to this doctrine, if an Indian ruler dies without a male heir, his kingdom would ‘lapse’ i.e. his kingdom would become the part of the Company.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions Long Answers Type

Question 59.
Discuss the reason that led to fierce battles between the European trading Companies in India.
Answer:
(i) The European Companies were interested in buying the same things.
(ii) The fine qualities of Indian silk and cotton had a big market in Europe. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand.
(iii) Competition amongst the European companies increased the cost of these goods that reduced the profit-margin.

The only way to retain profit was to eliminate the rivals. Thus, the urge to secure market led to fierce battles between European trading Companies in India.

Question 60.
How did the East India Company benefit from the Diwani granted by the Mughal Emperor?
Answer:
(i) The Diwani allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.
(ii) The Company had no British goods to sell in India. So, it had to import gold and silver from Britain for purchasing Indian goods. Now, the revenue obtained through Diwani could be used to purchase goods.
(iii) Further, the revenue could be used to maintain Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

Question 61.
Discuss the Anglo-Maratha wars?
Answer:
(i) The first Anglo-Maratha war ended in 1782 with the Salbai treaty without any result.
(ii) The second war (1803-05) resulted in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.
(iii) The third Anglo-Maratha war (181719) ended the Maratha might. The Peshwa was sent to Bithur with a pension.

Question 62.
Why did the British want to secure its north-west frontier? What did it do?
Answer:
(i) The British had developed a fear that Russia might expand across Asia and enter India from the north-west.
(ii) This was because, the Company focused on north-west region and fought wars with Afghanistan, Sindh and Punjab.
(iii) The Company finally annexed Sindh. It established an indirect control over Afghanistan and in 1849, annexed Punjab.

Question 63.
Under the new British Administrative set up, the Office of Collector became prominent. Discuss.
Answer:
(i) The Collector was the administrative head of the new administrative unit, i.e., district.
(ii) His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order.
(iii) In furnishing its duty, Collector took help of judges, police officers and darogas.
(iv) His office – the Collectorate – became the new centre of power and patronage that steadily replaced previous holders of authority.

Question 64.
Write a note on improvements made by Hastings in Indian Judiciary system.
Answer:
(i) Each district had two courts – a criminal court and a civil court.
(ii) Maulvis and Pandits interpreted Indian laws before the European district Collectors who presided over Civil Courts. The Criminal Court was brought under the supervision of the Collector.
(iii) He got the Hindu and Muslim laws translated and codified.
(iv) A new Supreme Court was established at Calcutta under the Regulating Act.
(v) The Court of Appeal – the Sadar Nizamat Adalat was also set up at Calcutta.

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the Class 8 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers How, When and Where available on this page. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the Answers to the Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 1 How, When and Where helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions How, When and Where

Extra Questions for Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Who asked James Rennet to produce maps of Hindustan?
Answer:
Robert Clive.

Question 2.
Is history all about dates? Why?
Answer:
No. This is because, there are many events which cannot be associated with a fixed date.

Question 3.
Name any four British Governor- Generals in India.
Answer:

1. Warren Hastings
2. Lord Wellesley
3. William Bentick
4. Lord Dalhousie.

Question 4.
Who was James Mill?
Answer:
James Mill was a Scottish economist – and political philosopher.

Question 5.
Name the work of James Mill.
Answer:
He wrote-‘A History of British India’.

Question 6.
Why do we divide history into different periods.
Answer:
We divide history into different periods to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear before us.

Question 7.
What was James Mill’s view about Asian societies?
Answer:
James Mill thought Asian societies to be at a lower level of civilization than Europe.

Question 8.
What was the view of Mill about India?
Answer:
In Mill’s view, India was not capable of progress without British help.

Question 9.
In which other way have historians divided Indian history?
Answer:
Moving away from British classification, historians have classified Indian History into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modem’ India.

Question 10.
Name two important sources of writing colonial history of India.
Answer:

1. Official records of the British administration.
2. The surveys conducted by the colonial government.

Question 11.
Are official records a good source for writing colonial history? Why?
Answer:
No. This is because, most of the time, the writers of these records were biased.

Question 12.
Name two more reliable sources for writing history.
Answer:

1. Dairies of the people.
2. Accounts of pilgrims and travellers.
3. Autobiographies of iniportant personalities. (Write any two)

Question 13.
When was the National Archives of India set up?
Answer:
In 1920s.

Question 14.
Who was the first Governor-General of India?
Answer:
Warren Hastings

Question 15.
Who wrote A History of British India?
Answer:
James Mill

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions Short Answers Type

Question 16.
Write any two issues that modem day historians like to write.
Answer:

1. They like to write on how people earned their livelihood.
2. They like to write on what people produced and ate.

Question 17.
According to James Mill, how was the Indian society before the British rule?
Answer:
James Mill describes that there prevailed religious intolerance, caste taboos, superstitious practices in the Indian social life before the British rule.

Question 18.
What were the purposes of surveys?
Answer:
Revenue surveys were conducted by the British to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, the cropping pattern and many other things. They all helped them in proper administration.

Question 19.
Can we know everything in a right way from the official records of the British administration?
Answer:
No. These records do not always help us to understand what common people in the country felt and what laid behind their action.

Question 20.
What do the official records of the British tell us?
Answer:
The official records tell us

1. What the British officials fought.
2. What they were interested in.
3. What they wished to preserve for posterity.

Question 21.
What is colonization?
Answer:
When the subjugation of one country by another leads to any kind of political, economic, social and cultural change, the process is referred to as colonisation.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions Long Answers Type

Question 22.
What is meant by medievel period? Why do we call modem period as ‘colonial’ period?
Answer:
(i) Medieval period was a term used to describe a society where the features of modern society like science, reason, liberty, equality* etc. did not exist.
(ii) Under British rule, people did not have equality, freedom or liberty. Also, it was not the’ period of economic growth and progress. This is why, many historians refer to this period as ‘colonial’ period.

Question 23.
What is history?
Answer:

1. History is not only the study of dates, kings and dynasties.
2. It is about changes in the society that occur over time.
3. It is about finding out how local things were in the past and how things have changed.

Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers How, When and Where PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.