\nShare in employment<\/td>\n | 75%<\/td>\n | 54%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n We observe that the share of primary sector in GDP and employment has decreased considerably over a span of forty years.<\/p>\n Question 2. \nChoose the correct answer: \nUnderemployment occurs when people \n(i) do not want to work \n(ii) are working in a lazy manner \n(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing \n(iv) are not paid for their work. \nAnswer: \n(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 3. \nCompare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India? \nAnswer: \nThe history of the developed countries shows that the primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity in its initial stages of development. Most people were employed in this sector. However, this trend changed with the coming up of factories. As a result, employment shifted to secondary sector and then to tertiary sector with the growth of economy. Thus, the shift has been on the expected line in developed countries.<\/p>\n But this is not the case with India. Here also the employment shifted from primary to secondary and then to tertiary sector but as secondary sector failed to absorb the expected number of people, tertiary sector emerged as a great employer. It means that tertiary sector employs more people than secondary sector but not more than primary sector. The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now.<\/p>\n It was desired that the change that occurred in developed countries should have taken place in India too i.e. shift of employment from primary to secondary and then to tertiary sector. But the reality is that the share of employment is still highest in the primary sector. This is the result of slow pace of industrial growth and urbanisation in India.<\/p>\n Question 4. \nWhy should we be worried about unemployment? \nAnswer: \nUnemployment is one of the greatest curses for human beings. It is the root of many evils such as theft, pick-pocketing, etc. People facing this problem easily get indulged in unsocial activities. They think negatively and create nuisance wherever they go. Sometimes, they show their anger against the system by participating in vandalism. Thus, their productivity becomes zero which is very unfortunate for a country. It is said that if we want to establish peace in society, each and every citizen of the country must be given employment. Employment saves us from many evils.<\/p>\n Let\u2019s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 29)<\/strong><\/p>\nQuestion 1. \nWhy do you think NREGA 2005 is referred to as \u2018Right to Work\u2019? \nAnswer: \nNREGA 2005 aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by making a guarantee for 100 days of employment in a year to a rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled labour. Since this Act is based on the idea that everyone has a right to get employed for livelihood, so it is referred to as \u2018Right to Work\u2019.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 2. \nImagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this Act that would also increase the income of people. Discuss. \nAnswer: \nSome of the activities are given below-<\/p>\n \n- Opening a cold storage<\/li>\n
- Setting up dal mills<\/li>\n
- Setting up honey-collection centres close to forest areas<\/li>\n
- Setting up industries that process vegetables and agricultural produce like potato, rice, wheat, etc. which can be sold in outside markets.<\/li>\n
- Constructing dams and digging canals.
\nThese activities would definitely increase the income of village people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nQuestion 3. \nHow would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities? \nAnswer: \nThere are many farmers in India who don\u2019t have irrigation facilities. Having plots of un-irrigated lands, they face a lot of problems. The government can spend some money or banks can provide loans, to construct wells for such farmers. Farmers will then be able to irrigate their lands and get a good harvest. This will increase their income to a great extent. Once the farmers get a good havest, they would need to sell some of this. For this, they would like to be provided with better marketing facilities. Availability of markets in close vicinity would enable them to sell their crops at a favourble price.<\/p>\n Question 4. \nIn what ways can employment be increased in urban areas? \nAnswer: \nIn urban areas, employment can be increased in the following ways:<\/p>\n \n- By setting up factories\/industries<\/li>\n
- By making investments in foreign companies<\/li>\n
- By setting up educational institutions where they are required<\/li>\n
- By providing loans to people who are interested in starting their own business<\/li>\n
- By improving means of transport and communication<\/li>\n
- By encouraging tourism or regional craft industry<\/li>\n
- By promoting new services like IT. The electronics industry today has become a great employer in big cities like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Let\u2019s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 31)<\/strong><\/p>\nQuestion 1. \nLook at the following examples. Which of these are unorganised sector activities? \n(i) A teacher taking classes in a school \n(ii) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market \n(iii) A farmer irrigating her field \n(iv) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient \n(v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor \n(vi) A factory worker going to work in a big factory \n(vii) A handloom weaver working in her house. \nAnswer: \nThe following are unorganised sector activities: \n(i) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market. \n(ii) A farmer irrigating her field \n(iii) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor \n(iv) A handloom weaver working in her house.<\/p>\n Question 2. \nTalk to someone who has a regular job in the organised sector and another who works in the unorganised sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects. \nAnswer: \nDo it yourself.<\/p>\n Question 3. \nHow would you distinguish between organised and unorganised sectors? Explain in your own words. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nOrganised Sector<\/strong><\/td>\nUnorganised Sector<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n(i) Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work.<\/td>\n | (i) Unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which do not assure regular employment and therefore, people have insecure future.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(ii) The enterprises or places of work under organised sectors are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations.<\/td>\n | (ii) The places of work under unorganised sectors are not registered and are largely outside the control of government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(iii) Workers in the organised sectors are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer.<\/td>\n | (iii) Workers in the unorganised sectors work for more hours and they are not fixed. There is no provision for overtime.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(iv) In addition to the salary, the workers also get several other benefits such as paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc.<\/td>\n | (iv) Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision of paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(v) There is a provision of medical and other allowances. When workers retire, they get pensions as well.<\/td>\n | (v) There is no provision of medical and other allowances. Since job is not secure, so pension facility is not there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Question 4. \nThe table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organised and unorganised sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow.<\/p>\n \n\n\nWorkers in Different Sectors (In Millions)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nSector<\/td>\n | Organised<\/td>\n | Unorganised<\/td>\n | Total<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nPrimary<\/td>\n | 2<\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | 242<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nSecondary<\/td>\n | 9<\/td>\n | 54<\/td>\n | 63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTertiary<\/td>\n | 17<\/td>\n | 76<\/td>\n | 93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTotal<\/td>\n | 28<\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTotal in Percentage<\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | 100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n (a) What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture? \n(b) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity? Why? \n(c) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that ………. (i)………… % of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about ………………(ii)………… % of the workers in India. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nWorkers in Different Sectors (In Millions)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nSector<\/td>\n | Organised<\/td>\n | Unorganised<\/td>\n | Total<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nPrimary<\/td>\n | 2<\/td>\n | 240<\/td>\n | 242<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nSecondary<\/td>\n | 9<\/td>\n | 54<\/td>\n | 63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTertiary<\/td>\n | 17<\/td>\n | 76<\/td>\n | 93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTotal<\/td>\n | 28<\/td>\n | 370<\/td>\n | 398<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nTotal in Percentage<\/td>\n | 7%<\/td>\n | 93%<\/td>\n | 100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n (a) 93% people are working in the unorganised sector. \n(b) I do agree to this fact. A large number of landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, and casual workers, are engaged in this sector and earn a very little income. Since there is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers, so they agree to work for lower wages. These people do not work regularly. They are busy during the time of sowing and harvesting and become jobless after these activities are over. \n(c) (i) 93% (ii) 7%<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Economics Class 10 Chapter 2 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers<\/h3>\nQuestion 1. \nFill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket: \n(i) Employment in the service …………….. sector increased to the same extent as productions, (has\/has not) \n(ii) Workers in the ………….. sector do not produce goods. (tertiary\/agricultural) \n(iii) Most of the workers in the ………………. sector enjoy job security. (organised\/unorganised) \n(iv) A …………… proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large\/small) \n(v) Cotton is a ……………. product and cloth is a ………….. product. (natural\/manufactured) \n(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are ……….. (independent\/interdependent) \nAnswer: \n(i) has not \n(ii) tertiary \n(iii) organised \n(iv) large \n(v) natural, manufactured \n(vi) interdependent<\/p>\n Question 2. \nChoose the most appropriate answer.<\/p>\n (a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of: \n(i) employment conditions \n(ii) the nature of economic activity \n(iii) ownership of enterprises \n(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise \nAnswer: \n(iii) ownership of enterprises<\/p>\n (b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ………. sector. \n(i) primary \n(ii) secondary \n(iii) tertiary \n(iv) information technology \nAnswer: \n(i) primary<\/p>\n (c) GDP is the total value of ……………. produced during a particular year. \n(i) all goods and services \n(ii) all final goods and services \n(iii) all intermediate goods and services \n(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services \nAnswer: \n(ii) all final goods and services<\/p>\n <\/p>\n (d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2010-11 is ……….. \n(i) between 20 to 30 per cent \n(ii) between 30 to 40 per cent \n(iii) between 50 to 60 per cent \n(iv) 70 per cent \nAnswer: \n(iii) between 50 to 60 per cent<\/p>\n Question 3. \nMatch the following:<\/p>\n \n\n\nProblems faced by farming sector<\/strong><\/td>\nSome possible measures<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n1. Unirrigated land<\/td>\n | (a) Setting up agro-based mills<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n2. Low prices for crops<\/td>\n | (b) Cooperative marketing societies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n3. Debt burden<\/td>\n | (c) Procurement of foodgrains by government<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n4. No job in the off season<\/td>\n | (d) Construction of canals by the government<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders after harvest<\/td>\n | (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Answer: \n1. (d) \n2. (c) \n3. (e) \n4. (a) \n5. (b)<\/p>\n Question 4. \nFind the odd one out and say why. \n(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter \n(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer \n(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable \n(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, SAHARA Airlines, All India Radio \nAnswer: \n(i) Tourist guide. Unlike others he is working in an organised sector and is usually appointed by the government. \n(ii) Vegetable vendor. He is an unskilled person without a formal education whereas doctor, lawyer and teacher are skilled and educated persons. \n(iii) Cobbler. He is self-employed while others are government servants. \n(iv) SAHARA Airlines. It comes under the private sector whereas the rest are government undertakings.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 5. \nA research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following. Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?<\/p>\n \n\n\nPlace of work<\/td>\n | Nature of employment<\/td>\n | Percentage of working people<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nIn offices and factories registered with the government<\/td>\n | Organised<\/td>\n | 15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nOwn shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license<\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | 15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nPeople working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers<\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | 20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nWorking in small workshops usually not registered with the government<\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Answer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nPlace of work<\/strong><\/td>\nNature of employment<\/strong><\/td>\nPercentage of working people<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nIn offices and factories registered with the government<\/td>\n | Organised<\/td>\n | 15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nOwn shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license<\/td>\n | Organised<\/td>\n | 15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nPeople working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers<\/td>\n | Unorganised<\/td>\n | 20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nWorking in small workshops usually not registered with the government<\/td>\n | Unorganised<\/td>\n | 50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n 70% people are working in the unorganised sector in the city of Surat.<\/p>\n Question 6. \nDo you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how. \nAnswer: \nYes. The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful because of the following reasons:<\/p>\n \n- It provides information on how and where the people of a country are employed.<\/li>\n
- It also helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes how much to the country\u2019s GDP and per capita income. Thus, we come to know which sector is growing and which sector is lagging behind.<\/li>\n
- Once it becomes clear, the government takes measures to promote that sector which is lagging behind. Thus, rectification is possible due to this classification.<\/li>\n
- This classification also acknowledges us that all the three sectors are not independent but interdependent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Question 7. \nFor each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss. \nAnswer: \nA focus on employment and GDP helps to determine per capita income and productivity in a country. In each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us know how that particular sector is functioning and what needs be to done to bring further growth in it. Other issues which should be examined are:<\/p>\n \n- How to uproot poverty?<\/li>\n
- What can be done to modernise technology?<\/li>\n
- How to achieve food security in the country?<\/li>\n
- How to upgrade educational standard and health of the people?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Question 8. \nMake a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice. \nAnswer: \nThe activities in which adults around us are engaged in are\u2014 farming, manufacturing, lawyer, washerman, cobbler, weaving, hair cutting, financing, transportation, street vending, teaching, carpentry, moneylending, courier, call centre employee, engineer, dairy, fishing, forestry, growing cotton, etc. These activities can be classified as follows:<\/p>\n \n- Primary sector \u2014 farming, dairy, growing cotton, forestry, fishing.<\/li>\n
- Secondary sector – manufacturing.<\/li>\n
- Tertiary sector – hair cutting, finance, transportation, street vending, teaching, moneylending, courier, call centre employee, engineer, lawyer, washerman, cobbler<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Question 9. \nHow is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples. \nAnswer: \nThe tertiary sector is different from primary and secondary sectors. The activities that fall under this \nsector are those that help in the development of other two sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are a support for the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops.<\/p>\n At times, it may be necessary to store these in godowns. We may also need to talk to others over telephone or send letters or borrow money from banks to help production and trade. Thus, transport, storage, communication, banking and trade are examples of tertiary activities. Unlike other sectors, these activities generate services rather than goods. This is the reason why the tertiary sector is also known as the service sector.<\/p>\n Question 10. \nWhat do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas. \nAnswer: \nDisguised unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This is also known as hidden unemployment. In such a situation, more people are engaged in a work than required.<\/p>\n Example from rural areas \nIn rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agriculture where more people (for example, 9 people) are engaged in the same agricultural plot than is necessary. So, even if a few people (for example, 3 people) are withdrawn from it, production will not be affected. These three people are actually disguisedly employed.<\/p>\n Example from urban areas \nIn urban areas, this type of unemployment is generally seen in service sectors where many casual workers search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, etc. Many of them don\u2019t find work everyday. Thus, they earn very little in comparison to their potential.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 11. \nDistinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment. \nAnswer: \nOpen unemployment is different from disguised unemployment in the following ways:<\/p>\n \n\n\nOpen Unemployment<\/strong><\/td>\nDisguised Unemployment<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n(i) This is a situation where a country\u2019s labour force does not get opportunities for adequate employment.<\/td>\n | (i) This is a situation where people are apparently working or employed but all of them are made to work less than their potential.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(ii) This kind of unemployment is clearly visible.<\/td>\n | (ii) This kind of unemployment remains hidden.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(iii) This kind of unemployment is generally found in urban areas.<\/td>\n | (iii) This kind of unemployment is mainly found in agriculture in rural areas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Question 12. \n\u201cTertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy\u201d. Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer. \nAnswer: \nNo, I do not agree to this point. The truth is that tertiary sector is playing a very significant role in the development of Indian economy. Over forty years between 1970-71 and 2010-11, while production in all the three sectors has increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector which ultimately boosts up Indian economy. The reasons behind it are-<\/p>\n (i) Tertiary sector helps in the development of the primary and secondary sectors by providing them services like transportation, storage, banking, communication, etc. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. At times, it may be necessary to store these in godowns.<\/p>\n (ii) Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly. As a result, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2010-11.<\/p>\n (iii) As income levels rise, certain sections of people especially in big cities, start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, etc. This trend has contributed vastly to the Indian economy.<\/p>\n Question 13. \nService sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these? \nAnswer: \nService sector in India employs two different kinds of people. They are \n(i) The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, shopkeepers, transport person, repair persons, etc. These people are not highly educated and barely manage to earn a living.<\/p>\n (ii) The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods e.g. teachers, engineers, doctors, barbers, cobblers, etc. They are either highly educated or highly skilled and give services to the primary service providers.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 14. \nWorkers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer. \nAnswer: \nYes, I agree with this view. Workers in unorganised sector are exploited in many ways:<\/p>\n \n- Since there is no fixed number of working hours, so that workers have to work 10-12 hours without paid overtime.<\/li>\n
- They do not get paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc.<\/li>\n
- Their jobs are low-paid and often not regular.<\/li>\n
- Employment is not secure. Workers can be asked to leave without any reason.<\/li>\n
- Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed in unorganised sectors,<\/li>\n
- Workers do not avail medical benefits. There is also no provision of leave due to sickness.
\nSince workers in unorganised sectors are usually ignorant due to lack of education, so they are easily exploited by their employer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nQuestion 15. \nHow are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions? \nAnswer: \nOn the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into- \n(i) Organised sector, and \n(ii) Unorganised sector \n(i) Organised sector: This sector covers those enterprises or places of work which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd.<\/p>\n (ii) Unorganised sector: This sector includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. For example, workers in the garment factory, shops, etc.<\/p>\n Question 16. \nCompare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors. \nAnswer: \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nOrganised Sector<\/strong><\/td>\nUnorganised Sector<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n(i) Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work.<\/td>\n | (i) Unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which do not assure regular employment and therefore, people have insecure future.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(ii) The enterprises or places of work under organised sectors are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations.<\/td>\n | (ii) The places of work under unorganised sectors are not registered and are largely outside the control of government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(iii) Workers in the organised sectors are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer.<\/td>\n | (iii) Workers in the unorganised sectors work for more hours and they are not fixed. There is no provision for overtime.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(iv) In addition to the salary, the workers also get several other benefits such as paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc.<\/td>\n | (iv) Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision of paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n(v) There is a provision of medical and other allowances. When workers retire, they get pensions as well.<\/td>\n | (v) There is no provision of medical and other allowances. Since job is not secure, so pension facility is not there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Question 17. \nExplain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005. \nAnswer: \nThe objectives of implementing the NREGA 2005 include \u2014<\/p>\n | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |