He proposed that all his followers should connect to the Divine by remembering and repeating the Divine Name.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIn fact, Guru Nanak Dev Ji expressed his ideas through hymns called \u2018shabads\u2019. He expressed all his views in Punjabi, the language of the region. He recited his \u2018shabads\u2019 in various ragas.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Question 6. \nDiscuss the major beliefs and practices that characterised Sufism. \nAnswer: \nIn the early centuries of Islam, a group of religious minded people turned to asceticism and mysticism and were called as Sufis. Major beliefs and practices of Sufism are given below :<\/p>\n
(i) Sufis criticised the dogmatic definitions and scholistic methods of interpreting the Quran and Sunna (traditions of the Prophet) given by theologians. Sufis, thus, interpreted the Quran on the basis of their personal experiences.<\/p>\n
(ii) They gave emphasis on seeking salvation through great devotion and bhakti of God.<\/p>\n
(iii) They regarded Prophet Muhammad as a perfect human being and preached to follow the Prophet Muhammad.<\/p>\n
(iv) They were in favour of zikr, sama, singing, dance and training of mind, through different methods under the guidance of any Auliya or Pir.<\/p>\n
(v) They gave stress on mendicancy and celibacy. They ignored rituals and observed extreme forms of asceticism.<\/p>\n
(vi) They used to go for Ziyqmt, to tombs of Sufi saints. Music and dance were also parts of Ziyarat. The Sufis remember God either by reciting the divine names or evoking his presence through Sama or performance of mystical music. Sama was integral to the Chishtis, and exemplified interaction with indigenous devotional traditions.<\/p>\n
(vii) According to Sufis, God is one and is all-powerful. Everyone is his creation. That is why all are equal.<\/p>\n
(viii) According to Sufism service of mankind and needy people is as equal to the devotion of God. That is why a common kitchen (langar) was being run in Khanqah of Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Aulia which was being run on \u2018futuh.\u2019 (unasked for charity). From the morning till late night this kitchen was being run to provide food for all sections of the society.<\/p>\n
(ix) A major feature of Sufism was austerity including maintaining a distance from worldly power.<\/p>\n
Question 7. \nExamine how and why rulers tried to establish connections with the traditions of the Nayanars and the Sufis. \nAnswer: \nNayanar and Alwar saints had a lot of respect among Vellal peasants. So many rulers tried to get their support. For example, the Chola kings got magnificent temples built to seek divine support. Many stone and metal statues or idols adorned these temples. They gave a concrete shape to the imagery of saint-poets who composed hymns in the language of the common people.<\/p>\n
The Chola rulers also started the singing of Shiva hymns in the Tamil language. They also took the responsibility of compiling a new book of bhakti songs. An inscription of 945 C.E. tells us that Chola King Parantak-I got built metalled statue of saint-poet Appa Sambandar and Sundarar in the Shiva Temple. These idols were shown to the people during processions.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Sufi saints and rulers<\/p>\n
1. Sultan : The Sultans knew that most of his people belonged to Islam. So when the Turks established the Delhi Sultanate, they rejected the demand of Ulma to introduce Shariat. They did so to avoid any kind of opposition from their people who were mainly non- Muslims. So they took the help of Sufi saints who considered their spiritual authority as the blessing of God. They were not dependent on the explanation of Shariat by Ulma.<\/p>\n
Some people believed that the Auliya could intercede on behalf of God in order to improve the material and spiritual conditions of the common people. That is why, the kings often wanted to have their tombs in the vicinity of the Sufi shrines. They used to visit the dargahs of Sufi saints. The king who first visited the dargah of Shaikh Muin-ud-din Chishti at Ajmer was Sultan Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq (1324-51). However, the first monument on the tomb of Shaikh was built by King Ghiyas-ud- din Khilji in the fifteenth century. As this dargah was on the road that linked Delhi with Gujarat, it was visited by many travellers.<\/p>\n
2. Sufi Saints and Mughal Emperor Akbar : \nThis dargah at Ajmer had become quite popular in the 16th century. The devotional hymns of those travellers who visited this dargah over the years inspired Emperor Akbar to visit this shrine. Akbar came to this dargah fourteen times. Sometimes he visited this place twice or thrice a year.<\/p>\n
Sometimes he visited this dargah to seek blessings for new victory and sometimes he came to seek the fulfilment of his desires. He also visited this holy place on the birthday of his son. Akbar kept this tradition till 1580. He donated a lot on all such occasions. For example in 1568, he donated a big cauldron (death) so that food may be prepared for all the pilgrims. He also got built a mosque in the compound of the dargah.<\/p>\n
Question 8. \nAnalyse, with illustrations, why Bhakti and Sufi thinkers, adopted a variety of languages to express their opinions. \nAnswer: \nThe Bhakti and Sufi thinkers used the languages of the common people to express their opinions. They often spoke in local languages which was well-understood by the common people. Had they used a few distinct languages, they would not have reached to all the people and would have gone extinct. Hence, their use of the local languages proved very significant.<\/p>\n
\nThe Alvars and the Nayanars made use of the Tamil language.<\/li>\n Bhakat Kabir wrote his poems mostly in saint language which was the distinct language of the Nirguna poets.<\/li>\n The Sufi saints also used the local languages. For example, Baba Farid used the Punjabi language.<\/li>\n Guru Nanak Dev Ji also preached in Punjabi language.<\/li>\n The Chishtis also adopted the local languages. They conversed in Hindavi, the language of the common people.<\/li>\n The poets of Bijapur and Karnataka wrote short poems in Dakhani, a variant of Urdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n <\/p>\n
Question 9. \nRead any five of the sources included in this chapter and discuss the social and religious ideas that are expressed in them. \nAnswer: \n(i) The Chaturvedin Brahmanas were well versed in the four Vedas. They did not keep a devotion of service towards Lord Vishnu. That is why Lord Vishnu loved those servants who expressed their love for their feet.<\/p>\n
(ii) Servants or Dasas were not included in the Varna System.<\/p>\n
(iii) Brahmanas used to pour milk on a serpent carved in stone. But if a real serpent came they tried to kill him. This thing was also evident in serving food. They used to offer dishes of food to the images of God which cannot eat but they clearly denied to give food to the servant of God who could eat.<\/p>\n
(iv) Mughal rulers, especially Akbar, used to respect all the religions and used to protect and patronage them. People of all the religions were allowed to construct their places of worship. Aurangzeb also used to help religious teachers of different sects.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https:\/\/mcq-questions.com\/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-history-chapter-6\/ Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts NCERT Solutions for …<\/p>\n
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts<\/span> Read More »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","spay_email":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts - MCQ Questions<\/title>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\t \n\t \n\t \n