This movement gave a new direction to the freedom-struggle of India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nQuestion 7. \nWhy were the dialogues at the Round Table Conference inconclusive ? \nAnswer: \nThe Dandi March of Mahatma Gandhi had made the British rulers realise that their reign was not forever. If they had to rule for long, they must involve the Indians in the administration and policy-making. So the British Government convened a series of Round Table Conferences in London.<\/p>\n
(i) The First Round Table Conference was held in November 1930. It did not yield any concrete result as no important Indian leader participated in it. So Mahatma Gandhi was released in January, 1931 and the Round Table Conference was held in November, 1931. It was attended by Mahatma Gandhi. So it culminated in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Under this Pact, Mahatma Gandhi agreed to call off his Civil Disobedience Movement. The British agreed to release all the prisoners and also allowed the manufacture of salt along the sea-coast. Many leaders criticised this pact as it did not say anything about the complete independence of India.<\/p>\n
(ii) The Second Round Table Conference was held in the later part of 1931 at London. Gandhiji attended it on behalf of the Congress. However his claim that Congress represented the whole of India was unacceptable to the Muslim League which claimed to represent the cause of all Muslims. The Princes also did not agree with Gandhi as they believed that the Congress had no stake in their territories. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a lawyer and thinker, also did not agree with Gandhiji. He stated that Congress did not represent the people belonging to lowest castes. So this conference remained inconclusive. Gandhiji felt disheartened and resumed his Civil Disobedience Movement.<\/p>\n
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Question 8. \nIn what way did Mahatma Gandhi transform the nature of the national movement ? \nOr \nHow did Mahatma Gandhi turn the national movement into a mass movement ? \nOr \nExplain how Gandhiji transformed Indian Nationalism by 1922. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D)) \nOr \n\u201cIn the history of nationalism, Gandhji is often identified with the making of a nation.\u201d Describe his role in the freedom struggle of India. (C.B.S.E. 2014 (D)) \nAnswer: \nBefore the entry of Mahatma Gandhi into Indian politics, the freedom struggle was just a nominal movement. Only resolutions were passed by the leaders and sent to the government. Besides the national movement remained confined to only limited areas. It did not engulf the whole country. A few areas of India were under the influence of revolutionaries.<\/p>\n
A few other areas were under the influence of the assertive nationalist. But after the emergence of Mahatma Gandhi, the national movement did not remain confined to a few leaders and led the participation of all the people. It became a mass movement because of the following reasons:<\/p>\n
(i) Principles of Truth and Non-Violence. When Mahatma Gandhi entered the Indian politics, he adopted two cardinal principles of truth and non-violence. The truth meant an insistence on the righteous conduct and right path. Non-violence meant the government actions should be opposed peacefully. The people had seen that Mahatma Gandhi had sincerely helped the British during the First World War.<\/p>\n
He also exhorted the people to cooperate with the British Government but when British showed their true colours after the war was over and passed the Rowlatt Act to crush the Indians, Gandhiji gave a call for strike in the whole country. It was a non-violent step taken to vindicate the cause of truth. All the Indians whole\u00acheartedly participated in this strike.<\/p>\n
(ii) Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation Movement. Mahatma Gandhi had resorted to the path of Satyagraha for the first time against the white government in South Africa. He had compelled the white government to bow before him. When he launched Non-Cooperation Movement in India, Gandhiji adopted the policy of Satyagraha. He called upon the people not to cooperate with the British Government.<\/p>\n
All the people of the country plunged into this national movement against the British rule. The students stayed away from their classes in the government educational institutions. The lawyers boycotted the law-courts. The officials left their jobs and the common people boycotted foreign goods. The people of India belonging to all castes, classes, religions and professions, filled all the jails by courting their arrests. The British rule was shaken to its foundations by the mammoth participation of the people in the Non-Cooperation Movement.<\/p>\n
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(iii) Breaking Salt Laws and Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji led his world- famous Dandi March on 12 March, 1930. A large number of people joined the March which started from Sabarmati Ashram and culminated at Dandi on the sea-shore where Gandhiji broke one of the most widely disliked laws in British India, i.e., the Salt Law. Gandhi also exhorted all the people to break this drastic law in their own regions. He also advised them not to pay any tax to the British Government. This method of protesting against the British Government deeply impressed the local and foreign press. As a result, there was a mass upsurge against the colonial rule.<\/p>\n
(iv) Opposition to Injustice. Mahatma Gandhi always opposed injustice. He kept fasts to favour and protect the untouchables. He forced the British Government to bow before the might of the common people. All the great leaders bowed before the miraculous charm of Gandhiji. In fact, Gandhiji was such a leader whom everybody in the country liked to follow.<\/p>\n
(v) Encouragement to Swadeshi. Gandhiji encouraged the people of India to adopt swadeshi things or goods in life. He himself worked on the Charkha daily. Under his magnetic influence, many people burnt the foreign goods which inculcated national spirit among the people. They whole-heartedly participated in the national movement to attain complete independence from the colonial rule.<\/p>\n
Question 9. \nWhat do private letters and autobiographies tell us about an individual ? How are these sources different from official accounts ? \nOr \nExamine the different kinds of sources from which political career of Gandhiji and the history of the National Movement could be reconstructed ? (C.B.S.E. 2009, 2013 (D)) \nAnswer: \nThe private letters and autobiographies are always an important source of information about the political leaders. The letters written to relatives or intimate friends give us a glimpse of the private thoughts of the writer.<\/p>\n
These letters express an individual\u2019s anger and pain, dismay and anxiety, hopes and frustrations. They bring out what is otherwise not openly expressed. For example, the letters written by Nehru and Gandhiji throw a lot of light on their ideas.<\/p>\n
In the same way, autobiographies also give an account about the views and perceptions of a leader or any other person. However an autobiography is a retrospective account of one\u2019s journey on this earth. It is often based on memory. So it must be read with care and caution.<\/p>\n
However, an autobiography is still an important source to know a person. If anybody writes an autobiography, he, infact, frames a picture of himself for the outside world. The autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi \u201cThe Story of My Experiments With Truth\u2019 became quite popular due to its straight forwardness and veracity.<\/p>\n
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Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 13 Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https:\/\/mcq-questions.com\/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-history-chapter-13\/ Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond NCERT …<\/p>\n
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 13 Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond<\/span> Read More »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","spay_email":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 13 Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond - MCQ Questions<\/title>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\t \n\t \n\t \n