\n2012-13<\/td>\n | 18<\/td>\n | 92<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperative, 2010-11, 2013 Pocketbook on agricultural statistics. \n(iv) Modern farming methods require the farmer to start with more cash than before. Why? \nAnswer: \n(i) To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. The other way of increasing production from the same land is to use modern farming methods. In this method, yield is measured as a crop produced on a given piece of land during a single season. Farmers of Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh used the modern farming method for the first time. The farmers in these regions set up tubewells for irrigation and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides in farming. They also used tractors and threshers to make ploughing and harvesting faster.<\/p>\n (ii) The Table shows that between 1965 and 2013, the production of pulses has increased negligibly whereas the production of wheat increased greatly. On this basis, we can say that the Green revolution was not equally successful for both crops.<\/p>\n (iii) The working capital required by the farmer using modern farming methods includes money, HYV seeds, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and water.<\/p>\n (iv) Modern farming methods require HYV seeds which are more expensive than those of traditional seeds. HYV seeds need plenty of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce the best results. For buying all these inputs, a lot of money is required. So, farmers require more cash for carrying out modern farming methods.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lets\u2019s Discuss, NCERT Textbook Page 7-A<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1.<\/p>\n \n- In picture 1.5, on textbook page 6 can you shade the land cultivated by the small farmers?<\/li>\n
- Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots of land?<\/li>\n
- The distribution of farmers in India and the amount of land they cultivate is given in the following Graph 1.1. Discuss in the classroom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Graph 1.1 Distribution of Cultivated Area and Farmers \n \nSource: Agricultural statistics at glance 2006: Dept, of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt, of India. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- See Picture 1.5 on Textbook page 6. The shaded rectangles with boundaries show the land cultivated by small farmers.<\/li>\n
- The reason is that land in Palampur is fixed and 75 percent of the people who are working are dependent on farming for their livelihood. They could be farmers or farm labourers.<\/li>\n
- Do it yourself.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Lets\u2019s Discuss, NCERT Textbook Page 7-B<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1. \nWould you agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in Palampur.? Do you find a similar situation for India? Explain. \nAnswer: \nYes, the distribution of cultivated land is highly unequal in Palampur. About one-third of the 450 families are landless there. These 150 families are mostly Dalits who have no land for cultivation. Of the remaining families who own land, 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size. Cultivation of such plots doesn’t bring adequate income to the farmer’s family.<\/p>\n On the other hand, 60 medium and large farmers cultivate more than 2 hectares of land. A few of the large farmers have land extending over 10 hectares or more. This shows that medium and large farmers have more land though their number is very small.<\/p>\n A similar situation can be found in India also. About 80% of farmers are small who cultivate only 36% of the cultivated areas whereas 20% of the large farmers cultivate 64% of the cultivated area. This shows that there is inequality in the distribution of cultivated areas in village Palampur as well as in India.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lets\u2019s Discuss, NCERT Textbook Page 7-C<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1. \n \nWork on the fields: Wheat crop\u2014 ploughing by bullocks, sowing, spraying of insecticides, cultivation by the traditional method, cultivation by modern method, and cutting of crops. \nIdentify the work being done on the field in the pictures 1.6 and arrange them in a proper sequence. \nAnswer: \nThe proper sequence of the activities is:<\/p>\n \n- Ploughing by bullocks<\/li>\n
- Sowing<\/li>\n
- Spraying of insecticides<\/li>\n
- Cultivation by the traditional method<\/li>\n
- Cultivation by modern method<\/li>\n
- Cutting of crops.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Lets\u2019s Discuss, NCERT Textbook Page 9<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1. \n1. Why are farm labourers like Dala and Ramkali poor? \n2. Gosaipur and Majauli are two villages in North Bihar. Out of a total of 850 households in the two villages, there are more than 250 men who are employed in rural Punjab and Haryana or in Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Hyderabad, or Nagpur. Such migration is common in most villages across India. Why do people migrate? Can you describe (based on your imagination) the work that the migrants of Gosaipur and Majauli might do at the place of destination? \nAnswer: \n1. Both Dala and Ramkali are poor farm labourers who work on daily wages in Palampur. This means they must regularly look for work. Although the minimum wages for a farm labourer set by the government is \u20b9 115 (April 2011) per day, Dala and Ramkali get only \u20b9 80. Also, there is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Palampur, So they agree to work for lower wages. Dala and Ramkali are under the burden of past debt which forces them to work for lower wages. They also have to look after a large family, which is a measure cause of their poverty.<\/p>\n 2. Most people migrate to big cities like Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, etc., in search of employment or better job opportunities. People also migrate for higher education. The migrants from Gosaipur and Majauli who went to cities will probably find work as casual labourers, industrial workers, rickshaw pullers, or headload workers.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lets\u2019s Discuss, NCERT Textbook Page 12-A<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1.<\/p>\n \n- What capital did Mishrilal need to set up his jaggery manufacturing unit?<\/li>\n
- Who provides the labour in this case?<\/li>\n
- Can you guess why Mishrilal is unable to increase his profit?<\/li>\n
- Could you think of any reasons when he might face a loss?<\/li>\n
- Why does Mishrilal sell his jaggery to traders in Shahpur and not in his village?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer: \n1. To set up his manufacturing unit Mishrilal needed fixed capital in the form of the sugar cane crushing machine, working capital in the form of money for buying sugar cane from other farmers for crushing, and for paying the electricity bill of running the crushing machine.<\/p>\n 2. The labour is provided by Mishrilal himself and his family members.<\/p>\n 3. Mishrilal has set up a small-scale unit. He has to pay for the electricity to run the machine. As a result, he is unable to increase his profit.<\/p>\n 4. If his crushing machine becomes defective or if there is a drought, he might face a loss.<\/p>\n 5. Shahpur is a town where traders come from different nearby villages to buy things and there is more demand for jaggery there. So, Mishrilal sells his jaggery to traders in Shahpur and not in his village where he might get a low price for his product.<\/p>\n Lets\u2019s Discuss, NCERT Textbook Page 12-B<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1.<\/p>\n \n- In what ways are Kareem\u2019s capital and labour different from Mishrilal\u2019s?<\/li>\n
- Why didn\u2019t someone start a computer centre earlier? Discuss the possible reasons.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer:<\/p>\n \n- Unlike Mishrilal, Kareem has a larger fixed capital in the form of computers. Computers are more expensive than Mishrilal\u2019s sugar cane crushing machine. The labour employed by Kareem is also different from that of Mishrilal\u2019s. Kareem has employed educated and qualified computer teachers whereas Mishrilal\u2019s labour is unskilled.<\/li>\n
- There may be several reasons behind it. A few of them are:\n
\n- Educated people did not want to stay in the village.<\/li>\n
- People in the village were not aware of the employment potential of computer courses. So nobody thought that such a business could be successful.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Lets\u2019s Discuss, Textbook Page-13<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1.<\/p>\n \n- What is Kishora\u2019s fixed capital?<\/li>\n
- What do you think would be his working capital?<\/li>\n
- In how many production activities is Kishora involved?<\/li>\n
- Would you say that Kishora has benefited from better roads in Palampur?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer:<\/p>\n \n- Kishora\u2019s fixed capital is the buffalo and wooden cart which he has purchased with the bank loan.<\/li>\n
- The money that he earns from selling the milk and transporting goods on his bullock cart minus his own living expenses is his working capital.<\/li>\n
- Kishora is involved in four production activities:\n
|