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\u2192 Digital Footprints: A digital footprint is the record or trail left by the things one does online. The social media activity, the information on personal website, the browsing activities, online subscriptions, any photo galleries and videos uploaded by a user – essentially, any activity carried out on the internet makes the digital footprint of a user.
\n\u2192 Digital footprints are the records and traces individuals’ activities as they use the internet. Digital footprints are permanently stored. It includes websites we visit, emails we send, and any information we submit online, etc., along with the computer’s IP address, location, and other device specific details.
\n\u2192 Types of Digital Footprints: There are two kinds of digital footprints-Active digital footprints and Passive digital footprints.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Active Digital Footprints: Active digital footprints which includes data that we intentionally submit online. This would include emails we write, or responses or posts we make on different websites or mobile Apps, etc.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Passive Digital Footprints: The digital data trail we leave online unintentionally is called passive digital footprints. This includes the data generated when we visit a website, use a mobile App, browse internet, etc.<\/p>\n
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\u2192 Digital Society and Netizen: Digital society reflects the growing trend of using digital technologies in all spheres of human activities. Anyone who uses digital technology along with internet is a digital citizen or a netizen. Being a good netizen means practicing safe, ethical and legal use of digital technology. A responsible netizen must abide by net etiquettes, communication etiquettes and social media etiquettes.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Net Etiquettes:The word netiquette, derives from the combination of words -‘net’ (internet) and ‘etiquette’. It refers to online manners while using internet or working online. One should be ethical, respectful and responsible while surfing the internet.<\/p>\n
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\n\u2192 Be Ethical:<\/p>\n
\u2192 No Copyright Violation: We should not use copyrighted materials without the permission of the creator or owner. As an ethical digital citizen, we need to be careful while streaming audio or video or downioadino images and files from the internet.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Share the Expertise: It is good to share information and knowledge on internet so that others can access it. However, prior to sharing information, we need to be sure that we have sufficient knowledge on that topic. The information shared should be true and unambiguous.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Be Respectful:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Respect Privacy: As good digital citizens, we have the right to privacy and the freedom of personal expression. At the same time, we have to understand that other digital citizens also have the same rights and freedoms.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Respect Diversity: In a group or public forum, we should respect the diversity of the people in terms of knowledge, experience, culture and other aspects.<\/p>\n
\u2192Be Responsible:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Avoid Cyber Bullying: Any insulting, degrading or intimidating online behaviour like repeated posting of rumours, giving threats online, posting the victim’s personal information, sexual harassment or comments aimed to publicly ridicule a victim is termed as cyber bullying.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Don’t Feed the Troll: An internet troll is a person who deliberately sows discord on the internet by starting quarrels or upsetting people, by posting inflammatory or off topic messages in an online community, just for amusement.<\/p>\n
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\u2192 Communication Etiquettes: Digital communication includes email, texting, instant messaging, talking on the cell phone, audio or video conferencing, posting on forums, social networking sites, etc.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Be Precise:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Respect Time: We should not waste precious time in responding to unnecessary emails or comments unless they have some relevance for us.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Respect Data Limits: For concerns related to data and bandwidth, very large attachments may be avoided. Rather send compressed files or link of the files through cloud shared storage like Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, etc.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Be Polite: Whether the comm unication is synchronous (happening in real time like chat, audio\/video calls) or asynchronous(like email, forum post or comments), we should be polite and non- aggressive in our communication.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Be Credible: We should be cautious while making a comment, replying or writing an email or forum post as such acts decide our credibility over a period of time.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Social Media Etiquettes: Social media are websites or applications that enable their users to participate in social networking by creating and sharing content with others in the community. These platforms encourage users to share their thoughts and experiences through posts or pictures.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Be Secure:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Be Reliable:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Data Protection: In this digital age, data or information protection is mainly about the privacy of data stored digitally. Elements of data that can cause substantial harm, embarrassment, inconvenience and unfairness to an individual, if breached or compromised, is called sensitive data.<\/p>\n
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\u2192 Intellectual Property Right (IPR): These are the rights of the owner of information to decide how much information is to be exchanged, shared or distributed. Also, it gives the owner a right to decide the price for doing so. Intellectual Property is legally protected through copyrights, patents, trademarks, etc.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Copyright: Copyright grants legal rights to creators for their original works like writing, photograph, audio recordings, video, sculptures, architectural works, computer software, and other creative works like literary and artistic work.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Patent: A patent is usually granted for inventions. Unlike copyright, the inventor needs to apply (file) for patenting the
\ninvention. When a patent is granted, the owner gets an exclusive right to prevent others from using, selling,or distributing the protected invention.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Trademark: Trademark includes any visual symbol, word, name, design, slogan, label, etc., that distinguishes the brand or commercial enterprise, from other brands or commercial enterprises.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Licensing: Licensing is the legal term used to describe the terms under which people are allowed to use the copyrighted material.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Violation of IPR: Violation of intellectual property right may happen in one of the following ways:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Plagiarism: It means using other’s work and not giving adequate citation for use.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Copyright Infringement: It means using another person’s work, without permission or without paying for it, if it is being sold.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Trademark Infringement: It means unauthorised use of other’s trademark on products and services. An owner of a trademark may commence legal proceedings against someone who infringes its registered trademark.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Public Access and Open Source Software: Open source licenses help others to contribute to existing work or project without seeking special individual permission to do so. The GNU General Public License (GPL) and the Creative Commons (CC) are two popular categories of public licenses.<\/p>\n
\u2192 GPL: It is the most widely used free software license which grants the recipients, rights to copy, modify and redistribute the software and that the same rights are preserved in all derivative works.<\/p>\n
\u2192 CC Licenses: It is a set of copyright licenses that give the recipients, rights to copy, modify and redistribute the creative material, but giving the authors, the liberty to decide the conditions of licensing.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Cybercrime: It is defined as a crime in which computer is the medium of crime (hacking, phishing, spamming), or the computer is used as a tool to commit crimes (extortion, data breaches, theft).<\/p>\n
\u2192Hacking: It is the act of unauthorised access to a computer, computer network or any digital system. Hackers usually have technical expertise of the hardware and software. They look for bugs to exploit and break into the system.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Ethical Hacker: Hacking, when done with a positive intent, is called Ethical Hacking. Such ethical hackers are known as white hat hackers. They are specialists in exploring any vulnerability or loophole by during testing of the software.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Non-ethical Hacker: A non-ethical hacker is the one who tries to gain unauthorised access to computers or networks in order to steal sensitive data with the intent to damage or bring down systems. They are called black hat hackers or crackers.<\/p>\n
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\u2192 Phishing: It is an unlawful activity where fake websites ore mails that look original or authentic are presented to the user to fraudulently collect sensitive and personal details, particularly usernames, passwords, banking and credit card details.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Identity Theft: Identity thieves increasingly use personal information stolen from computers or computer networks, to commit fraud by using the data gained unlawfully.
\nGiven below are a few examples:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Financial Identity Theft: When the stolen identity is used for financial gain.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Criminal Identity Theft: Criminals use a victim’s stolen identity to avoid detection of their true identity.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Medical Identity Theft: Criminals can seek medical drugs or treatment using a stolen identity.<\/p>\n
\u2192 RansomwareiThis is another kind of cyber-crime where the attacker gains access to the computer and blocks the user from accessing, usually by encrypting the data. The attacker blackmails the victim to pay for getting access to the data, or sometimes threatens to publish personal and sensitive information or photographs unless a ransom is paid.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Combatting and Preventing Cybercrime: Following points can be considered as safety measures to reduce the risk of cybercrime:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Take regular backup of important data.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Use an antivirus software and keep it updated always.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Avoid installing pirated software. Always download software from known and secure (HTTPS) sites.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Always update the system software which include the internet browser and other application software.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Do not visit or download anything from untrusted websites.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Digital Signatures: They are the digital equivalent of a paper
\ncertificate. Digital signatures work on a unique digital ID issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) to the user. Signing a document digitally means attaching that user’s identify, which can be used to authenticate. .<\/p>\n
\u2192 Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act): The Government of India’s The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as IT Act), amended in 2008, and provides guidelines to the user on the processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information.<\/p>\n
\u2192 E-waste-Hazards and Management: E-waste or Electronic waste includes electric or electronic gadgets and devices that are no longer in use. Hence, discarded computers, laptops, mobile phones, televisions, tablets, music systems, speakers, printers, scanners, etc. constitute e-waste when they are near or end of their useful life.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Leaching: It is the process of removing a substance from another substance by passing water through it.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Management of E-waste: E-waste management is the efficient disposal of E-waste. Some of the feasible methods of E-waste management are reduce, reuse and recycle:<\/p>\n
\u2192 Reduce: We should try to reduce the generation of e-waste by purchasing the electronic or electrical devices only according to our need.<\/p>\n
\u2192 Reuse: It is the process of re-using the electronic or electric waste after slight modification. The process of re-selling old electronic goods at lower prices is called refurbishing.<\/p>\n
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\u2192 Recycle: Recycling is the process of conversion of electronic devices into something that can be used again and again in some or the other manner.<\/p>\n
\u2192 E-waste Management in India: In India, the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, has been enacted to punish people responsible for causing any form of pollution by paying for the damage done to the natural environment.<\/p>\n
Informatics Practices Class 12 Notes \u2013 Societal Impacts and Data Protection \u2192 Digital Footprints: A digital footprint is the record or trail left by the things one does online. The social media activity, the information on personal website, the browsing activities, online subscriptions, any photo galleries and videos uploaded by a user – essentially, any …<\/p>\n