<\/a>NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter Details<\/h3>\nChapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms<\/h4>\n
In this chapter, you will learn about how various organisms procreate. Important processes i.e. Reproduction is explained and how organisms give rise to other young ones and their types are also described. If offspring are reproduced with a single parent without gamete then it is known as asexual reproduction. Whereas in the reproduction process if two parents of opposite sex i.e. male and female gametes are involved then it is called sexual reproduction.<\/p>\n
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants<\/h4>\n
Chapter 2 of Class 12 Biology covers topics Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes, pollination types, agencies, and examples, pollen-pistil interaction, outbreeding devices, double fertilization, post-fertilization events. Other concepts such as the development of seed, and formation of fruit,\u00a0 development of endosperm and embryo, special modes apomixis, polyembryony, parthenocarpy, Significance of seed dispersal, and fruit formation are all discussed.<\/p>\n
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction<\/h4>\n
This chapter covers information on Male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary, spermatogenesis, gametogenesis, and oogenesis, fertilization, menstrual cycle, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, pregnancy, implantation, and placenta formation, lactation, parturition.<\/p>\n
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health<\/h4>\n
This Chapter 4 includes topics like the Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Disease, birth control need and methods, contraception, medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), amniocentesis, infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies \u2013 IVF, ZIFT, GIFT.<\/p>\n
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation<\/h4>\n
In this chapter 5, you will learn about the topics Heredity and variation, Mendelian inheritance, deviations from Mendelism, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy.<\/p>\n
Furthermore, you will get acquainted with topics such as the elementary idea of polygenic inheritance, chromosomes, and genes, chromosome theory of inheritance, Sex determination in human beings, birds, and honey bee, sex-linked inheritance \u2013 hemophilia, color blindness, linkage, and crossing over, Mendelian disorders in humans thalassemia, chromosomal disorders in humans, Down\u2019s syndrome, Turner\u2019s and Klinefelter\u2019s syndromes.<\/p>\n
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/h4>\n
Concepts like genetic material, DNA as genetic material, Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA Packaging, DNA Replication, genetic code, gene expression, transcription, translation, and regulation \u2013 lac operon, Genome, Human and rice genome projects, DNA fingerprinting are included in this chapter.<\/p>\n
Chapter 7: Evolution<\/h4>\n
In this chapter 7 Evolution is the study of the history of life forms on earth. You will find subtopics such as Origin of Life, Evolution of Life Forms A Theory, What are the Evidences of Evolution, Biological Evolution, Mechanism of Evolution, Hardy \u2013 Weinberg Principle, A Brief Account of Evolution, Origin, and Evolution of Man related to Evolution are explained clearly.<\/p>\n
Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases<\/h4>\n
In Chapter 8 you will find topics like Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis,\u00a0 pneumonia, typhoid, common cold, ringworm, amoebiasis) and their control, Basic concepts of immunology such as vaccines, HIV, and AIDS, cancer, Adolescence drug, and alcohol abuse.<\/p>\n
Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production<\/h4>\n
With the growing population of the world, there is a major need for food production. Biological principles, as applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding are vital for increasing food production. Techniques like embryo transfer technology and tissue culture techniques also enhance food production. Subtopics like Animal Husbandry, Single Cell Proteins, Plant Breeding, and Tissue Culture are discussed.<\/p>\n
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare<\/h4>\n
In Chapter 10, we will deal with topics such as microbes in food processing, sewage treatment, industrial production, energy generation, microbes as biocontrol agents, and bio-fertilizers, Antibiotics production, and judicious are discussed.<\/p>\n
Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes<\/h4>\n
Biotechnology deals with the process of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products useful for humans. As per the European Federation of Biotechnology biotechnology is all about encompassing both traditional views and modern molecular biotechnology. EFB States biotechnology as the integration of natural science and organisms, parts thereof, cells, and molecular analogues for products and services. Subtopics listed in the chapter are Principles of Biotechnology, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology, and Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology.<\/p>\n
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application<\/h4>\n
In Chapter 12 of CBSE Biology Class 12 Syllabus students will find topics like Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture, stem cell technology, Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms \u2013 Bt crops, transgenic animals, biopiracy, biosafety issues, and patents.<\/p>\n
Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations<\/h4>\n
Topics covered in Class 12 Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations are Organisms and environment, Habitat and niche, population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, population attributes like growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution, population and ecological adaptation.<\/p>\n
Chapter 14: Ecosystem<\/h4>\n
In this chapter 14 you will get acquainted with concepts like Ecosystems that can be visualized as a functional unit of nature, in which living organisms interact among themselves and with the surrounding physical environment.<\/p>\n
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation<\/h4>\n
This chapter includes topics like Genetic diversity,Ecological diversity, Species diversity, Different types of Species, Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity Conservation, Patterns of Diversity, etc. Furthermore, concepts of hotspots, endangered organisms, Red Data Book, extinction, national parks, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, sanctuaries, wildlife, and Ramsar sites are explained here.<\/p>\n
Chapter 16: Environmental Issues<\/h4>\n
This Chapter 16 deals with concepts of reproduction, evolution, inheritance, food production, ecosystem, biotechnology, biodiversity, are explained in-depth. Subtopics such as Water Pollution and Its Control, Air Pollution and Its Control, Agrochemicals and their Effects, Solid Wastes, Radioactive Wastes, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance, Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere, Deforestation are explained.<\/p>\n