Discuss<\/strong><\/p>\nQuestion 1. \nDiscuss some of the social changes in nineteenth-century Britain which Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens wrote about. \nAnswer: \nSocial changes in nineteenth-century Britain highlighted by Thomas Hardy:<\/p>\n
(i) With industrialisation, traditional rural communities of England began to be disappearing. This was actually a time when large farmers fenced off land, bought machines and employed labourers to produce for the market.<\/p>\n
(ii) The old rural culture with its independent farmers is shown dying out. We get a sense of this change in Hardy\u2019s Mayor of Casterbridge.<\/p>\n
(iii) In this novel, the novelist mourns at the loss of the more personalised world that is disappearing, although he is aware of its problems and the advantages of the new order.<\/p>\n
Social changes in nineteenth-century Britain highlighted by Charles Dickens: \n(i) Charles Dickens wrote about the terrible effects of industrialisation on people\u2019s lives and characters.<\/p>\n
(ii) In the nineteenth century, Europe entered the industrial age. Factories came up, business profits increased and the economy grew. Capitalists got benefited by all these developments, but workers faced problems.<\/p>\n
(iii) Cities expanded in an unregulated manner and were flooded with overworked and underpaid workers. The unemployed poor roamed the streets and the homeless were forced to seek shelter in workhouses.<\/p>\n
(iv) His novel Hard Times highlights the side effects of industrialisation. People are shown facing pollution of air, water and noise. The workers are facing the problem of identity. They are known as hands, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines.<\/p>\n
(v) In this novel, Dickens criticised not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human beings into instruments of production.<\/p>\n
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Question 2. \nSummarise the concern in both nineteenth-century Europe and India about women reading novels. What does this suggest about how women were viewed? \nAnswer: \n(i) The concern in both nineteenth-century Europe and India about women reading novels bore more or less similar fears. Conservative people in both the places got worried about the effects of the novel on women who were taken away from their real surroundings into an imaginary world where anything could happen.<\/p>\n
(ii) In Europe, when women started reading and writing novels many people feared that they would now neglect their traditional roles as wives and mothers and homes would be in disorder. \nSimilar fears could be sensed in Indian air too. Women were advised to stay away from the immoral influence of novels. They were seen as easily corruptible.<\/p>\n
(iii) It was felt in both Europe and India that if women read novels, they would go astray. They would lose interest in home and hearth and would find ways to go outside. \nNow we can easily infer that women were viewed as incapable of being independent. They were not expected to go against the wills of their male partners. The domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women. Once they got married, they were expected to take care of the household chores.<\/p>\n
(iv) Thus, their status in this male-dominated society was not of much importance. They could neither take their own decisions, nor could they do as per their wishes. In short, they were completely helpless.<\/p>\n
Question 3. \nIn what ways was the novel in colonial India useful for both the colonisers as well as the nationalists? \nAnswer: \nColonial administrators found \u2018vernacular\u2019 novels a valuable source of information on native life and customs. Such information was useful for them in governing Indian society, with its large varieties of communities and castes. As outsiders, the British knew little about life inside Indian households. The new novels in Indian languages often had descriptions of domestic life. Indian nationalists used the novel as a powerful medium to criticise what they considered defects in their society and to suggest remedies. They also used the novel to criticise colonial rule and instill a sense of national pride among the people.<\/p>\n
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Question 4. \nDescribe how the issue of caste was included in novels in India. By referring to any two novels, discuss the ways in which they tried to make readers think about existing social issues. \nAnswer: \nMany Indians wrote novels to criticise what they considered defects in their society and to suggest remedies. Since the issue of caste was a major defect, so it was included in Indian novels for the same purpose.<\/p>\n
Novels like Indirabai and Indulekha were written by the upper-castes, and were primarily about upper- caste characters. But all novels were not of this kind. The two novels that make readers think about existing social issues are:<\/p>\n
(i) Unlike Indirabai and Indulekha, Saraswativijayam was written by a lower-caste writer from north Kerala named Potheri Kunjambu. He wrote this novel in 1892 to make an attack on caste oppression. This novel shows a young man from an \u2018untouchable\u2019 caste, leaving his village to escape the cruelty of his Brahmin landlord. He converts to Christianity, gets modern education and returns to his village as a judge in the local court. In the meantime, the villagers, thinking that the landlord\u2019s men had killed him, file a case. At the end of the trial, the judge reveals his identity and the Nambuthiri repents and gets ready to reform his ways. The novel Saraswativijayam highlights education as a means to uplift the lower caste people.<\/p>\n
(ii) In Bengal too a new kind of novel emerged from the 1920s that depicted the lives of peasants and low castes. Advaita Malla Burman\u2019s Titash Ekti Nadir Naam is an epic about the Mallas, a community of fisher folk who live off fishing in the river Titash. The novel is about three generations of the Mallas and describes the oppression of the upper castes. The lives of the Mallas is tied with the river. Their end comes together. As the river dries up, the community also dies too. The novel is special because the author is himself from a low caste, fisher folk community describing the bitter experiences of the low-caste people.<\/p>\n
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Question 5. \nDescribe the ways in which the novel in India attempted to create a sense of pan-Indian belonging. \nAnswer: \nThe ways in which the novel in India attempted to create a sense of pan-Indian belonging were- \n(i) In Bengal, historical novels were written about Marathas and Rajputs. These novels produced a sense of pan-Indian belonging. They imagined the nation to be full of adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice-qualities that could not be found in the offices and streets of the nineteenth-century world. The novel allowed the colonised to give shape to their desires.<\/p>\n
(ii) Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay\u2019s Anguriya Binimoy was the first historical novel written in Bengal. Its hero Shivaji engages in many battles against a clever and treacherous Aurangzeb. What gives him courage is his belief that he is a nationalist fighting for the freedom of Hindus.<\/p>\n
(iii) Bankim\u2019s Anandamath is a novel about a secret Hindu militia that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu Kingdom. It was a novel that inspired many kinds of freedom fighters.<\/p>\n
(iv) Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novel helped in popularising the sense of belonging to a common nation. Another way was to include various classes in the novel so that they could be seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand\u2019s novels, for instance, are filled with all kinds of characters drawn from all stratas of society. In his novels, one can meet aristocrats and landloards, middle-level peasants and landless labourers, middle-class professionals and people from the margins of society.<\/p>\n
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Project<\/strong> \nImagine that you are a historian in 3035 AD. You have just located two novels which were written in the twentieth century. What do they tell you about society and customs of the time? \nAnswer: \nThe novels written in the twentieth century tell us about the ways in which the Indian upper classes used whatever little opportunities they got from colonial authorities to govern themselves. Many novels dealt with the poor condition of women in society. Issues like child marriage, child labour and dowry were also described. Many of the twentieth-century novels describe the partition of India and the tragedy that it brought with it.<\/p>\nClass 10 History Chapter 8 NCERT Intext Activity Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n Question 1. \nRead Godan Write briefly on: \nHow Premchand depicts the life of peasants in the novel. \nWhat the novel tells us about the life of peasants during the Great Depression. \nAnswer: \nThe novel Godan by Premchand was first published in 1936. It is an epic of the Indian peasantry. \nThe novel tells us about the moving story of Hori and his wife Dhania, a peasant couple. For them, their cows mean everything. They have a small plot of land and work hard to earn their living. In due course of time, landlords, moneylenders, priests and colonial bureaucrats – all those who hold power in society – form a network of oppression, rob their land and make them into landless labourers. Yet Hori and Dhania retain their dignity to the end.<\/p>\n
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Peasants and farmers suffered a lot during the Great Depression. Though agricultural prices fell sharply, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. As a result, peasants\u2019 indebtedness increased. They used up their savings and mortgaged their lands to meet their expenses.<\/p>\n
Hope the data shared above regarding the NCERT Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 8 Novels, Society and History PDF has aided in your exam preparation. If you ever need any assistance you can always reach us and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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