Author name: Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 6 शुकशावकोदन्तः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Sanskrit Class 11 Solutions Chapter 6 शुकशावकोदन्तः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखितप्रश्नानाम उत्तरम संस्कतेन लिखत –

(क) पम्पाभिधानं पद्मसरः कुत्रासीत्?
उत्तर:
पम्पाभिधानं पद्मसरः विन्ध्याटव्याम् आसीत्।
(ख) शुकः क्व निवसति स्म?
उत्तर:
शुकः शाल्यमलीवृक्षस्य कोटरे निवसति स्म।

(ग) शबराणां कीदृशं जीवनं वर्तते?
उत्तर:
शबराणां जीवनं मोहप्रायं वर्तते।

(घ) हारीतः कस्य सुतः आसीत्?
उत्तर:
हारीतः जाबालिमुनेः सुतः आसीत्।

(ङ) जीवनाशा किं करोति?
उत्तर:
जीवनाशा खलीकरोति।

(च) शुकस्य पिता कीदृशानि फलशकलानि तस्मै अदात्?
उत्तर:
शुकस्य पिता शुककुलावदलितानि फलशकलानि तस्मै अदात्।

(छ) मृगयाध्वनिमाकर्ण्य शुकः कुत्र अविशत्?
उत्तर:
मृगयाध्वनिमार्ण्य शुकः पितुः पक्षपुटान्तरमविशत्।

(ज) शबरसेनापतिः कस्मिन् वयसि वर्तमानः आसीत्?
उत्तर:
शबरसेनापतिः प्रथमे वयसि वर्तमानः आसीत्।

(झ) केषां किम् दुष्करम्?
उत्तर:
अकरुणानाम् किं दुष्करम्।

(ञ) कः शुकस्य तातम् अपगतासुमकरोत्?
उत्तर:
जरच्छबरः तातम् अपगतासुमकरोत्।

प्रश्न 2.
पाठमाधृत्य बाणभट्टस्य गद्यशैल्याः विशेषताः लिखत –
उत्तर:
बाण की गद्यशैली की विशेषताएँ बाण के गद्य में सामान्यतः लम्बे समासों की भरमार रहती है। कहीं-कहीं छोटे-छोटे समास तथा समासों का अभाव भी मिलता है। वास्तव में बाण के समय में समासबहुलता गद्यकाव्यों में आवश्यक मानी जाती थी, कहा भी गया है – “ओजः समासभूयस्वमेतत गद्यस्य जीवितम्।”

बाण प्रसंग का पूरा ध्यान रखते हैं। प्रसंगानुसार वे समासबहुल या समासहीन भाषा का प्रयोग करते हैं। बाण पाञ्चाली गद्यशैली के अनुयायी हैं। वे अर्थ के अनुरूप शब्दों की योजना करते हैं। सरस प्रसंगों में कोमल कान्त पदावली का प्रयोग करते हैं तथा विन्द्र याटवी, शबर सेनापति आदि की भीषणता का चित्रण करने में कठोर वर्गों की योजना भी उनके द्वारा की गई है।

बाण का शब्दकोष अक्षय है। एक ही बात को अनेक रूपों मे तथा नए-नए शब्दों द्वारा अभिव्यक्त करने में वे पूर्ण दक्ष हैं। अलंकारों के सुन्दर प्रयोग से बाण की गद्य शैली विशेष आकर्षक हो गई है किन्तु इनकी गद्यशैली की तीखी आलोचना भी की गई है क्योंकि इनके काव्यों में असंख्य विशेषणों से लदे हुए तथा जटिल समस्त पदावली से भरपूर लम्बे-लम्बे वाक्यों के प्रयोग से पाठक बहुधा झुंझला उठते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
मातृभाषया शबरसेनापते: चरित्रम् लिखत –
उत्तर:
शबरसेनापति विवेकशून्य था, मदिरा मांस उसका भोजन था, शिकार करना परिश्रम, गीदड़ियों का रोना शास्त्र तथा पक्षियों की जानकारी ही इसका ज्ञान था। इसके अतिरिक्त यह जिस जंगल में रहता था उसे खोदकर पूरी तरह नष्ट-भ्रष्ट कर देता था – यही इसके स्वभाव की विशेषताएँ थीं।

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितानां भावार्थ लिखत –

(क) किमिव हि दुष्करमकरुणानाम्।
उत्तर:
वृद्ध शबर अतीव निर्दयतापूर्वक वृक्ष पर चढ़कर वृक्ष के खोखले के अन्दर से शुकशावकों को फलों की तरह पकड़ने लगा तथा उन्हें मारकर पृथ्वी पर गिरा रहा था। इसी भाव को अभिव्यक्त करते हुए कवि ने कहा है कि निष्ठुर लोगों के लिए कोई भी काम कठिन नहीं है। इस पंक्ति में शबर की निर्दयता अभिव्यक्त की गई है।

(ख) नास्ति जीवितादन्यदभिमततरमिह जगति सर्वजन्तूनाम्।
उत्तर:
पिता ने जीवन के अन्तिम क्षण तक अपने पंखों में छिपाकर भी अपने सुत उस शुकशावक की रक्षा की किन्तु उसकी मृत्यु के उपरान्त बहुत शीघ्र वह जल आदि की इच्छा अनुभव करने लगा, इसी भाव को अभिव्यक्त करने के लिए महाकवि बाण यहाँ कहते हैं कि सभी प्राणियों के लिए अपने जीवन से बढ़कर कुछ भी अधिक प्रिय नहीं हैं। इस प्रकार प्राणियों के लिए उनका अपना जीवन सबसे अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण एवं प्रिय है- यही भाव है इस पंक्ति का।

(ग) सर्वथा न कञ्चिन्न खलीकरोति जीवनाशा।
उत्तर:
वह शुकशावक पिता की मृत्यु के बाद भी जीवन की लालसा से युक्त है। वैसे भी कोई किसी की मृत्यु के कारण स्वयं अपने जीवन का विनाश नहीं करता। इसी कारण अपने को धिक्कारता है वह शुकशावक और कह उठता है कि जीवन की लालसा मनुष्य को नीच (कृतघ्न) बना देती है। वह पिता के उपकारों का किसी भी प्रकार से बदला नहीं चुका सका यही भाव है इस पंक्ति का।

(घ) प्रायेण अकारणमित्राण्यतिकरुणाणि च भवन्ति सतां चेतांसि।।
उत्तर:
सज्जनों का स्वभाव वर्णित किया गया है इस पंक्ति में। जाबलिमुनि का पुत्र हारीत अत्यन्त कोमल स्वभाव वाला था। उसने शुकशावक को पानी की बूंदें पिलाईं तथा उसे जीवनशक्ति प्रदान की। उसी का दयालु स्वभाव वर्णित है इस पक्ति में। न जानते हुए भी उस मुनिसुत ने शुकशावक के प्रति अत्यन्त दया का भाव प्रकट किया।

प्रश्न 5.
शुकशावकस्य आत्मकथां संक्षेपेण लिखत –
उत्तर:
कादम्बरी की कथा की भू शुक अपनी पूर्णकथा इस प्रकार सुनाता है –
मैं (शुकशावक) विन्ध्याटवी में पम्पा पद्मसरोवर के पश्चिमी तट पर स्थित शाल्मली वृक्ष पर अपने पिता के साथ रहता था। मेरा जन्म होते ही प्रसव वेदना से मेरी माता की मृत्यु हो गई। एक बार एक शबर सेना शिकार करने उधर आई। इस सेना में से एक वृद्ध शबर पीछे रह गया और उसने उस शाल्मली वृक्ष पर चढ़कर मेरे बूढ़े पिता की गर्दन मरोड़कर मृत्यु कर दी और उसे नीचे फेंक दिया। उसके पंखों में सिमटा हुआ मैं भी नीचे गिर गया किन्तु सूखे पत्तों के ढेर पर गिरने के कारण मेरे अंग नहीं टूटे तथा एक तमाल वृक्ष की जड़ में छिप जाने के कारण मैं उस शबर की दृष्टि से बच गया।

शबर के चले जाने पर मुझे प्यास लगी। तभी स्नान के लिए जाता हुआ हारीत नामक जाबालि ऋषि का पुत्र वहाँ से आ निकला। उसने प्यार से मुझे पानी पिलाया तथा छाया में बिठाया। स्नान करके वह मुझे अपने पिता महर्षि जाबालि के आश्रम में ले गया। यही है शुक शावक द्वारा वर्णित उसकी आत्मकथा।

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितेषु शब्देषु प्रकृतिप्रत्ययविभागं कुरुत –
उत्तर:
(क) समाहृत्य = सम् और आ उपसर्ग, हृ धातु + ल्यप् प्रत्यय।
(ख) आकर्ण्य = आ उपसर्ग, कर्ण धातु + ल्यप् प्रत्यय।
(ग) निष्क्रम्य = निस् उपसर्ग, क्रम् धातु + ल्यप् प्रत्यय।
(घ) विक्षिपन् = वि उपसर्ग, क्षिप् धातु + शतृ प्रत्यय।
(ङ) उपरतम् = उप उपसर्ग, रम् धातु + क्त प्रत्यय।
(च) गृहीत्वा = ग्रह धातु + क्त्वा प्रत्यय।
(छ) अभिलाषः = अभि उपसर्ग, लष् धातु + घञ् प्रत्यय।
(ज) संचरमाणः = सम् उपसर्ग, चर् धातु + शानच् प्रत्यय।

प्रश्न 7.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –
उत्तर:
(क) अस्ति भुवो मेखलेव विन्ध्याटवी नाम।
(ख) ममैव जायमानस्य प्रसववेदनया में जननी मृता।
(ग) अहो मोहप्रायम् एतेषां जीवितम्।
(घ) तातः स्नेहपरवशो मद्रक्षणे आकुलः अभवत्।
(ङ) सर्वथा न कञ्चित् न खलीकरोति जीवनाशा।

प्रश्न 8.
सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत –
उत्तर:
(1) तस्यैवैकस्मिन् = तस्य + एव + एकस्मिन्।
(2) तातस्तु = तातः + तु।
(3) प्रत्यूषसि = प्रति + उपसि।
(4) अचिराच्च। = अचिरात् + च।
(5) चिन्तयत्येव = चिन्तयति + एव।
(6) फलानीव = फलानि + इव।
(7) तावदहम् = तावत् + अहम् !
(8) तेनैव = तेन + एव।
(9) चादाय = च + आदाय।

योग्यताविस्तार:

पम्पा – पम्पा नामक एक प्रसिद्ध सरोवर है जो आजकल ‘पेन्नसिर’ नाम से जाना जाता है। सरोवर के पास में ही ऋष्यमूक पर्वत है। पम्पा नामक नदी इसी सरोवर से निकली है।

विन्ध्याटवी – यह एक पर्वतश्रेणी है जो उत्तरभारत को दक्षिण भारत से पृथक करती है। इसकी गणना सप्तकुल पर्वतो में की जाती है। यह पर्वतमाला मध्यदेश की दक्षिणसीमा में है।

हिमवद – हिमालय और विन्ध्याचल के बीच विनशन (कुरुक्षेत्र) के पूर्व तथा प्रयाग के पश्चिम का देश ‘मध्यदेश’ कहा गया है।

इन पर्वतमालाओं में गहन जंगल हैं जो ‘विन्ध्याटवी’ नाम से कहे जाते हैं। ‘किमिव हि दुष्करमकरुणानाम्’ – इस पाठ में प्रसिद्ध सूक्ति है। इस पाठ में दी हुई ऐसी कुछ अन्य सूक्तियाँ ये हैं –
(क) सर्वथा न कञ्चिन्न खलीकरोति जीवनाशा।
(ख) प्रायेणकारणमित्राण्यति करुणााणि च भवन्ति सतां चेतांसि।

Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 6 शुकशावकोदन्तः Summary Translation in Hindi and English

संकेत – अस्ति मध्यदेशालङ्कारभूता ……………………………. शेषमेवाकरोदशनम्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

अशनम् = खाना : To eat

सरलार्थ – मध्यदेश की आभूषण स्वरूप तथा पृथ्वी की मेखला की तरह विन्ध्य नामक अटवी (जंगल) थी। उसमें पम्पा नामक पद्म सरोवर था। उसके पश्चिमी तट पर बहुत पुराना सेंमल का वृक्ष था। उसके एक खोखले में रहते हुए मेरे पिता का किसी तरह (बड़ी कठिनाई से) मै ही एक पुत्र हुआ। मेरे जन्म के समय प्रसव पीड़ा से मेरी माता की मृत्यु हो गई। पुत्रं स्नेह के कारण अपने शोक को वश में करके मेरे पिता मेरे पालन में तत्पर हो गए। औरों के घोंसलों से गिरे हुए धान की बालों से चावल के दानों को लेकर तथा तोतों के द्वारा कुतरे हुए फलों के टुकड़े इकट्ठे करके (मेरे पिता) मुझे दिया करते थे। मेरे खाने से बचे हुए को ही वे खाया करते थे।

Meaning in English – There was a forest named Vindhya which was like the ornament of Madhya country and a waiste band of the earth. There was a lake full of lotuses Pampa by name in that forest. There was a very old silk-cotton tree on the western bank of that lake. My parents lived in the hollow of that tree when I was born. At the time of my birth my mother died due to unbearable pain of delivery. My father controlled his sorrow and engaged himself in nourishing me due to his affection towards me. My father used to bring the pieces of fruits bitten by other birds and the grains of rice from the rice-plants which fell from other’s nests. He gave those grains to me and ate the remaining grains only after I had eaten.

संकेत – एकदा तु ……………………………….. शबरसेनापतिमपश्यम्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – एक बार सूर्योदय से पहले अचानक उस वन में शिकार का शोर होने लगा। उसे सुनकर भय से व्याकुल तथा शुक शावक (तोते का बच्चा) होने से काँपता हुआ मै पिता के पंखों के बीच में घुस गया। शीघ्र ही जंगल को व्याकुल करने वाले मृगया के शोर के शान्त हो जाने पर पिता की गोद से थोड़ा-सा निकलकर खोखले में ही स्थित रहते हुए, गर्दन को फैलाकर ‘यह क्या है? ऐसा देखने की इच्छा से मैंने सामने आती हुई शबरसेना को देखा और उसके मध्य में विद्यमान तरुण अवस्था वाले शबरसेनापति को देखा।

Meaning in English – Once, before sunrise suddenly the noise of hunting was heard in that forest. On hearing that, being a baby of the parrot I got frightened and shivering with fear I entered into the wings of my father. Very soon that frightening noise disappeared. Then I came out very little from the lap of my father and remaining in the hollow itself I spread my neck. I wanted to know what is that. Then I saw an army of the savage tribe coming before us. I also saw there a young commander of that army.

संकेत – आसीच्च मे मनसि …………………………………… दिशमयासीत्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – मेरे मन में विचारा आया – ‘अरे! इनका जीवन कितना विवेकशून्य है। मदिरा, मांस आदि इनका भोजन है, शिकार करना परिश्रम है, गीदड़ियों का रोना शास्त्र है, पक्षियों की जानकारी ज्ञान है। ये जिस जंगल में रहते हैं उसे खोदकर पूरी तरह उजाड़ कर देते हैं – जब मैं ऐसा सोच ही रहा था शबर सेनापति आकर उसी वृक्ष की छाया में सेवकों के द्वारा लाए हुए पत्तों के आसन पर बैठ गया। थोड़ा जल पीकर तथा कमलनालों को खाकर थकान दूर होने पर सारी सेना के साथ (वह सेनापति) अभीष्ट दिशा की ओर चला गया।

Meaning in English: I thought then – ‘Oh! Their life is full of ignorance. Wine, meat, etc. are their food, hunting is exercise, the crying of the female jackals is their shastras and their knowledge is to know the birds. They completely destroy the forest where they live – the commander of that army of the savage tribe reached there as I was thinking so. He sat on the seat made of leaves which were brought by his attendants under the shade of that tree. After drinking little water and eating the stalks of the lotuses his fatigue was removed and then he went towards his desired direction.

संकेत – एकतमस्तु …………………………………… क्षितावपातयत्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तभी उस सेना में से एक वृद्ध किरात थोड़ी देर के लिए उसी वृक्ष के नीचे रुंक गया। सेनापति के ओझल हो जाने पर वह वृद्ध किरात उस पर चढ़ने की इच्छा से बहुत देर तक वृक्ष को जड़ से लेकर (ऊपर तक) देखता रहा। उसके देखने से भयभीत शुककुलों के प्राण मानो उसी समय निकल गए। निष्ठुर लोगों के लिए कौन-सा काम कठिन है क्योंकि वह (बूढ़ा शबर) बिना प्रयल के ही उस वृक्ष पर चढ़कर उस वृक्ष के खोखलों के भीतर से शुकशावकों को फलों की तरह पकड़ने लगा और उन्हें मारकर पृथ्वी पर गिराने लगा।

Meaning in English – At that very time, an old Kirata from that army stopped for some time under that tree. When the commander of that army went a little further, that old kirata looked for a long time towards the tree from the root to it’s end with a desire to climb it. Being frightened by his looks, the parrots were about to die. Which work is difficult for the cruel people because that old kirata climbed up that tree easily. He then caught the babies of the parrots like fruits who were inside the hollows of that tree. He then killed them and threw them on the earth.

संकेत – तातस्तु तदवलोक्य …………….. मूलदेशमविशम्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – उसे देखकर दुःख के कारण दीन तथा अश्रुपूर्ण दृष्टि से इधर-उधर देखते हुए मेरे पिता अपने पंखों से मुझे ढककर स्नेह विवश होकर मेरी रक्षा के लिए व्याकुल हो उठे। दूसरी शाखाओं पर घूमते हुए अपनी भुजाएँ फैलाकर हमारे खोखले के पास आकर उस पापी ने बार-बार अपनी चोंच से प्रहार करने वाले चीखते हुए मेरे तिा को खींचकर मार डाला। छोटा शरीर होने से उसने मुझे नहीं देखा। उसने मेरे मृत पिता को पृथ्वी पर छोड़ दिया। मैंने भी उनके पैरों के बीच में गरदन रखे हुउ चुपचाप उनकी छाती से चिपककर उन्हीं के साथ हवा के कारण इकट्ठे हुए सूखे पत्तों के ढेर पर अपने को गिरा हुआ देखा! जब तक वह वृद्ध शबर उस पेड़ के शिखर से नहीं उतरा तब तक निष्ठुर प्राणी की तरह पिता को छोड़कर स्नेह से अनजान रहकर केवल भय से आक्रान्त होता हुआ इधर-उधर लुढ़कता हुआ मैं समीपवर्ती तमाल वृक्ष की जड़ में घुस गया।

Meaning in English – On seeing him being afflicted with sorrow and having tears in eyes my father covered me with his wings due to affection. He got worried for my protection. Walking on other branches that cruel Kirata spread his arms and came near our hollow. He pulled my father and killed him who was attacking with his beak again and again and who was crying also. He did not see me because my body was very small. He left my dead father on the earth. I saw myself lying on the heap of the dry leaves which were collected by the wind. At that time my neck was hidden between the feet of my father and I was sticking quietly to his chest. Then I left my dead father like a cruel person being ignorant of affection. Being frightened I saw here and there and hy the time that old Kirata got down from the top of that tree, being rolling I entered into the roots of the nearby Tamala tree.

संकेत – अजातपक्षतया …………………………… मरणमद्यैवोपपादयेत्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – पंख न निकल पाने के कारण, बार-बार मुँह के बल गिरने से, लम्बी-लम्बी सांस लेने से तथा धूल में भरकर रेंगते हुए मेरे मन में यह विचार आया – इस संसार में सब जीवों को जीवन से अधिक प्यारा अन्य कुछ नहीं है। पिता के इस प्रकार मर जाने पर भी मैं जीना चाहता हूँ। मुझ निर्दय, अति निष्ठुर तथा कृतघ्न को धिक्कार है। सचमुच मेरा हृदय नीच है। पिता के द्वारा जो किया गया वह सब मैंने एकदम भुला दिया। ऐसा कोई प्राणी नहीं है जिसे जीवन की लालसा हर प्रकर से नीच नहीं बना देती, जो एसी अवस्था में भी मुझे जल की प्यास से परेशान कर रही है और दिन की यह दशा अत्यन्त कष्टदायक हो रही है। भूमि-धूप से तपी हुई धूल वाली हो गई है। प्यास से शिथिल पड़े हुए मेरे अंग तनिक भी चलने में समर्थ नहीं हैं। मेरा अपने पर ही अधिकार नहीं रह गया। मेरा हृदय डूब रहा है। मेरी आँखों में अँधेरा छा रहा है। शायद क्रूर विधाता मेरे न चाहते हुए भी मुझे आज ही मृत्यु दे दे।

Meaning in English – Due to without grown-up wings, falling, again and again, straight, breathing deeply and crawling with a body full of dust I thought – There is nothing else in this world more agreeable than life for all living beings. I wish to remain alive even after the death of my father. Really I am very mean. I have forgotten everything immediately whatever was done by my father. There is no one in this world who is not made so mean by the desire to live. Thurst to have water is making me restless even in such condition and this condition of the day is creating great trouble. The earth is full of hot dust due to very bright sun. My body-parts have become very weak due to thirst and I am unable to walk at all. I have no authority on my own body. My heart is sinking. There is darkness in my eyes. I hope cruel God may give me death today even if it is not desired.

संकेत – इत्येवं चिन्तयत्येव …………………………… तपोवनमगच्छत्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – मैं ऐसा सोच ही रहा था कि हारीत नामक जाबालि मुनि का पुत्र समान आयु वाले अन्य मुनिकुमारों के साथ उसी मार्ग से स्नान करने की इच्छा से उसी कमलसरोवर की ओर आया। प्रायः सज्जनों के चित्त अकारण स्नेह करने वाले तथा अत्यन्त करुणा के कारण कोमल हुआ करते हैं। ऐसी अवस्था में देखकर वह ऋषिकुमार मुझे सरोवर के तट पर ले आया तथा कुछ जल की बूंदें लेकर मुझे पिलायीं। प्राणशक्ति उत्पन्न मुझे छाया में रखकर ऋषिकुमार ने स्नान किया। स्नान के अंत में सब मुनिकुमारों के दल के द्वारा पीछा किया जाता हुआ वह ऋषिकुमार मुझे लेकर तपोवन की ओर चल दिया।

Meaning in English – While I was thinking thus, Hareeta, son of sage Jabali came to that lotus-pond to take bath with many other sons of the sages of the same age group. The gentlemen are very kind-hearted as they have affection and kindness for all. Seeing me in such condition that son of the sage took me to the bank of the pond. He made me drink a few drops of water. Thus he kept me who had fresh life now in the shade and then he took bath. After taking bath, being followed by the sons of the sages that son of the sage took me towards the hermitage.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 5 वीरःसर्वदमन: Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Sanskrit Class 11 Solutions Chapter 5 वीरःसर्वदमन:

अभ्यास:

प्रश्न 1.
संस्कृतभाषया उत्तरं देयम –
(क) कस्य कवेः कस्मात् पुस्तकात् गृहीतोऽयं पाठः?
उत्तर:
महाकवेः कालिदासस्य अभिः शाकुन्तलात् गृहीतोऽयं पाठः।

(ख) बालः कीदृशं सिंहशिशुं कर्षति स्म?
उत्तर:
बालः मातुः अर्धपीतस्तन आमर्दक्लिष्टकेसर सिंहशिशु कर्षति स्म।

(ग) तापसी बालाय क्रीडार्थ किं दत्तवती?
उत्तर:
तापसी बालाय क्रीडार्थं क्रीडनकं दत्तवती।

(घ) क्रीडापरस्य बालस्य मातुः किं नामधेयम्?
उत्तर:
क्रीडापरस्य बालस्य मातुः नामधेयं शकुन्तला इत्यासीत्।

(ङ) बालाय किं रोचते?
उत्तर:
बालाय क्रीडनकं रोचते।

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्तस्थानानां पूर्तिः करणीया –
उत्तर:
(क) अपत्यनिर्विशेषाणि सत्त्वानि विप्रकरोषि।
(ख) पुत्रे स्निह्यति मे मनः।
(ग) यद्यस्याः पुत्रकं न मुञ्चसि।
(घ) अपरं क्रीडनकं ते दास्यामि।
(ङ) आकारसदृशं चेष्टितमेवास्य कथयति।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नाङ्कितेषु सन्धिच्छेदो विधेयः –
उत्तर:
(क) गत एवात्मनः = गतः + एव + आत्मनः।।
(ख) औरस इव = औरसः + इव।
(ग) दन्तांस्ते = दन्तान् + ते।
(घ) यद्यस्याः = यदि + अस्याः।
(ङ) शकुन्तलेत्यस्य = शकुन्तला + इति + अस्य।
(च) खल्वयम् = खलु + अयम्।
(छ) बालेऽस्मिन् = बाले + अस्मिन्
(ज) भीतोऽस्मि = भीतः + अस्मि।
(झ) कस्यापि = कस्य + अपि।
(ञ) एकान्वयः = एक + अन्वयः।
(ट) एवास्य.. = एव + अस्य
(ठ) तमस्योपहर = तम् + अस्य + उपहर।
(ड) मैवम् = मा + एवम्।।
(ढ) इत्यधरम् = इति + अधरम्।
(ण) ममाम्बा = मम + अम्बा।
(त) अनेनैव = अनेन + एव।

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितेषु विग्रहं कृत्वा समासनाम लिखत –
उत्तर:
(क) पूर्वावधीरितम् = पूर्वम् अवधीरितम्; कर्मधारय समास।
(ख) अभूमिः = न भूमिः नञ् तत्पुरुष समास।
(ग) अविनयस्य = न विनयस्य; नञ् तत्पुरुष समास।
(घ) शब्दानुसारेण = शब्दस्य अनुसारेण; षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास।
(ङ) सविस्मयम् = विस्मयेन सहितम्; अव्ययीभाव समास।
(च) अबालसत्त्वः = न बालसत्त्वः; नञ् तत्पुरुष समास।
(छ) सिंहशिशुम् = सिंहस्य शिशुम्; षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास।
(ज) अनपत्यता = नास्ति अपत्यं यस्य सः अनपत्यः; बहुव्रीहि समास, तस्य भावे ‘ता’ प्रत्यय।
(झ) सस्मितम् = स्मितेन सहितम्; अव्ययीभाव समास।
(ञ) मृत्तिकामयूरः = मृत्तिकायाः मयूरः; षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास।
(ट) बालमृगेन्द्रम् = बालश्चासौ मृगेन्द्रः तम्; कर्मधारय समास।
(ठ) एकान्वयः = एक एव अन्वयः यस्य सः; बहुव्रीहि समास।
(ड) आकारसदृशम् = आकारेण सदृशम् ; तृतीया तत्पुरुष समास।
(ढ) बालस्पर्शम् = बालस्य स्पर्शम् ; षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास।

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखितानां पदानां संस्कृतवाक्येषु प्रयोगः करणीयः –
उत्तर:
(क) सविस्मयम् = तत् चलचित्रं दृष्ट्वा सविस्मयं मया उक्तम्।
(ख) कर्षति = बालः क्रीडितुं सिंहशिशुं कर्षति।
(ग) स्निह्यति = माता पुत्रे स्निह्यति।
(घ) केसरिणी = केसरिणी स्वशिशुं स्तनपानं करोति।
(ङ) उटजे = उटजे तापसः तपस्याम् आचरति।
(च) व्यपदेशः = आवयोः व्यपदेशः एकः एव।
(छ) प्रेक्षस्व = पुत्र! शकुन्तलावण्यं प्रेक्षस्व।
(ज) ममाम्बा = ममाम्बा प्रधानाचार्या अस्ति।

प्रश्न 6.
प्रकृतिप्रत्ययपरिचयो देयः –
उत्तर:
(क) सूचयित्वा = सूच् + क्त्वा प्रत्यय।
(ख) प्रक्रीडितुम् = प्रक्रिीड् + तुमुन् प्रत्यय।
(ग) अवलोक्य = अव Vलुक् + ल्यप् प्रत्यय।
(घ) अनुबध्यमानः = अनु + बध् + कर्मणि यक् + शानच् प्रत्यय।
(ङ) निष्क्रान्ता = निस् क्रिम् + क्त और टाप् प्रत्यय।
(च) उपलभ्य = उप लिभ् + ल्यप् प्रत्यय।
(छ) उपलालयन् = उप लिल् + शतृ प्रत्यय।

प्रश्न 7.
स्वमातृभाषया सप्रसङ्गं व्याख्यायताम् –

(क) मनोरथाय नाशंसे ……………………………….. दुःखाय परिवर्तते।।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘भास्वती प्रथमो-भागः’ के अध्याय ‘वीरः सर्वदमनः’ में से अवतरित किया गया है। तथा यह अध्याय संस्कृत कविशिरोमणि कालिदास के विश्वविश्रुत नाटक अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम् के सप्तम अंक में से संकलित है।

जब राजा दुष्यन्त मारीच ऋषि के आश्रम में प्रवेश करते हैं तो उनकी दाहिनी भुजा फड़कती है। पुरुषों का दाहिना अंग फड़कना किसी शुभ सूचना का परिचायक होता है। तभी वे यह श्लोक बोलते हैं-

मैं अपने किसी मनोरथ के लिए आशा नहीं कर रहा। इसलिए हे भुजा! तू व्यर्थ क्यों फड़क रही है क्योंकि पहले ठुकराया गया मंगल कठिनाई से लौटता है।

प्रस्तुत श्लोक में राजा दुष्यन्त का शकुन्तला के लिए विरहभाव वर्णित है। वह यही सोच रहा है कि जिसे उसने स्वयं ठुकरा दिया उसका पुनः प्राप्त होना अत्यन्त कठिन है। अतः उसे भुजा के फड़कने से कोई शुभ सम्पन्न होने की आशा नहीं है। इस प्रकार इस श्लोक में राजा का शकुन्तला के लिए विरह दुःख भी वर्णित है।

(ख) अर्धपीतस्तनं ………………………. बलात्कारेण कर्षति।।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘भास्वती प्रथमो-भागः’ के अध्याय ‘वीरः सर्वदमनः’ मे से उद्धृत किया गया है और यह अध्याय संस्कृत साहित्य के कवि सम्राट कालिदास के विश्वविख्यात नाटक अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम के सप्तम अंक में से संकलित है। जब राजा दुष्यन्त महर्षि मारीच के आश्रम में जाता है तो वहाँ बालक सर्वदमन को देखकर वह उसके विषय में ऐसा सोचता है –

(यह कौन बालक है जो) माता के केवल आधे दूध को पिए हुए खींचने के कारण इधर-उधर बिखरे हुए बालों वाले सिंह के बच्चे को खेलने के लिए जबरदस्ती खींच रहा है।

प्रस्तुत श्लोक में बालक सर्वदमन के अद्भुत शौर्य का चित्रण किया गया है। वह शेर के बच्चे को खेलने के लिए जबरदस्ती खींच रहा है जो सिंहशावक अपनी माता का दूध पी रहा था वह उसके बाल पकड़कर खींच रहा है तथा तनिक भी भयभीत नहीं है। ऐसे अद्भुत पराक्रमी बालक को देखकर राजा दुष्यन्त उसकी ओर आकर्षित होता है और उसके बारे में जानने को उत्सुक भी है।

(ग) किं न खलु बालेऽस्मिन् ………………………. मां वत्सलयति।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘भास्वती प्रथमो-भागः’ के अध्याय ‘वीरः सर्वदमनः में से उद्धृत किया गया है और यह अध्याय संस्कृत साहित्य के कविशिरोमणि कालिदास के अत्यन्त प्रसिद्ध नाटक अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम् के सप्तम अंक में . से संकलित है। महर्षि मारीच के आश्रम में पहुँचकर बालक सर्वदमन को देखकर राजा दुष्यन्त उसकी ओर बहुत आकर्षित होता है। बालक के प्रति प्रेमभाव को प्रकट करता हुआ राजा दुष्यन्त कहता है –

न जाने क्यों मेरा मन इस बालक के प्रति अपने निजी पुत्र के समान स्नेह कर रहा है? अवश्य ही संतानहीनता मुझसे इस प्रकार स्ने करा रही है।

इस प्रकार राजा दुष्यन्त का बालक के प्रति वात्सल्य भाव वर्णित है इस श्लोक में। वह उस बालक से बहुत प्रेम करने लगा है। इसका कारण वह यह सोचता है कि वह

सन्तानहीन है शायद इसीलिए इस बालक को देखकर वह उससे अपने सगे पुत्र की तरह प्रेम कर रहा है।

प्रश्न 8.
स्वमातृभाषया आशयं स्पष्टी अनेन कस्यापि कुलाकुरेण ………………………………….. यस्यायमङ्कात् कृतिनः प्ररूढः।।
उत्तर:
बालक सर्वदमन को देखकर दुष्यन्त के मन में यह भाव उत्पन्न होता है – इस बालक के स्पर्श मात्र से जब मुझे इतना आनन्द मिल रहा है तो यह बालक जिसकी सन्तान होगा उसे कितना अवर्णनीय आनन्द प्राप्त होगा। इस प्रकार राजा का बालक के प्रति अद्भुत वात्सल्य भाव इस श्लोक में वर्णित है। इस श्लोक का आशय यह है कि वह इस बालक के लिए अत्यन्त लालायित है और वह यही सोच रहा है कि उसका पुत्र भी शायद इतना ही बड़ा होता यदि वह अपनी गर्भवती पत्नी को ठुकराता न।

योग्यताविस्तारः

यहाँ नाटक में आए हुए परिभाषिक शब्दों का विवेचन किया गया है –
1. अङ्कः – जो भावों और रसों के द्वारा अर्थों को प्रस्फुरित करता है, जहाँ पर अनेक प्रकार के विधान होते हैं, जहाँ पर एक अर्थ की समाप्ति होती है और बीज का उपसंहार होता है तथा अंशतः बिन्दु का संबंध बना रहता है उसे अङ्क कहते हैं।
2. नेपथ्यम् – जहाँ अभिनेतागण नाटक के उपयुक्त वेशभूषा धारण करते हैं उसे नेपथ्य कहते हैं।
3. आत्मगतम् – जो बात सुनाने योग्य नहीं होती उसे स्वगत (मन में) कहते हैं। इसे ही ‘आत्मगत’ भी कहते हैं। इसका उद्देश्य यह होता है कि साथ के अभिनेता उस बात को न सुन सकें, केवल श्रोता ही उसे सुन पावें।

Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 5 वीरःसर्वदमन: Summary Translation in Hindi and English

दुष्यन्तः – (निमित्तं सूचयित्वा)
मनोरथाय नाशंसे किं बाहो स्पन्दसे वृथा।
पूर्वावधीरितं श्रेयो दुःखाय परिवर्तते।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – (शकुन को सूचित करके)
मैं अपने मनोरथ के लिए आशा नहीं कर रहा इसलिए हे भुजा! तू व्यर्थ क्यों फड़क रही है क्योंकि पहले ठुकराया गया मंगल कठिनता से लौटता है (अथवा पहले ठुकराया गया . मंगल दुःख में ही परिवर्तित होता है।)

Meaning in English – (Informing about the omen)
I do not hope for the fulfillment of the desire. Therefore, Oh my arm! Why are throbbing? The happiness which is once refused comes back with great difficulty (or the happiness once refused turns into sorrow).

नेपथ्ये (पर्दे के पीछे) (Behind the curtain)

संकेत – मा खल चापलं …………………………… अबालसत्त्वो बालः।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – चंचलता मत कर। कैसे यह अपने ही स्वभाव को प्राप्त कर रहा है?

दुष्यन्त – (ध्यान देकर) यह आश्रम अविनीतता का स्थान नहीं है। फिर भला किसे मना किया जा रहा है?. (आवाज के अनुसरण से देखकर आश्चर्य के साथ) अरे! दो तपस्विनियों के द्वारा मनाया जाता हुआ असाधारण शक्ति वाला यह कोई बालक है!

Meaning in English – Don’t be so restless. Oh he is acting according to his nature.

Dushyanta – (Being attentive) This hermitage is not the place of immodesty. Who is then being prohibited? (Watching in accordance with the sound, with surprise) Oh! Here is some boy with extra-ordinary strength who is being persuaded by two female-devotees.

अर्धपीतस्तनं मातुरामदक्लिष्टकेसरम्।
प्रकीडितुं सिंहशिशु बलात्कारेण कर्षति।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – माता के केवल आधे दूध को पिए हुए, खींचने के कारण इधर-उधर बिखरे हुए बालों वाले सिंह के बच्चे को यह बालक खेलने के लिए जबरदस्ती खींच रहा है।

Meaning in English – This boy is pulling forcibly the cub of their lion to play who has taken half dose of milk of his mother’s breast and whose hair are lying here and there due to pulling.

संकेत – बालः जृम्भस्व सिंह! ………………………….. तमस्योपहर।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ : बालक – अरे सिंह! जम्हाई ले। मैं तेरे दाँत गिनूँगा।

पहली (तपस्विनी) – अरे अविनम्र! हमारी संतान के समान जन्तुओं को तू क्यों तंग कर रहा है? अरे! तेरा हठ बढ़ता जा रहा है। ऋषियों ने तेरा नाम सर्वदमन ठीक ही रखा है। दुष्यन्त – न जाने क्यों मेरा मन इस बालक के प्रति अपने निजी पुत्र के समान स्नेह कर रहा है? अवश्य ही सन्तानहीनता मुझसे इस प्रकार स्नेह करा रही है।

दूसरी (तपस्विनी) – यह शेरनी अवश्य तुझ पर आक्रमण कर देगी यदि तू इसके बच्चे को नहीं छोड़ेगा।

बालक (मुस्कराकर)- ओह! मैं तो बहुत डर गया हूँ। (अपना निचलों होंठ दिखाता है)। पहली – पुत्र! इस शेर के बच्चे को छोड़ दे। मैं तुझे दूसरा खिलौना दूंगी। बालक – कहाँ है (खिलौना)? वह दो। (अपना हाथ फैलाता है।)

दूसरी – हे सुव्रता! यह केवल कहने मात्र से नहीं मान सकता। तू जा। मेरी कुटिया में मिट्टी का मोर रखा है, वह लाकर इसे दे दो।

Meaning in English: Boy-Oh lion! Yawn, I will count your teeth.

First (lady-devotee)-Oh cruel! Why do you tease these beasts who are just like our own off-springs? Oh! Your violence is increasing. You have been correctly named as ‘Sarvadamana’ by the sages.

Dushyanta – I do not understand why do I love this boy like my own son? The childlessness causes me to feel affectionate definitely.

Second (lady-devotee) – This lioness will definitely attack on you – if you do not leave her cub.

Boy – (With a smile) Oh! I am very much afraid. (Shows his lower. lip).

First (female-devotee) – Oh son! Leave this cub. I will give you another toy.

Boy – Where is the toy? Give me that. (Spreads his hand).

Second (female-devotee) – Oh Suvrata! He cannot be stopped by mere words. You go. There is a peacock made of clay in my cottage.

Bring that and give that to him.

संकेत – बालः – अनेनैव तावत् …………………………….. कथयति। (आत्मगतम्)

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ : बालक – तब तक मैं इसी से खेलूँगा। (ऐसा कहकर तपस्विनी को देखकर हँसता है।)

तपस्विनी – अच्छा, यह मेरी बात नहीं मानता। (राजा को देखकर) हे सज्जन! तंग किए जाते हुए इस सिंह के बच्चे को इस बालक से छुड़वाइए।

दुष्यन्त – आकार के समान इसकी चेष्टा ही कह रही है। (अपने आप से)

Meaning in English : Boy – By that time, I will play with it only.

(Having seen the female ascetic, he laughs):
Female Ascetic-Oh! He does not consider me. (Looking towards the king) Oh gentleman! Please ask the child to leave the cub which is being teased by him.

Dushyanta – It is known by his action which is according to his strong body. (To himself)

अनेन कस्यापि कुलाङ्कुरेण
स्पृष्टस्य गात्रेषु सुखं ममैवम्।
कां निवृत्तिं चेतसि तस्य कुर्यात्
यस्यायमक़ात कृतिनः प्ररूढः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – किसी के वंश के अंकुर स्वरूप इस बालक से स्पर्श होने पर जब मेरे अंगों में इस प्रकार आनन्द हो रहा है, तब जिस सौभाग्यशाली की गोद से यह उत्पन्न हुआ है उसके चित्त में किस अचिन्तनीय आनन्द को यह उत्पन्न करता होगा?

Meaning in English – Whep I feel such a great pleasure by the touch of this boy who is a seed of some-race, then what wonderful pleasure he brings for him from whose lap he is born?

संकेत – (बालमुपलालयन्) प्रकाशम् ……………………………… क्रीडनकमादत्ते)।

शदार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – (बालक को लाड़ करते हुए) प्रकट रूप से
दुष्यन्त – तो इसका वंश क्या है।
तपस्विनी – पुरुवंश।
दुष्यन्त – (मन में) क्या! मेरा और इसका वंश एक ही है? (प्रवेश करके)
तपस्विनी – पुत्र सर्वदमन! पक्षी के सौन्दर्य को देखो। (अथवा शकुन्तला के रूप को देखो)
बालक – कहाँ है मेरी माता?
दुष्यन्त – (मन में) क्या शकुन्तला इसकी माता का नाम है?
बालक – मुझे यह मोर अच्छा लगता है। (यह कहकर खिलौना ले लेता है।)

Meaning in English : Giving great love to the boy) Loudly
Dushyanta – Then, what is his family’s name?
Fem. Ascetic- Puru-race.
Dushyanta -(To himself) What? His and my race is the same?
Fem. Ascetic – Oh Sarvadamana! Look at the beauty of this bird.
Boy – Where is my mother?
Dushyanta – (To himself) Is Shakuntala his mother’s name?
Boy – I like this peacock. (Having said so takes the toy.).

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 4 ऋतुचर्या Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Sanskrit Class 11 Solutions Chapter 4 ऋतुचर्या

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
संस्कृतेन उत्तराणि देयानि –

(क) अयं पाठः कस्माद् ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः कश्च तस्य प्रणेता?
उत्तर-
अयं पाठः ‘चरकसंहिता’ इति ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः महर्षिः चरकः च अस्य प्रणेता।

(ख) कति ऋतवः भवन्ति? कानि च तेषां नामानि?
उत्तर-
ऋतवः षड् भवन्ति – हेमन्तः, शिशिरः, वसन्तः, ग्रीष्मः, वर्षा, शरद् च।।

(ग) शिशिरे किं किं वर्जनीयम्?
उत्तर-
शिशिरे कटुतिक्तकषायानि वातलानि लघुनि शीतलानि च अन्नपानानि वर्जयेत। .

(घ) वसन्ते कायाग्निं कः बाधते?
उत्तर-
वसन्ते दिनकृद्भाभिरीरितः निचितः श्लेष्मा कायाग्निं बाधते।

(ङ) ग्रीष्मे कीदृशम् अन्नपानं हितं भवति?
उत्तर-
ग्रीष्मे स्वादु शीत द्रवं स्निग्धमन्नपान हितं भवति।

(च) कस्मिन् ऋतौ पवनादयः कुप्यन्ति?
उत्तर-
वर्षौ पवनादयः कुप्यन्ति।

(छ) शरदृतौ पित्तप्रशमनाय किं किं सेव्यम् अस्ति?
उत्तर-
शरदृतौ पित्तप्रशमनाय मधुरं लघु शीतं सतिक्तकम् अन्नपानं मात्रया सुप्रकाङ्क्षितैः च सेव्यम्।

(ज) हिमागमे कीदृशानि अन्नपानानि वर्जयेत्?
उत्तर-
हिमागमे वातलानि लघूनि, उदमन्थं चान्नपानं वर्जयेत्।

(झ) शिशिरे कीदृशं गृहमाश्रयेत्?
उत्तर-
शिशिरे निवातम् उष्णं च गृहमाश्रयेत्।

(ञ) वसन्ते कानि कर्माणि कारयेत्?
उत्तर-
वसन्ते वमनादीनि कर्माणि कारयेत्।

(ठ) इन्दुरश्मयः कदा प्रशस्यन्ते?
उत्तर-
इन्दुरश्मयः शरत्काले प्रशस्यन्ते।

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः क्रियताम् –
उत्तर-
(क) हिमागमे वातलानि लघूनि च अन्नपानानि वर्जयेत्।
(ख) शिशिरे निवातम् उष्णं च गृहम् आश्रयेत्।
(ग) वसन्ते दिवास्वप्नं वर्जयेत्।
(घ) ग्रीष्मे घृतं पयः सशाल्यन्नं भजन् नरः न सीदति।
(ङ) शरत्काले विमलानि वासांसि प्रशस्यन्ते।

प्रश्न 3.
मातृभाषया व्याख्यायन्ताम् –

(क) हेमन्तशिशिरौ तुल्यौ शिशिरेऽल्पं विशेषणम्।
उत्तर-
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोकांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक भास्वती प्रथमो-भागः के याय ऋतुचर्या’ में से उद्धृत किया गया है। यह अध्याय महर्षि चरक द्वारा प्रणीत ग्रन्थ ‘चरक संहिता’ में से संकलित है। इस अध्याय में छ’ ऋतुओं में मनुष्य को अपनी भोजनचर्या किस प्रकार रखनी चाहिए – इसका विवेचन किया गया है। शिशिर ऋतु का वर्णन करते हुए महर्षि चरक कहते हैं –

हेमन्त तथा शिशिर दोनों ऋतुएँ लगभग समान ही हैं, शिशिर में हेमन्त से थोड़ी-सी ही भिन्नता है, वह यह कि – खाने पीने से तथा शीतल वायु से इस समय रूखापन अधिक हो जाता है। अतः ऐसे घर के अन्दर रहना चाहिए जिससे तेज वायु कष्टदायक न हो और भोजन तथा पेय पदार्थ भी चिकनाईयुक्त अधिक लेने चाहिएँ जिससे रूखापन न होने पाए।

(ख) मयूरवैर्जगतः स्नेहं पेपीयते रविः।
उत्तर-
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोकांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक भास्वती – प्रथमो भागः के अध्याय ‘ऋतुचर्या’ में से उद्धृत किया गया है। यह अध्याय महर्षि चरक द्वारा प्रणीत ग्रन्थ ‘चरक संहिता’ में से संकलित है। चरक संहिता आयुर्वेद शास्त्र का प्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ है। इस अE याय में महर्षि चरक ने विभिन्न ऋतुओं में अपनी भोजनचर्या किस प्रकार रखनी चाहिए – इस विषय का बहुत सुन्दर विवेचन किया है। ग्रीष्म ऋतु में सूर्य किस प्रकार अपनी किरणों से संसार का स्नेह पीता रहता है – इसका विवेचन किया गया है यहाँ।

सूर्य अपनी तीव्र किरणों से ग्रीष्म ऋतु में जगत के स्नेह को पीता रहता है। सूर्य की गर्म किरणें संसार के रस को पीती रहती हैं अतः इस समय पेय पदार्थों का अधिक सेवन करना चाहिए जिससे शरीर में रस की कमी न होने पाए।

(ग) शरत्काले प्रशस्यन्ते प्रदोषे चेन्दुरश्मयः।
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोकांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘भास्वती प्रथमो-भागः’ के अध्याय ‘ऋतुचर्या’ में से अवतरित है। यह अध्याय महर्षि चरक.द्वारा रचित ग्रन्थ ‘चरकसंहिता’ में से संकलित है। प्रस्तुत अध्याय में महर्षि चरक ने विभिन्न ऋतुओं में अपनी भोजनचर्या को किस प्रकार रखना चाहिए – इस विषय का सुन्दर विवेचन किया है। शरत्काल में क्या-क्या सेवनीय है – इस विषय का वर्णन करते हुए महर्षि कहते हैं –

शरत्काल में रात्रि चन्द्रमा की किरणों का सेवन करना अत्यन्त हितकर होता है। अतः शरदृतु में रात्रि में कुछ समय के लिए चन्द्रमा की किरणों का सेवन अवश्य करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.
ऋतुचर्यापाठम् अधिकृत्य प्रत्येकम् ऋतौ किं किं करणीयम् किं किं च न करणीयम् इति मातृभाषया सुस्पष्टयत –
उत्तर-

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखितानि विग्रहपदानि आधृत्य समस्तपदानि रचयत –
यथ –
नवम् ओदनम् = नवौदनम् कर्मधारय समास
उत्तर-

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितपदानामर्थमेलनं क्रियताम –
उत्तर-
पदानि – अर्थाः
(क) श्लेष्मा = कफ
(ख) रौक्ष्यम् = रूखापन
(ग) निवातम् = हवारहित
(घ) निचितः = बढ़ा हुआ (जमा हुआ)
(ङ) पवनः = वात
(च) गुरु: = भारी
(छ) लघु = हल्का
(ज) वासांसि = वस्त्र

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितपदानाम् विपरीतार्थकपदैः सह मेलनं क्रियताम् –
उत्तर-
पदानि विपरीतार्थकपदानि
(क) उष्णम् = शीतम्
(ख) सीदति = प्रसीदति
(ग) तप्तानाम् = शीतानाम्
(घ) गुरु = लघु
(ङ) अल्पम् = अधिकम्

प्रश्न 8.
प्रकृति प्रत्ययं च योजयित्वा पदनिर्माणं कुरुत –
उत्तर-
(क) हेमन्त + ठक् = हैमन्तिकः।
(ख) स्निम् + क्त = स्निग्धम्।
(ग) भुज् + तव्यत् = भोक्तव्यम्।
(घ) सेव् + यत् = सव्यम्. सेव्यम्.।
(ङ) शरद् + अण् = शारदम्।

योग्यताविस्तारः

(क) चरकसंहिता
संकेत – चरकसंहिता आयुर्वेदशास्त्रस्य ………………………………. सिद्धिस्थानं चेति।
उत्तर-
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – चरकसंहिता आयुर्वेदशास्त्र का प्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ है। इस ग्रन्थ में आठ स्थान (अध्याय) हैं – सूत्रस्थान, निदानस्थान, विमानस्थान, शरीरस्थान, इन्द्रियस्थान, चिकित्सास्थान, कल्पस्थान तथा सिद्धिस्थान।

Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 4 ऋतुचर्या Summary Translation in Hindi and English

1. गोरसानिक्षुविकृतीर्वसा तैलं नवौदनम्।
हेमन्तेऽभ्यस्यतस्तोयमुष्णं चायुर्न हीयते।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हेमन्त ऋतु में दूध के बने पदार्थ (दही, मलाई रबड़ी आदि) गन्ने के रस से निर्मित पदार्थ (गुड़, राब, चीनी, मिश्री आदि), चरबी, तेल तथा नए चावल का बना भात खाना चाहिए। (इसके अतिरिक्त) हेमन्त ऋतु में गर्म जल से स्नान तथा गर्म जल के पान. का अभ्यास करने वाले मनुष्य की आयु क्षीण नहीं होती।

Meaning in English – One should eat milk-products, things made by sugarcane juice, fats, oils and boiled new rice in cold season. Moreover, the age of that person is not declined who takes bath with hot water and who drinks also hot water in cold season.

2. वर्जयेदन्नपानानि वातलानि लघूनि च।
प्रवातं प्रमिताहारमुदमन्थं हिमागमे।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हेमन्त ऋतु में वातवर्धक तथा हल्का खाना-पीना, तेज वायु का प्रवाह, अल्पाहार तथा सत्तू आदि खाना छोड़ देना चाहिए।

Meaning in English – One should avoid eating and drinking of the things that cause rheumatism, light food, direct wind, small quantity of food and food made of parched grains also in cold season.

3. हेमन्तशिशिरौ तुल्यौ शिशिरेऽल्प विशेषणम्।
रौक्ष्यमादानजं शीतं मेघमारुतवर्षजम।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – सामान्यतः हेमन्त और शिशिर – दोनों ऋतुएँ प्रायः समान होती हैं, किन्तु शिशिर में इतनी विशेषता होती है कि खाने-पीने से उत्पन्न होने वाली रूक्षता, मेघवात (मानसून की वायु) तथा वर्षा के कारण बढ़ा हुआ शीत अधिक होता है।

Meaning in English-Generally both Hemanta and Shishira (cold and winter) seasons are similar in nature but in winter there is much cold due to ruggedness which is caused by eating and drinking and monsoon-winds, rains.

4. तस्माद्धैमन्तिकः सर्वः शिशिरे विधिरिष्यते।।
निवातमुष्णं त्वधिकं शिशिरे गृहमाश्रयेत्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – इसलिए शिशिर ऋतु में भी हेमन्त की ही विधियों का पालन करना चाहिए तथा ऐसे गर्म घर में रहना चाहिए जिसमें विशेष रूप से वायु का सीधा प्रवेश न होता हो।

Meaning in English – So, one should follow similar precautions in winter season which are followed in cold-season and one should reside in a warm house in which air does not enter directly.

5. कटुतिक्तकषायाणि वातलानि लघूनि च।
वर्जयेदन्नपानानि शिशिरे शीतलानि च।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – शिशिर ऋतु में कटु, तिक्त तथा कसैले रस वाले पदार्थ, वातवर्धक, हल्के तथा ठंडे अन्न और पेय पदार्थों का सेवन नहीं करना चाहिए।

Meaning in English – One should avoid taking bitter, spicy and pungent things and should also avoid eating and drinking of cold, light and suxh things which may cause rheumatism in winter season.

6. वसन्ते निचितः श्लेष्मा दिनकृद्भाभिरीरितः।
कायाग्निं बाधते रोगांस्तत प्रकुरुते बहून्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हेमन्त काल में सञ्चित (इकट्ठा) हुआ कफ वसन्त काल के आने पर सूर्य की किरणों से पिघलकर (शरीर में फैलकर) जठराग्नि को मन्द कर देता है तथा अनेक प्रकार के रोगों को उत्पन्न कर देता है।

Meaning in English – The phlegm which was increased in winter season gets urged by the sun-rays as spring-season comes and reduces the fire of the stomach. Thus various diseases are caused by it.

7. तस्माद्वसन्ते कर्माणि वमनादीनि कारयेत्।
गुर्वम्लस्निग्धमधुरं दिवास्वप्नं च वर्जयेत्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – इसलिए वसन्त ऋतु में (कफ की शुद्धि के लिए) वमन क्रियाएँ आदि (पञ्चकर्म) करनी चाहिएँ तथा वसन्त ऋतु में भारी पदार्थ, अम्ल पदार्थ, स्निग्ध तथा मधुर पदार्थों का सेवन नहीं करना चाहिए और दिन में सोना भी नहीं चाहिए।

Meaning in English – Therefore one should follow (five types of) activities like vomitting etc. to clear the phlegm. One should also avoid heavy food, acids, oily-food and sweets during spring season. One should also avoid day-dreaming.

8. मयूरवैर्जगतः स्नेहं ग्रीष्मे पेपीयते रविः।
स्वादु शीतं द्रवं स्निग्धमन्नपानं तदा हितम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – ग्रीष्मकाल में सूर्य अपनी तीव्र किरणों से जगत के स्नेह को पीता रहता है। इसलिए इस समय मधुर, शीतल, द्रव तथा स्निग्ध खान-पान हितकर होता है।

Meaning in English – In summer-season the sun takes again and again the oily substance of the world by its strong rays. Therefore, during this season eating and drinking of sweet, cold, liquid and oily things is good for health.

9. घृतं पयः सशाल्यन्नं भजन् ग्रीष्मे न सीदति।
लवणाम्लकटूष्णानि व्यायामं च विवर्जयेत्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – ग्रीष्म ऋतु में घी, दूध तथा धान सहित अन्न का सेवन करता हुआ व्यक्ति कष्ट नहीं पाता किन्तु नमकीन, अम्ल कटु तथा चरपरे पदार्थ का सेवन नहीं करना चाहिए तथा व्यायाम भी नहीं करना चाहिए।

Meaning in English – A man does not suffer who takes ghee, milk and paddy corns in summer season but one should avoid salty, sour, acids and spicy things. One should also avoid exercise.

10. भूवाष्पान्मेघनिस्यन्दात् पाकादम्लाज्जलस्य च।
वर्षास्वग्निबले क्षीणे कुप्यन्ति पवनादयः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – वर्षा ऋतु में भूमि से निकलने वाले वाष्पों से पानी बरसने से तथा जल का अम्लविपाक होने से जब अग्नि का बल क्षीण हो जाता है तथा वातादि दोष प्रकुपित हो जाते हैं।

Meaning in English – In the rainy season the strength of heat is declined by the vapour which come out of the earth and by falling of rain water. Then the diseases which are caused by wind etc. are intensified.

11. व्यक्ताम्ललवणस्नेहं वातवर्षाकुलेऽहनि।
विशेषशीते भोक्तव्यं वर्षास्वनिलशान्तये।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – वर्षा ऋतु में जिन दिनों तेज वायु तथा वर्षा होने से विशेष ठंड हो उन दिनों वातजन्य रोगों की शान्ति के लिए विशेष रूप से अम्ल और लवण युक्त तथा स्निग्ध (घी-तेल में पकाया हुआ) भोजन करना चाहिए।

Meaning in English – In rainy season one should have meals containing sourness and salt specially and should also have oily foods to pacify the diseases caused by wind when it is very cold due to strong winds and rains.

12. वर्षाशीतोचिताङ्गानां सहसैवार्करश्मिभिः।।
तप्तानामाचितं पित्तं प्रायः शरदि कुप्यति।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – वर्षा ऋतु में शरीर वर्षाकालीन शीत का अभ्यस्त रहता है और ऐसे शरीर के अंगों पर जब सहसा शरद् ऋतु के सूर्य की किरणें पड़ती हैं तो शरीर के अवयव संतप्त हो जाते हैं तथा वर्षा ऋतु में सञ्चित हुआ पित्त शरद् ऋतु में प्रकुपित हो जाता है।

Meaning in English – In rainy season the body becomes used to the cold of this season. Then the bright rays of the sun become untolerable for the body-parts. Thus the bile-juice wich is accumulated in rainy season gets intensified in the Autumn.

13. तथान्नपानं मधुरं लघु शीतं सतिक्तकम्।
पित्तप्रशमनं सेव्यं मात्रया सुप्रकाङ्क्षितैः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – शरद् ऋतु में अच्छी तरह भूख लगने पर रस में मधुर, लघु गुण वाला, शीत गुण वाला, तिक्त रस वाला तथा पित्त को शान्त करने वाला अन्न तथा पान का मात्रानुसार सेवन करना चाहिए।

Meaning in English – In Autumn one should have those foods and drinks only which are sweet in taste, light, spicy and which can pacify acidity but in required quantity and when one is really hungry only.

14. शारदानि च माल्यानि वासांसि विमलानि च।
शरत्काले प्रशस्यते प्रदोषे चेन्दुरश्मयः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – शरद ऋतु में उत्पन्न फलों की मालाओं, पवित्र वस्त्र तथा रात्रि में चन्द्रमा की किरणों का सेवन श्रेयस्कर माना जाता है।

Meaning in English – In Autumn putting on garlands (of flowers) that grow in that season, clean clothes and consuming rays of moon during night are considered good.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 12 Accountancy Chapter 6 Accounting for Share Capital Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Accounting for Share Capital NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 6

Accounting for Share Capital Questions and Answers Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 6

Test your Understanding-I (Page No. 7)

State which of the following statements are true:
(a) A Company is formed according to the provisions of Indian Companies Act-1932.
Answer:
False

(b) A company is an artificial person.
Answer:
True

(c) Shareholders of a company are liable for the acts of the company.
Answer:
False

(d) Every member of a company is entitled to take part in its management.
Answer:
True

(e) Company’s shares are generally transferable.
Answer:
True

(f) Share application account is a personal account.
Answer:
True

(g) The director of a company must be a shareholder.
Answer:
True

(h) Application money should not be less than 25% of the face value of shares.
Answer:
True

(i) Paid-up capital can exceed called-up capital.
Answer:
False

(j) Capital reserves are created from capital profits.
Answer:
True

(k) Securities premium account is shown on the assets side of the balance sheet.
Answer:
True

(l) Premium on issue of shares is a capital loss.
Answer:
True

(m) At the time of issue of shares, the maximum rate of securities premium is 10%.
Answer:
False

(n) The part of capital which is called-up only on winding up is called reserve capital.
Answer:
True

(o) Forfeited shares can not be issued at a discount.
Answer:
False

(p) The shares originally issued at discount may be re-issued at a premium.
Answer:
True

Test your Understanding-II (Page No. 36)

Choose the Correct Answer.
(a) Equity share holders are :
(i) creditors
(ii) owners
(iii) customers of the company.
Answer:
(ii) Owners

(b) Nominal share capital is :
(i) that Part of the authorised capital which is issued by the company.
(ii) the amount of capital which is actually applied for by the prospective shareholders.
(iii) the maximum amount of share capital which a company is authorised to issue.
(iv) the amount actually paid by the shareholders.
Answer:
(iii) the maximum amount 01 share capital which a company is authorised to issue.

(c) Interest on calls-in-arrears is charged according to “Table A” at:
(i) 5%
(ii) 6%
(iii) 8%
(iv) 11%
Answer:
(ii) 5%

(d) Money received in advance from shareholders before it is actually called-up by the directors is :
(i) debited to calls-in-advance account
(ii) credited to calls-in-advance account
(iii) debited to calls account.
Answer:
(ii) Credited to calls-in-advance account

(e) Shares can be forfeited :
(i) for non-payment of call money
(ii) for failure to attend meetings
(iii) for failure to repay the loan to the bank
(iv) for which shares are pledged as a security.
Answer:
(i) for non-payment of call money

(f) The balance of share forfeited account after the reissue of forfeited shares is transferred to :
(i) general reserve
(ii) capital redemption reserve
(iii) capital reserve
(iv) reveneue reserve
Answer:
(iii) capital reserve

(g) Balance of share forfeiture account is shown in the balance sheet under the item :
(i) current liabilities and provisions
(ii) reserves and surpluses
(iii) share capital account
(iv) unsecured loans
Answer:
(iii) share capital account

Test your Understanding – III (Page No. 59)

(a) If a Share of Rs. 10 on which Rs. 8 is called-up and Rs. 6 is paid is forfeited. State with what amount the Share Capital account will be debited.

(b) If a Share of Rs. 10 on which Rs. 6 has been paid is forfeited, at what minimum price it can be reissued.

(c) Allhuwalia Ltd. issued 1,000 equity shares of Rs. 100 each as fully paid-up in consideration of the purchase of plant and machinery worth Rs. 1,00,000. What entry will be recorded in company’s journal.
Answer:
(a) Rs. 8
(b) Rs. 4
(c) …….

On January 1,2006, a Limited Company was incorporated with an authorised capital of Rs. 40,000 divided into shares of Rs. 10 each.

It offered to the public for subscription of 3,000 shares payable as follows :

On Application – Rs. 3 per share
On Allotment – Rs. 2 per share
On First Call (One month after allotment) – Rs. 2.50 per share
On Second and Final Call – Rs. 2.50 per share

The shares were fully subscribed for by the public and application money duly received on January 15, 2006, The directors made the allotment on February 1,2006.
How will you record the share capital transactions in the books of a company if :
(i) The amount due has been duly received.
(ii) The company maintains the combined account for application and allotment.
Answer:

Do It Yourself (Page No. 22)

Question 1.
A company issued 20,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/- each payable at Rs. 3 on application, Rs. 3 on allotment, Rs. 2 on first call and Rs. 2 on second and the final call. The allotment money was payable on or before May 1st, 2005; first call money on or before August 1st, 2005; and the second and final call on or before October 1st, 2005; ‘X’, whom 1,000 shares were allotted, did not pay the allotment and call money; ‘Y’ on allottee of 600 shares did not pay the two calls; and ‘Z’, whom 400 shares were allotted, did not pay the final call. Pass journal entries and prepare the Balance Sheet of the company as on December 31st, 2005.
Answer:

Question 2.
Alfa company Ltd. issued 10,000 shares of Rs. 10 each for cash payable at Rs. 3 on application, Rs. 2 on allotment and the balance in two equal installments. The allotment money was payable on or before March 3rd, 2006; the first call money on or before 30th June, 2006; and the final call money on or before 31st August, 2006. Mr. ‘A’, whom 600 shares were allotted, paid the entire remaining face value of shares alloted to him on allotment. Record journal entries in companies’ books and also prepare their Balance Sheet on the date.
Answer:

Do It yourself (Page No. 46) 

Question 1.
A company forfeited 100 equity shares of Rs. 10 each issued at a premium of 20% for non-payment of final call of Rs. 5 including the premium. Show the journal entry to be passed for forfeiture of Shares.
Answer:

Question 2.
A company forfeited 800 equity shares of Rs. 10 each issued at a discount of 10% for non-payment of two calls of Rs. 2 each. Calculate the amount forfeited by the company. Also calculate the amount of capital profit if 300 shares were reissued out of the forfeited shares at Rs. 8 per share. Also show how to pass the journal entries.
Answer:

Do it Yourself (Page No. 59)

Excell Company Limited made an issue of 1,00,000 Equity Shares of Rs. 10 each, payable as follows:

On Application – Rs. 2.50 per share
On Allotment – Rs. 2.50 per share
On 1st and Final call – Rs. 5.00 per share

X, the holder of 400 shares did not pay the call money and his shares were forfeited. Two hundred of the forfeited shares were reissued as fully paid at Rs. 8 per share. Draft necessary journal entries and prepare Share Capital and Share Forfeited’ accounts in the books of the company.
Answer:

Do it Yourself (Page No. 62)

Journalise the following:
(a) The directors of a company forfeited 200 equity shares of Rs. 10 each on which Rs. 800 had been paid. The Shares were reissued upon payment of Rs. 1,500.

(b) A holds 100 shares of Rs. 10 each on which he has paid Re. 1 per share on application. B holds 200 Shares of Rs. 10 each on which he has paid Re. 1 on application Rs. 2 on allotment. C holds 300 shares of Rs. 10 each who has paid Re. 1 on applications. Rs. 2 on allotment and Rs. 3 on first call. They all failed to pay their arrears and second call of Rs. 4 per share as well. All the shares of A, B and C were forfieted and subsequently reissued at Rs. 11 per share as fully Paid- up.
Answer :

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Public Company?
Answer:
Public Company—According to Section 3(i) (iv) of the Companies Act 1956 “Public Company means a company
(a) which is not a private company and
(b) has a minimum paid up capital of Rs. 5 lakhs or such higher paid-up capital and
(c) is a private company which is a subsidiary of a company which is not a private company.” Companies Amendment Act 2000 states that a public company cannot be registered with a capital of less than Rs. 5 lakhs.

A public company may be a listed company or unlisted company. A listed company is a public company which has any of its securities listed in any recognised stock exchange. An unlisted company is one whose securities are not listed on any recognised stock exchange for trading.

Question 2.
What is Private Limited Company?
Answer:
Private Company—According to section (3)(i), (iii), a private company means a company which has a minimum paid up capital of Rs. One lakh or such higher paid-up capital as may be prescribed and by its articles—
(i) Restricts the rights of members to transfer its shares,
(ii) Limits the number of its members to 50 excluding :

• persons who are in employment of the company, and
• persons, who, having been formerly in the employment of the company, were members of the company while in that employment and have continued to be members after the employment ceased.

(iii) Prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe to any shares or debentrues of the company.
(iv) Prohibits any invitation or acceptance of deposits from persons other than its members, directors and relatives.

Question 3.
Define Government Company.
Answer:
Government Company—According to section 617 of the Companies Act 1956, “a Government Company is a company in which not less than 51% of the paid-up capital is held by the Central Government, or by any State Government or Governments or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments and includes a company which is a subsidiary of a Government Company.”

Question 4.
What do you mean by a listed company?
Answer:
A public company may be listed or unlisted company. A listed company is that public company which has any of its securities are listed in any recognised stock exchange in India for trading. Listing of securities in any recognised stock exchange gives a guarantee and impression in the minds of potential investors about the goodwill of the company.

Question 5.
What are the uses of securities premium?
Answer:
Security Premium and its Uses – When shares of a company are issued at a price more than the face value, it is said to be an issue of shares at premium. When shares are issued at premium, the premium amount is credited to a separate account called “Securities Premium

Account” because it is not a part of share capital. Rather, it represents, a capital gain and being a credit balance, is shown on the liabilities side of the company’s balance sheet under the heading “Reserves and Surplus”.

According to Section 78 of the Companies Act, Securities Premium Account may be used by the company :

• In paying up unissued capital of the company to be issued to the members of the company as fully paid bonus shares.
• To write off preliminary expenses of the company.
• To write off the expenses of, or commission paid, or discount allowed on any of the securities or debentures of the company.
• To pay premium on the redemption of preference shares or debentures of the company.

Question 6.
What is buy-back of shares?
Answer:
Buy-back of shares : The term buy-back of shares denotes the purchasing of its own shares by a company either from free reserves, securities premium or proceeds of any shares or debentures. According to Section 77 A of the Companies Act 1956, a company can buy its own shares in the following forms :

• Through existing equity shareholders on a proportionate basis; or
• Through open market; or
• By odd lot of shareholders; or
• Employees of the company pursuant to a scheme of stock option or sweat equity.

Following procedural rules are to be followed :

• The buy-back should be authorized by the Articles of Association.
• The special resolution is to be passed in the General Meeting of the shareholders.
• The buy-back of the shares cannot exceed 25% of paid-up capital and free reserves in a financial year.
• The debt-equity ratio should not be more than 2 :1 after such buy-back of shares.
• All the shares for buy-back should be fully paid up.
• The buy-back should be completed within 12 months from the date of passing of the special resolution.
• The company must file solvency declaration with the registrar and SEBI in the form of an affidavit signed by at least two directors of the company.

The affidavit must state that the board has made full inquiry into the affairs of the company is capable of meeting its liabilities and will not render insolvent within a period of one year from the date of declaration adopted by the board.

A company that buy-back of its own shares shall extinguish and physically destroy such shares within seven days of completion of buy-back in the presence of merchant bankers or Registrar or statutory auditor.

No Further Issue : When a company completes the buy-back of its shares, shall not make further issue of shares within a period of 24 month except by way of bonus shares or in the discharge of some obligations like conversion of share warrants, stock option schemes, sweat equity or conversion of preference shares and debentures into equity shares.

SEBI Guidelines: SEBI has made certain regulations in 1988 with regard to buy-back of shares. Following are the important guidelines given by the SEBI:

(i) Buy-back of shares cannot be made by a private person through negotiated deals with stock exchange or through spot transactions or any other private arrangement. A company is required to make public announcement in at least in one

National English Daily, and one in Hindi National Daily and one Regional Language Daily all with wide circulation where registered office of the company is situated. Public announcement should specify the following things :

(a) It should specify the date of the dispatch of the offer letter. The letter should specifically stated as “specific date” and it shall not be less than earlier than 30 days but not later than 42 days.

(b) The company shall file information to the SEBI within seven working days from the date of public announcement.

(c) The offer for buy-back shall remain open to the members for a period of not less than 15 days but not exceeding 30 days. However, the opening date for the offer shall not be earlier than 7 days or later than 30 days from the specified date.

(d) The company shall complete the verification of offers within 15 days from the date of closure and shares lodged shall be deemed to have been accepted unless communication of rejection is made within 15 days from the date of closure.

Proportionate Buy-Back of Shares : When the number.of shares tendered for buy-back are more than the number of shares to be bought back from each member of shareholder, the rule of proportionate buy-back shall be determined by using the following formula: Acceptance tendered by a member x Number of Securities to be bought back = Total acceptance tendered.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on “Minimum Subscription”.
Answer:
Minimum Subscription: It is the minimum amount which must be raised to meet the need of business operations of the company relating to the followings :
(a) The price of’ any property purchased, or to be purchased, which has to be met wholly or partly out of the proceeds of the issue.
(b) Preliminary expenses payable by the Company and any commission payable in connection with the issue of share.
(c) The repayment of any money borrowed by the company for the above two matters;
(d) Working capital; and
(e) Any other expenditure required for the usual conduct of business operations. It is to be noted that ‘minimum subscription’ of capital cannot be less than 90% of the issued amount according to SEBI

(Discolsure and Investor Protection) Guidelines, 2000. If the above condition is not satisfied, the company shall forthwith refund the entire subscription amount received. If a delay occurs beyond 8 days from the date of closure of subscription list, the company shall be liable to pay the amount with interest at the rate of 15%.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by a word “Company”? Describe its charactertics.
Answer:
A company is an association of persons having a separate legal existence, perpetual succession’and common seal. Its capital is generally divided into shares, which are transferable, subject to certain condition.

Major definitions
“Company is an artificial person created by law having seprate entity with a perpetual succession and common seal.” —Prof. L.H. Haney

“Company means an associations of persons united for a common object.” —Justice James

“A Company means a company formed and registered under this Act (Companies Act, 1956) or any previous Act.”
—Indian Companies Act, 1956

“Company is an association of many persons who contribute money or money’s worth to a common stock and employ it for a common purpose.” —LordLindley

“As persons, artificial, invisible, intangible and existing only in the eyes of law. Being a creation of law, it possesses only those properties which the charter of its creations confers on it either, expressly or as incidental to its very existence, among the most important of which are immortality and individulaity.” —Chief Justice Marshal

Thus, that group of people which is incorporated under the Companies Act, whose creation is due to a special purpose, the liability of the members is generally limited, whose existence is separate from its members and is continuous or perpetual and which has a common seal, is called a company.

Characteristics of Company –

The definitations given above reveals the following features of a Company –
1. Voluntary Association—A Company is a voluntary association of certain persons formed to carry out a particular purpose in common. Members of a company can join it and leave it at their own free will.

2. Separate Legal Entity—The existence of company is separate and free from its members. Company can keep property in its name and enter into agreements. It can file suit against anybody and it can also be sued. All the liabilities and assets belong to the company itself and not to the owners.

3. Limited Liability—As a company has a separate legal entity, its members cannot be held liable for the debts of the company. The liability of every member is limited to the nominal value of the shares bought by him or to the amount of guarantee given by him.

4. Perpetual Succession— “Members may come, members may go. But the company goes on forever.”

A company has a continuous existence and its life is not affected by the death, lunacy, insolvency or retirement of its members or director. Members may come and go, but the company continous its operations so long as it fulfills the requirements of the law under which it has been formed. Since it is a legal person (created by law), it can go out of existence only through the legal process.

5. Common Seal—Being an artificial person, a company cannot put its signature. The law has, therefore, provided for the use of a common seal, with the name of the company engraved on it and which remains in the possession of its Secretary. It acts as an official signature of the company. Any document which does not carry the common seal of the company is not binding on the company.

6. Transferability of Shares—The shares of the company are generally transferable. A shareholder is free to withdraw his membership from the company by transferring his shares. But the Articles of the company can prescribe the manner in which the transfer of shares will be made.

7. May sue or be sued—A Company dan enter into contracts and can enforce the contractual rights against other. Similarly, the company can be sued by the others if there is a breach of contract by the company.

8. Right of Access to Information—The shareholders of a company have the right to inspect the books of accounts except the books not inspected under the statute. The shareholders have a right to seek information from the directors by participating in the meeting of the company and through the periodic reports.

9. Company is not a citizen—Although company is a legally created person yet under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution it has not been recognised as a citizen. Hence, like all other citizens, the company has no right to exercise the fundamental rights.

10. Maintenance of Books—A company is required by law to keep a prescribed set of account books and any failure in this regard attracts penalties.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the main categories in which the share capital of a company is divided.
Answer:
Meaning of Share Capital—Every company should have capital in order to finance its activities. The company raises this capital by issue of share because it does not have capital of its own being an artificial person. Thus the total capital of the company is divided into shares, therefore, it is called share capital or the amount invested by the shareholders towards the face value of shares are collectively known as share capital

Categories of Share Capital  – The Share capital of a company may be divided into the main six categories, which are presented here with the help of diagram.

(1) Authorised Share Capital or Nominal Capital or Registered Capital – Authorised share capital is the maximum amount of Share Capital, mentioned in the memorandum of association, which the company is entitled to issue. This is the maximum limit of the company which it is authorised to raise and beyond which the company cannot raise unless the capital clause in the Memorandum is alterted in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 94 of the Companies Act, 1956.

(2) Issued Capital – It is that portion of the authorised share capital for which offers have been invited for subscription. This includes any bonus share allotted by the corporate enterprise. It also includes share allotted to vendors of assets or promoters for considerations other than cash. That portion of authorised share capital for which offer have not been invited for subscription is called Unissued share capital. The issued capital cannot exceeds its authorised capital.

(3) Subscribed Capital—It means that portion of issued capital which has been subscribed for by the public and the balance of issued capital not subscribed for by the public is called the unsubscribed capital. When the share offered for public subscription were subscribed fully by the public, in such a case the issued capital and subscribed capital would be the same.

(4) Called up Capital – It is that part of the subscribed Share Capital which the company actually demands from the shareholders. The shareholders is generally required to pay it by instalments. The balance of subscribed capital which has not been called up represents uncalled Capital.

(5) Paid-up Capital – It is that portion of the called up capital which has been actually received from the shareholders. When the shareholder have paid all the call amount, the called up capital is the same to the paid-up capital. The amount yet due from the shareholders is called call in arrears.

(6) Reserve Capital – It is that portion of the subscribed capital which has not been called up and which, the company has resolved by special resolution can be called up only in the event of and for the purpose of the company being wound-up, that is capital which has been reserved for winding up.

Question 3.
What do you mean by the term ‘Share’. Discuss the type of shares, which can be issued under the Companies Act, 1956 as amended to date.
Answer:
Meaning of Share : The Capital of a company is divided into a number of equal units. Each unit is called a share. The word share implies a unit of share capital having property rights. The Companies Act, 1956 defines a share as “a share in the share Capital of the Company.”

A share is proportionate part of the share capital and forms the basis of ownership interest in a company. The persons who contribute money through shares are known as Shareholders’. A share is not a sum of money but is an interest measured by a sum of money.

Share is a bundle of rights and obligation contained in the contract, i.e. Articles of Associations. The company issues a certificate to every share holder stating the number of shares he holds. The certificate is called a share certificate.

Under the current corporate law a public limited company can issue two types of shares to the public for subscription of share capital:

(i) Preference Shares
(ii) Equity Shares (formerely known as ordinary shares.) (Section 86 of the Companies Act 1956.)

(i) Preference Shares: According to Sec. 85 of the Company Act, a preference share is one which carries the following two rights.

• a right to receives dividend at a stipulated rate or of a fixed amount before any dividend is paid on equity shares.
• a right to receives repayment of capital on winding up of the company, before the capital of equity shareholders is returned.

(ii) Equity Shares: Under Indian Companies Act 1956, “an equity share is a share which is not a preference share “Equity Share is one which is entitled to dividend and repayment of capital after the claim of preference shares is satisfied. Usually, the equity share holders controls the affairs of the company and hence get right to all the profits after the preference shareholders.

Question 4.
Discuss the process for the allotment of shares of a company in case of over subscription.
Answer:
Over subscription – When shares are issued to the public for subscription through the prospectus by well managed and financially strong companies, it may happen that applications for more share are received than the number of share offered to the public, such situation is said to be case of oversubscription.

Alternative:
1. They can accept some application in full and totally reject the others.
2. They can make a pro-rata distribution.
3. They can adopt combination of the above two alternatives.

Accounting Treatment:
1. If the excess applicants are totally refused for allotment, the application money received on these shares is refunded. Following entry will pass:

2. If the applicants are made partial allotment (or pro-rata allotment):
The directors can as well opt to make a proportionate distribution of share available for allotment among the applicants of shares. The proportion is determined by the ratio which the number of shares to be allotted bear to the number of share applied for. This is called ‘pro¬rata-allotment.’ Generally excess application money received on these shares is adjusted towards the amount due on allotment or call.

3. This is a combination of two alternatives described above on thus:
(a) Application for some shares are rejected and
(b) Pro-rata allotment is made to the applicants of remaining number of shares.
Thus, money on rejected application is refunded and excess application money due to pro-rata distribution is adjusted towards the amount due on the allotment of shares alloted.

Question 5.
What is a ‘Preference Share’? Describe the different types ’ of Preference Shares.
Answer:
Meaning of Preference Shares – According to Sec. 85, of the Companies Act, a preference share is one which carries the following two rights.

(a) A right to receives dividend at a stipulated rate or of a fixed amount before any dividend is paid on equity shares.

(b) A right to receives repayment of capital on winding up of the company, before the capital of equity shareholders is returned. Thus, Shares which enjoy preferential right as to dividend and repayment of capital in the event of the winding up of a company, over its equity share, are called preference shares.

Types of Preference Shares—
1. Cumulative and Non-cumulative Preference Shares
2. Participating and Non-Participating Preference Share
3. Redeemable and Irredeemable Preference Share
4. Convertible and Non-convertible Preference Share.

1. (i) Cumulative Preference Shares—The dividend on these shares is accumulated until it is paid, that is, if the profits earned in a particular years or number of years are not sufficient to pay fixed annual dividend. The arrears of such dividends are carried forward and are paid in any subsequent year before any dividend is paid to equity shareholders. All preference shares are cumulative unless expressely stated to be non-cumulative.

(ii) Non-cumulative Preference Share—Dividend is payable only out of the profits of each year and if no profits are available for the payment of dividend then the right to dividend is gone. In other words it means arrears of dividend do not accumulate.

2. (i) Participating Preference Share—In addition to basic preferential rights, it also carries the right

• to participate in surplus profits left after payment of dividends to equity shareholder
• in winding up a right to participate in the surplus assets left after both the preference and equity shareholders have been paid in full.

(ii) Non-Participating Preference Share is one on which only a fixed rate of dividend is paid and nothing more. Preference share are always deemed to be non-parhcipating preference shares.

3. (i) Redeemable Preference Share – means which accordance with the terms of issue, will be repaid on or after a certain date, this type of share will be called redeemable preference share. The redemption is subject to certain legal restrictions enumerated in Section 80 of the Companies Act.

(ii) Irredeemable Preference Share are those shares for which the amount of capital is not paid back to the shareholders before the winding up of a company. After the commence of the Companies Amendment Act, 1988 no company limited by shares can issue any preference share which is irredeemable.

4. (i) Convertible Preference Share is that share which gets right of conversion into equity share.
(ii) Non-convertible Preference Share—When a preference share cannot be converted into equity share it is said to be a non-convertible preference share. Preference share are non-convertible unless otherwise stated.

Question 6.
Describe the provisions of law relating to ‘Calls-in-Arrears’ and ‘Calls-in-Advance’.
Answer:
Calls-in-Arrears—When any shareholder fails to pay the amount due on allotment or on any of the calls, such amount is known as Calls-in-Arrears/Unpaid calls.

Calls-in-Arrears amounts shows the debit balance and the same is shown as a deduction from the paid-up capital on the liabilities side of Balance Sheet.

Accounting Treatment:
Calls-in-Arrears A/C – Dr.
To Share Allotment A/C .
To Share Call/Calls A/C
(Calls-in-Arrears brought into account)

The Articles of Association of a company usually empowers the director to charge interest at a stipulated rate on calls-in-arrears. In case the Articles are silent in this regard, the rule contained in Table A shall be applicable, which states that the interest at a rate not exceeding 5% p.a. shall have to be paid on all unpaid amounts on shares for the period intervening between the day fixed for payment and the time of actual payment there on. On receipt of the call amount together with interest, the following entry will passed

Bank A/C – Dr.
To Call-in-Arrears A/C
To Interest A/C
(For Call-in-Arrears received along with interest.)

Calls-in-Advance – Sometimes some shareholders pay a part or whole of the amount on the calls not yet made. Such amount received in advance from the shareholders is known as ‘Calls-in-Advance’. It may also happen in case of partial allotment of shares when the full amount of application money paid is not adjusted to allotment. The amount received will be adjusted towards the payment of calls as and when it becomes due.

Accounting treatment:
A separate Call-in-Advance A/c is opened for its accounting treatment and following entry will pass.

Bank A/C – Dr.
To Call-in-Advance A/c
(Amount received as Call-in-Advance)

When calls becomes actually due requiring adjustment of ‘Call-in-Advance’ A/C.
Call-in-Advance A/C – Dr.
To Particular Call A/C
(Calls-in-advance adjusted with the call money due.)

The credit balance of Calls-in-Advance A/C is shown separately on the liabilities side of balance sheet under heading ‘Share Capital’ but is not added to the amount of Paid-Up Capital.

As Calls-in-Advance is a liability to the company and it is under an obligation, if provided by the Articles of Association, to pay interest on such amount. In case the articles are silent then Table’A’ shall be applicable, according to which interest @ 6% p.a. may be paid.

Question 7.
Explain the terms ‘Over-subscription’ and ‘Under¬subscription’. How are they dealt with in accounting records?
Answer:
Meaning of Over subscription : Over subscription is a situation when applications received are for more shares than the number of shares offered to the public for subscription through the prospectus of a company.

Accounting treatment in case of over subscription : Three alternatives are available to the directors in such a situation. Firstly, on pro-rata basis and the excess amount received on application be adjusted towards allotment and subsequent calls. For example, applications received for 15,000 shares for 10,000 shares invited for subscription.

Directors decide to reject 2,500 applications out rightly and make a pro-rata allotment for the remaining 12,500 shares to 10,000 shares. Journal Entries in such a case will be passed as follows :

Under-Subscription : Under-subscription is the situation where applications received for number of shares are less than that have been invited for subscription. This, of course, is subject to the condition that minimum subscription has at least been received because without such subscription the procedure of share issue cannot – proceed further legally. The accounting procedure for under-subscription of shares is as usual as the issue of fresh shares.

Question 8.
Describe the purpose for which a company can use ‘Securities Premium Account’.
Answer:
Meaning – Shares are said to be issued at premium when they are issued at a price higher than the face value. The excess of issue price over the face value is called as the amount of ‘Share Premium’, at a premium of Rs. 5. The premium on issue of shares (whether received in cash or in kind) is a capital receipt and not a revenue receipt and must be credited to a separate account called ‘Securities Premium Account’.

Purposes – According to Sec. 78 of the Companies Act 1956, the Securities premium may be applied only for the following purposes –

• To issue fully paid bonus shares to the members.
• To write off preliminary expenses of the company.
• To write off the expenses of or the commission paid or discount allowed on any issue of shares or debentures of the company.
• To provide for the premium payable on the redemption of any redeemable preference shares or of any debentures of the company.

The use of Securities Premium for purposes other than those mentioned above requires the compliance of the provisions of the Act relating to reduction of share capital.

Question 9.
State clearly the conditions under which a company can issue shares at a discount.
Answer:
Issue of shares at discount: When the shares of a company are issued at an amount less than the nominal value of share, they are known as issue of shares at discount. According to section 79, a company is permitted to issue shares at a discount in the following conditions :

(i) Such issue must be authorized by passing an ordinary resolution in general meeting of the company and sanctioned by Company Law Board.

(ii) The maximum rate of discount at which shares are issued must not exceed 10 percent of the face value of shares. In special circumstances, if board convincted, the rate of discount can be more than 10%.

(iii) In order to issue such shares at least one year must have elapsed since the company was entitled to commence the business.

(iv) Such shares should of a class, which has already been issued.

(v) Such shares must be issued within two months from the date of received sanction for the same from the Central Government.

From the above, it is clear that restrictions placed on shares issued at discount are stated that:

• a new company cannot issue shares at discount and
• a new class, of shares cannot be issued at a discount.

Accounting treatment on such shares should be done by debiting the amount of discount denotes a loss to the company shown as capital nature loss under the head Miscellaneous expenditure in the asset side of Balance Sheet. It is written off by charging from Security Premium account or by Profit and Loss Account over a period of time.

Accounting Entry may be passed as follows:
Share Allotment A/c – Dr.
Discount on issue of shares A/c – Dr.
To Share Capital A/c
(For amount due on allotment and discount on issue brought into account)

Question 10.
Explain the term ‘Forfeitue of Shares’ and give the accounting treatment on forfeitue.
Answer:
When a shareholder fails to pay calls, the company, if empowered by its articles of association, may forfeit the shares of a defaulting shareholder. But before the directors forfeit the shares, the following procedures has to be followed :

(i) A notice is required to be sent to the defaulting shareholder requesting him to pay the calls in arrears along with interest within 14 days of the receipt of the notice.

(ii) If the notice also fails to get the money, the Company secretary issues a warning letter informing the defaulting shareholder that if money is not received by the company within next 14 days of the receipt of the warning letter, the shares may be forfeited by the company.

(iii) When the final notice also fails to realise the calls in arrears, a list of defaulting shareholders is prepared and placed before the Board of Directors who forfeit such shares by passing a resolution to that effect.

(iv) After the shares have been forfeited by the Board of Directors, Company secretary sends a copy of the resolution to the defaulting shareholders with a request to send back the share certificates to the company. Public notice to this effect is also given in the national daily newspapers.

Upon forfeiture, the original shareholders cases to be a member and his name is removed from the register of members.
Accounting treatment: Entries regarding the forfeiture of shares may be passed in the following three conditions :

(i) Forfeiture of shares issued at Par: When the shares issued at par are forfeited, following journal entry required to be passed :

(ii) Forfeiture of shares issued at Premium:

(a) When premium is received: Where shares originally issued at a premium, on which premium amount has been fully realised, are later on forfeited due to non-payment of allotment/call money, the amount of premium is not to be debited at the time of forfeiture of shares. Following is the Journal Entry required to be passed :

(b) When premium is not received : If shares originally issued at a premium on which the premium amount has not been received either wholly or partially are subsequently forfeited, share premium account is debited with the amount of premium along with the share capital at the time of forfeiture of shares. The Journal Entry may be passed as follows :

(iii) Forfeiture of shares issued at Discount: When shares forfeited were originally issued at discount, the discount on such shares must be cancelled or written back. It should be credited at the time of forfeiture in order to balance on Discount on issue of Shares Account.

Following journal entry may be passed to record the forfeiture of shares issued at discount.

Numerical Questions

Question 1.
Anish Limited issued 30,000 equity shares of Rs. 100 each payable at Rs. 30 on application, Rs. 50 on allotment and Rs. 20 on 1st and final call. All money was duly received.
Record these transactions in the journal of the company.
Answer:

Question 2.
The Adersh Control Device Ltd. was registered with the authorised capital of Rs. 3,00,000 divided into 30,000 shares of Rs. 10 each, which were offered to the public. Amount payable as Rs. 3 per share on application, Rs. 4 per share on allotment and Rs. 3 per share on first and final call. These shares were fully subscribed and all money was duly received. Prepare Journal and Cash Book.
Answer:

Question 3.
Software Solution India Ltd. inviting application for 20,000 equity share of Rs. 100 each, payable Rs. 40 on application, Rs. 30 on allotment and Rs. 30 on call. The company received applications for 32,0 00 shares. Application for 2,000 shares were rejected and money returned to Applicants. Applications for 10,000 shares were accepted in full and applicants for 20,000 share allotted half of the number of share applied and excess application money adjusted into allotment. All money received due on allotment and call.
Prepare journal and cash book.
Answer:

Question 4.
Rupak Ltd. issued 10,000 shares of Rs. 100 each payable at Rs. 20 per share on application, Rs. 30 per share on allotment and balance in two calls of Rs. 25 per share. The application and allotment money were duly received. On first call all member pays their dues except one member holding 200 shares, while another member holding 500 shares paid for the balance due in full. Final call was not made. Give journal entries and prepare cash book.
Answer:

Question 5.
Mohit Glass Ltd. issued 20,000 shares of Rs. 100 each at Rs. 110 per share, payable Rs. 30 on application, Rs. 40 on allotment (including Premium), Rs. 20 on first call and Rs. 20 on final call. The applications were received for 24,000 shares and allotted 20,000 shares and reject 4,000 shares and amount returned thereon. The money was duly received. Give journal entries.
Answer:

Question 6.
A limited company offered for subscription of 1,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 2 per share. 2,00,000. 10% Preference shares of Rs. 10 each at par.

All the shares were fully subscribed, called-up and paid. Record these transactions in the journal and cash book of the company.
Answer:

Question 7.
Eastern Company Limited, having an authorised capital of Rs. 10,00,000 in shares of Rs. 10 each, issued 50,000 shares at a premium of Rs. 3 per share payable as follows :
On Application – Rs. 3 per share
On Allotment (including premium) – Rs. 5 per share
On First call (due three months after – Rs. 3 per share allotment) and the balance as an when required.
Applications were received for 60,000 shares and the directors alloted the shares as follows :
(a) Applicants for 40,000 shares received shares, in full.
(b) Applications for 15,000 shares received an allotment of 8,000 shares.
(c) Applicants for 5000 shares received 2000 shares on allotment, excess money being returned.
All amounts due on allotment were received. The first call was duly made and the money was received with the exception of the call due on 100 shares. Give journal and cash book entries to record these transactions of the company. Also prepare the Balance Sheet of the company.
Answer:

Question 8.
Sumit Machine Ltd. issued 50,000 shares of Rs. 100 each at discount of 5%. The shares were payable Rs. 25 on application. Rs. 40 on allotment and Rs. 30 of first and final call. The issue were fully subscribed and money were dully received except the final call on 400 shares. The discount was adjusted on allotment. Give journal entries and prepare balance sheet.
Answer:

Question 9.
Kumar Ltd. purchase assets of Rs. 6,30,000 from Bhanu Oil Ltd. Kumar Ltd. issue equity share of Rs. 100 each fully paid in consideration. What journal entries will be made, if the share are issued, (a) at par, (b) at discount of 10 % and (c) at premium of 20%. [Ans : No. of shares issued (a) 6,300, (b) 7,000, (c) 5250]
Answer:

Question 10.
Bansal Heavy machine Ltd. purchased machine worth Rs. 3,20,000 from Handa Trader. Payment was made as Rs. 50,000 cash and remaining amount by issue of equity share of the face value of Rs. 100 each fully paid at an issue price of Rs. 90 each. Give journal entries to record the above transaction.
(Answer:: No of shares issued 3,000 shares)
Answer:

Question 11.
Naman Ltd. issued 20,000 shares of Rs. 100 each, payable Rs. 25 on application, Rs. 30 on allotment, Rs. 25 on first call and the balance on final call. All money dully received except Anubha, who holding 200 Shares did not pay allotment and calls money and Kumkum who holding 100 share did not pay both the calls. The directors forfeited shares of Anubha and Kumkum. Give journal entries.
Answer:

Question 12.
Kishna Ltd issued 15,000 shares of Rs. 100 each at a premium of Rs. 10 per share, payable as follows :
On Application – Rs. 30
On Allotment – Rs. 50 [inclding premium]
On first and final call – Rs. 30
All the shares subscribed and the company received all the money due, With the exception of the allotment and call money on 150 shares. These shares were forfeited and reissued to Neha as fully paid share of Rs. 120 each. Give Journal entries in the books of the company.
Answer:

Question 13.
Arushi Computers Ltd issued 10,000 equity shares of Rs. 100. each at 10% discount. The net amount payable as follows :
On Application – Rs. 20
On Allotment – Rs. 30 [Rs. 40 – discount Rs. 10]
On first call – Rs. 30
On final call – Rs. 10
A Shareholder holding 200 shares did not pay final call. His shares were forfeited. Out of these 150 shares were reissued to Ms. Sonia at Rs. 75 per shares.
Give journal entries in the books of the company.
(Answer:: Capital Reserve Rs. 9,750)
Answer:

Question 14.
Raunak Cotton Ltd. issued a prospectus inviting application for 6,000 equity shares of Rs. 100 each at a premium of Rs. 20, per shares, payable as follows:
On Application – Rs. 20
On Allotment – Rs. 50 [including premium]
On first call – Rs. 30
On final call – Rs. 20

Application were received for 10,000 share and allotment was made Pro-rata to the application of 8,000 shares, the remaining application being refused. Money received in excess on the application was adjusted toward the amount due on allotment.

Rohit, to whom 300 shares were alloted failed to pay allotment and calls money, his shares were forfeited. Like, who applied for 600 shares, failed to pay the two calls and her share were also forfeited. All these shares were sold to Kartika as fully paid for Rs. 80 per shares. Give journal entries in the books of the company.
Answer:

Question 15.
Himalaya Company Limited issued for public subscription of 1,20,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 2 per share payable as under :
With Application – Rs. 3 per share
On allotment (including premium) – Rs. 5 per share
On First Call – Rs. 2 per share
On Second and Final Call – Rs. 2 per share

Applications were received for 1,60,000 shares. Allotment was made on pro-rata basis. Excess money on application was adjusted against the amount due on allotment.

Rohan, whom 4,800 shares were allotted, failed to pay for the two calls. These shares were subsequently forfeited after the second call was made. All the shares forfeited were reissued to Teena as fully paid at Rs. 7 per share.
Record journal entries in the books of the company to record these transactions relating to share capital. Also show the company’s balance sheet. (Answer: Capital Reserve Rs. 14,400)
Answer:

Question 16.
Prince Limited issued a prospectus inviting applications for 20,000 equity Shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 3 Per Share payable as follows:
With Application – Rs. 2
On Allotment (including premium) – Rs. 5
On First Call – Rs. 3
On Second Call – Rs. 3

Applications were received for 30,000 Shares and allotment was made on prorata basis. Money overpaid on to the amount due on allotment. applications was adjusted Mr. ‘Mohit’ whom 400 Shares were allotted, failed to pay the allotment money and the first call, and his Shares were forfeited after the first call. Mr. ‘Joly’, whom 600 Shares were allotted, failed to pay for the two calls and hence, his Shares were forfeited.

Of the Shares forfeited, 800 Shares were reissued to Supriya as fully paid for Rs. 9 per shares, the whole of Mr. Mohit’s shares being included.

Record journal entries in the books of the Company and prepare the Balance Sheet.
(Ans : Capital Reserve Rs., 2000)
Answer:

Question 17.
Life machine tools Limited, issued 50,000 equity Shares of Rs. 10 each at Rs. 12 per share, payable at to Rs. 5 on application (including premium), Rs. 4 on allotment and the balance on the first and final call. Application for 70,000 Shares had been received. Of the cash received, Rs. 40,000 was returned and Rs. 60,000 was applied to the amount due on allotment, the balance of which was paid. All Shareholders paid the call due, with the exception of one Shareholder of 500 Shares. These Shares were forfeited and reissued as fully paid at Rs. 8 Per Share. Journalise the transactions. (Answer: Capital Reserve Rs. 2,500)
Answer:

Question 18.
The Orient Company Limited offered for public subscription 20,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of 10% payable at Rs. 2 on application; Rs. 4 on allotment including premium; Rs. 3 on First Call and Rs. 2 on Second and Final Call. Applications for 26,000 shares were received. Applications for 4,000 shares were rejected. Pro-rata allotment was made to the remaining applicants. Both the calls were made and all the money were received except the final call on 500 shares which were forfeited. 300 of the forfeited shares were later on issued as fully paid at Rs. 9 per share. Give journal entries and prepare the balance sheet.
Answer:

Question 19.
Alfa Limited invited applications for 4,00,000 its equity shares of Rs. 10 each on the following terms:
Payable on application – Rs. 5 per share
Payable on allotment – Rs. 3 per share
Payable on first and final call – Rs. 2 per share
Applications for 5,00,000 shares were received. It was decided :
(a) to refuse allotment to the applicants for 20,000 shares;
(b) to allot in full to applicants for 80,000 shares;
(c) to allot the balance of the available shares’ pro-rata among the other applicants; and
(d) to utilise excess application money in part as payment of allotment money.
One applicant whom shares had been allotted on pro-rata basis, did not pay the amount due on allotment and on the call, and his 400 shares were forfeited. The shares were reissued @ Rs. 9 per share. Show the journal and prepare cash book to record the above.
Answer:

Question 20.
Ashoka Limited Company which had issued equity shares of Rs. 20 each at a discount of Rs. 4 per share forfeited 1,000 shares for non-payment of final call of Rs. 4 per share. 400 of the forfeited shares are reissued at Rs. 14 per share out of the remaining shares of 200 shares reissued at Rs. 20 per share. Give journal entries for the forfeiture and reissue of shares and show the amount transferred to Capital Reserve and the balance in Share Forfeiture Account.
Answer:

Question 21.
Amit holds 100 shares of Rs. 10 each on which he has paid Re. 1 per share as application money. Bimal holds 200 shares of Rs. 10 each on which he has paid Re. 1 and Rs. 2 per share as application and allotment money, respectively. Chetan holds 300 shares of Rs. 10 each and has paid Re. 1 on application, Rs. 2 on allotment and Rs. 3 for the first call. They all fail to pay their arrears and the second call of Rs. 2 per share and the directors, therefore, forfeited their shares. The shares are reissued subsequently for Rs. 11 per share as fully paid, Journalise the transactions.
Answer:

Working Notes
Total Amount paid = 100+200+400+300+600+ 900= 2,500
Total Amount not paid on Allotment = Rs. 200
Total Amount not paid on Ist call = Rs. 900
Total Amount not paid on IInd call = Rs. 1200

Forfeiture of Shares of Amit
Amit hold 100 Share of Rs. 10 each
Amount paid on Application = Rs. 100
Amount not paid on Allotment = Rs. 200
Amount not paid on Ist call = Rs. 300
Amount not paid on IInd call= Rs. 200

Forfeiture of Shares of Bimal
Bimal hold 200 Share of Rs. 10 each
Amount paid on Application = Rs. 200
Amount paid on Allotment = Rs. 400
Amount not paid on Ist call – Rs. 600
Amount not paid on IInd call= Rs. 400

Forfeiture of Shares of Chetan
Chetan hold 300 Share of Rs. 10 each
Amount paid on Application = Rs. 300
Amount paid on Allotment = Rs. 600
Amount paid on Ist call = Rs. 900
Amount not paid on IInd call = Rs. 600

Question 22.
Ajanta Company Limited having a normal capital of Rs. 3,0, 000 divided into shares of Rs. 10 each offered for public subscription of 20,000 shares payable at Rs. 2 on application; Rs. 3 on allotment and the balance in two calls of Rs. 2,50 each. Applications were received by the company for 24,000 shares. Applications for 20,000 shares were accepted in full and the shares allotted. Applications for the remaining shares were rejected and the application money was refunded.

All money due were received with the exception of the final call on 600 shares which were forfeited after legal formalities were fulfilled. 400 shares of the forfeited shares were reissued at Rs. 9 per share. Record necesary journal entries and prepare the Balance Sheet showing the amont transferred to capital reserve and the balance in Share Forfeiture Account.
Answer:

Question 23.
Journalise the following transactions in the books of Bhushan Oil Ltd:
(a) 200 shares of Rs. 100 each issued at a discount of Rs. 10 were forfeited for the non-payment of allotment money of Rs. 50 per share. The first and final call of Rs. 20 per share on these were not made. The foreited share were reissued at Rs. 70 per share as fully paid-up.

(b) 150 shares of Rs. 10 each issued at a premium of Rs. 4 per share payable with allotment were foreited for non-payment of allotment money of Rs. 8 per share including premium. The first and final call of Rs. 4 per share were not made. The forfeited share were reissued at Rs. 15 per share fully paid-up.

(c) 400 share of Rs. 50 each issued at par were forfeited for non-payment of final call of Rs. 10 per share. These share were reissued at Rs. 45 per share fully paid-up.
(Answer: Capital Reserve (a) Nil, (b) Rs. 300(c) Rs. 14,000)
Answer:

Question 24.
Amisha Ltd. inviting application for 40,000 shares of Rs. 100 each at a premium of Rs. 20 per share payable; on application Rs. 40; on allotment Rs. 40 (including premium): on first call Rs. 25 and Second and final call Rs. 15. –
Application were received for 50,000 shares and allotment was made on pro-rata basis. Excess money on application was adjusted on sums due on allotment.

Rohit to whom 600 shares were allotted failed to pay the allotment money and his shares were forfeited after allotment. Ashmita, who applied for 1000 shares failed to pay the, two calls and her shares were forfeited after the second call. Of the shares forfeited, 1200 shares were sold to Kapil for Rs. 85 per share as fully paid, the whole of Rohit’s shares being included. Record neccessary journal entries.
(Answer: Capital Reserve Rs. 48,000; Balance in Share forfeited A/c Rs. 12,000.)
Answer:

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 7 भव्यः सत्याग्रहाश्रमः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Class 11 Solutions Chapter 7 भव्यः सत्याग्रहाश्रमः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि-

(क) अयं पाठः कस्माद् ग्रन्थात् संकलितः?
उत्तर:
अयं पाठः सत्याग्रहगीता नाम ग्रन्थात् संकलितः।

(ख) महात्मा (गांधी) सत्याग्रहाश्रमं कस्याः (नद्याः) तीरे स्थापयामास?
उत्तर:
महात्मा (गांधी) सत्याग्रहाश्रमं सबर्मत्याः (नद्याः) तीरे स्थापयामास।

(ग) आश्रमवासिनां कृते महात्मा कीदृशः आसीत्?
उत्तर:
आश्रमवासिनां कृते महात्मा पितेव आसीत्।

(घ) अस्मिन् पाठे महात्मनः तुलना केन सह कृता?
उत्तर:
आश्रमवासिनां कृते महात्मा पितेव आसीत्।

(ङ) समृद्धिः केषां जायते?
उत्तर:
ये राज्यशासकाः धर्मेण चरन्ति तेषां समृद्धिः जायते।

(च) सत्याग्रहाश्रमः इति नाम केन कथं च दत्तम्?
उत्तर:
सत्यानुयायियुक्ताया विनीतवसतेश्च स्वयं महात्मना गान्धिना एव सत्याग्रहाश्रम इति नाम दत्तम्।

(छ) अस्य पाठस्य रचयित्री का?
उत्तर:
अस्य पाठस्य रचयित्री श्रीमती क्षमाराव अस्ति।

(ज) महात्मनः व्रतानि कानि आसन्?
उत्तर:
अहिंसा, सत्यम्, अस्तेयम्, ब्रह्मचर्य, अपरिग्रहः, स्वदेशवस्तुनिष्ठा, निर्भीतः, रुचिसंयम, अन्त्यजानां समुद्धारः च महात्मनः एतानि नव व्रतानि आसन्।

(झ) महात्मा केषां दोषैः उपवासमकरोत्?
उत्तर:
अन्येषां दोषैः महात्मा गान्धी उपवासमकरोत्।

(ञ) किम् पश्यतः गान्धिनः गुणैः जनाः तस्य पदानुगाः जाताः?
उत्तर:
आत्मवत् सर्वभूतानि पश्यतः गान्धिनः गुणैः जनाः तस्य पदानुगाः जाताः।

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखित श्लोकाना सान्वय मातृभाषया अर्थम् लिखत-

(क) अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेय ………………. निर्भीतरुचिसंयमः।।
उत्तर:
अन्वयः – अहिंसा, सत्यम्, अस्तेयम्, ब्रह्मचर्य-अपरिग्रही, स्वदेशवस्तुनिष्ठा, निर्भीत, रुचिसंयमः च।
अर्थ – अहिंसा, सत्य, चोरी न करना, ब्रह्मचर्य का पालन, धन का सञ्चय न करना, स्वदेशी वस्तुओं पर निष्ठा, निर्भयता तथा रुचि स्वाद पर नियन्त्रण।

(ख) साक्षात् सत्यप्रदीपोऽयं ……………… हृदयान्मोहजं तमः।।
उत्तर:
अन्वयः – अयम् साक्षात् सत्यप्रदीपः स्वबन्धूनाम् हृदयात् मोहजम् तमः अपाकुर्वन् अखिलभारते दीप्यते।
अर्थ – अपने बन्धुओं के हृदय से मोह से उत्पन्न अन्धकार को दूर करता हुआ सत्य का यह दीपक साक्षात् रूप से सम्पूर्ण भारत में प्रदीप्त हो रहा है।

(ग) अधर्ममपि दृष्ट्वा ……………….. तत् प्रतिपद्यते।
उत्तर:
अन्वयः – यः अधर्मम् अपि दृष्ट्वा प्रतिबद्धं न वाञ्छति, यः सत्ये सति अपि भीत्या च तत् न प्रतिपद्यते।
अर्थ – जो व्यक्ति अधर्म को देखकर भी उसे रोकने का प्रयत्न नहीं करता तथा सत्य को जानता हुआ भी भय के कारण उसे स्वीकार नहीं करता।

प्रश्न 3.
अधोलिखितपदानां परिचयं दत्त-
उत्तर:

1. समुद्धारः = सम् + उद् उपसर्ग, हृ धातु + घञ् प्रत्यय।
2. प्रतिबद्धुम् = प्रति उपसर्ग, बध् धातु + तुमुन् प्रत्यय।
3. समृद्धिः = सम् उपसर्ग, ऋध् धातु + क्तिन् प्रत्यय।
4. ध्यायन् = ध्यै धातु, शतृ प्रत्यय।
5. दृष्ट्वा = दृश् धातु, क्त्वा प्रत्यय।
6. समाश्रित्य = सम् + आ उपसर्ग, श्रि धातु ल्यप् प्रत्यय।
7. दत्तम् = दा धातु + क्त प्रत्यय।
8. मत्वा = मन् धातु + क्त्वा प्रत्यय।

प्रश्न 4.
सविग्रहम् समासनाम लिखत-
उत्तर:

1. सत्याग्रहाश्रमम् = सत्यस्य आग्रहः यस्मिन् तत् सत्याग्रहाश्रमम् बहुव्रीहि समास।
2. महात्मा = महान् आत्मा यस्य सः; बहुव्रीहि समास।
3. ब्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रही = ब्रह्मचर्यः च अपरिग्रहश्च इति: द्वन्द्व समास।
4. सुकलत्रः = शोभनं कलत्रं यस्य सः बहुव्रीहि समास।
5. निष्फलम् = नास्ति फलं यस्य तत्; बहुव्रीहि समास।

प्रश्न 5.
सत्याग्रहमहत्त्वमधिकृत्य मातृभाषया दश वाक्यानि लिखत-
उत्तर:

1. सत्याग्रह को जीवन में धारण करने से मनुष्य निर्भीक बनता है।
2. सत्याग्रह से जीवन में आत्मविश्वास उत्पन्न होता है।
3. सत्याग्रह के आचरण से ही जीवन सार्थक होता है।
4. सत्याग्रह से जीवन में अद्भुत् बल आता है।
5. सत्याग्रह से लोग वश में आ जाते हैं।
6. सत्याग्रह से उत्साह तथा धैर्य उत्पन्न होता है।
7. सत्याग्रह से कठिनाइयों से लड़ने की शक्ति प्राप्त होती है।
8. सत्याग्रह से मन, वचन, काया तथा कर्मों को भी शक्ति प्राप्त होती है।
9. सत्याग्रह का आचरण करने वाला व्यक्ति सदा विजयी एवं यशस्वी होता है।
10. सत्याग्रह से बढ़कर संसार में अन्य कोई गुण नहीं है।

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखित शब्दानां सन्धिच्छेदं कुरुत-
उत्तर:

1. नवैतानि = नव + एतानि।
2. मिताशी = मित + आशी।
3. मुनिर्बुद्धः = मुनिः + बुद्धः।
4. दीप्यतेऽखिलभारते = दीप्यते + अखिलभारते।
5. सत्यपि = सति + अपि।
6. पितेव = पिता + इव।
7. व्यवर्धन्त = वि + अवर्धन्त।
8. सर्वदाप्याचरिष्यामः = सर्वदा + अपि + आचरिष्यामः।

प्रश्न 7.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
उत्तर:

1. ततस्तीरे सबर्मत्या नाम्ना सत्याग्रहाश्रमः।
2. अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं ब्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रही।
3. अधर्ममपि दृष्ट्वा यः प्रतिबद्धं न बाञ्छति।
4. सत्ये सत्यपि यो भीत्या न च तत् प्रतिपद्यते।
5. आश्रमाद् बहिरन्यत्र लोकानां कलहेऽपि सः।
   स्वमेव कारणं मत्वा तत् कलङ्कन दूयते।।

Bhaswati Class 11 Solutions Chapter 7 भव्यः सत्याग्रहाश्रमः Summary Translation in Hindi and English

1. ततस्तीरे सबर्मत्या नाम्ना सत्याग्रहाश्रमः।
महात्मा स्थापयामास सदनं सानुयात्रिकः।।

शब्दार्थ् (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – अपने अनुयायियों के साथ महात्मा गांधी ने साबरमती नदी के तट पर सत्याग्रहाश्रम नामक रहने का स्थान बनाया।

Meaning in English:
Mahatma Gandhi made Satyagrahashrama, a place of living with his followers, on the bank of the river Sabarmati.

2. सत्यमेव प्रमाणं यन्मनोवाक्कायकर्ममिः।
तस्मिन् पुण्यनिवासे तद् यथार्थो हि स आश्रमः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings):

सरलार्थ – उस पवित्र आश्रम में मन, वचन, शरीर तथा कर्मों से सत्य का आचरण होता था, अतः वह आश्रम अपने नाम को यथार्थ सिद्ध करने वाला था।

Meaning in English:
In that sacred Ashrama, the truth was followed by thoughts, speech, body, and actions, so that Ashrama proved its name to be true.

3. अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं ब्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रहौ।
स्वदेशवस्तुनिष्ठा च निर्मीतरुचिसंयमः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ- अहिंसा, सत्य, चोरी न करना, ब्रह्मचर्य का पालन, अधिक धन का संचय न करना, स्वदेशी वस्तुओं पर निष्ठा, निर्भयता तथा रुचि-स्वाद पर नियंत्रण।

Meaning in English:
Non-violence, truth, not to steal, control over the senses, not to collect much wealth, to have faith in the things made in one’s own country, fearlessness, control over taste.

4. अन्त्यजानां समुद्धारो नवैतानि व्रतानि हि।
भारतोत्कर्षसिद्ध्यर्थमाश्रमस्य महात्मनः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ- तथा हरिजनों का उद्धार – भारत को श्रेष्ठ बनाने के लिए महात्मा गांधी के आश्रम का लक्ष्य इन नौ व्रतों को सिद्ध करना था।

Meaning in English:
and uplifting the Harijans – Mahatma Gandhi established these nine vratas to make India a great country.

5. निर्ममो नित्यसत्यवस्थो मिताशी सुस्मिताननः।
सुकलत्रः शिशुप्रेमी पितेवाश्रमवासिनाम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – महात्मा गांधी निस्स्वार्थ, सर्वदा सत्त्वगुणसम्पन्न, कम भोजन करने वाला, प्रसन्न मुख वाला, सुन्दर पत्नी-युक्त, बच्चों से प्रेम करने वाला तथा आश्रम में रहने वालों के लिए पिता के समान थे।

Meaning in English:
Mahatma Gandhi was liberal and endowed with good qualities. He used to cat a small quantity of food and was agreeable looking. He had a good wife. He used to love children. So he was respected as a father by the people who lived in that Ashrama.

6. ध्यायन् क्लेशान् स्वबन्धूनां तद्धितैकपरायणः।
विराजते मुनिर्बुद्धो बोधिदुमतले यथा।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – अपने बन्धु-बान्धवों के दुःखों का ध्यान रखने वाले तथा केवल उनके हित की चिंता करने वाले महात्मा गांधी ऐसे विराजमान होते थे जैसे बोधिवृक्ष के नीचे महात्मा बुद्ध विराजमान होते थे।

Meaning in English:
Mahatma Gandhi always took care of the troubles of his friends and relatives and also of their welfare only. He looked beautiful as Lord Buddha looked beautiful sitting under the Bodhi tree.

7. साक्षात्सत्यप्रदीपोऽयं दीप्यतेऽखिलभारते।
स्वबन्धूनामपाकुर्वन् हृदयान्मोहजं तमः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings):

सरलार्थ – अपने बन्धुओं के हृदयों से मोह से उत्पन्न अन्धकार को दूर करता हुआ सत्य का यह दीपक साक्षात् रुप से सम्पूर्ण भारत में प्रदीप्त हो रहा है।

Meaning in English:
Removing darkness caused by ignorance from the hearts of his friends and relatives, he is shining like a real lamp of truth throughout the entire India.

8. बलं सर्वबलेभ्योऽपि सत्यमेवातिरिच्यते।
सत्यवानबलः श्रेयान् सबलात् सत्यवर्जितात्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – सभी बलों में सत्य का बल सर्वश्रेष्ठ है अतः सत्यहीन बलशालियों में। बलहीन सत्यवान् भी श्रेयस्कर है।

Meaning in English:
The power of truth is greater than all other powers. so a weak person who follows the path of truth in life is greater than a powerful person who does not follow the path of truth.

9. तद् ये चरन्ति धर्मेण प्रजा वा राज्यशासकाः।
समृद्धिर्जायते तेषामन्येषां तु क्षयो धुवः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – इसलिए जो राजा या प्रजा धर्मपूर्वक आचरण करते हैं उनकी सदा उन्नति होती है तथा अन्य लोगों की निश्चित रूप से अवनति होती है।

Meaning in English:
So the people or the administrators who follow the path of righteousness always make progress but others certainly face downfall.

10. इति तत्रभवान् गान्धीराख्याति सहवासिनः।
अनुयायिजनांश्चान्यान् वचसा लेखतोऽपि वा।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – ऐसा महात्मा गांधी अपने भाषणों तथा लेखों से अपने साथियों, अनुयायियों तथा अन्य लोगों को समझाते हैं।

Meaning in English:
Mahatma Gandhi thus explains to his friends, followers and other people through his speeches and written articles.

11. महात्मा प्राह-
अधर्मपि दृष्ट्वा यः प्रतिबद्धं न वाञ्छति।
सत्ये सत्यपि यो भीत्या न च तत् प्रतिपद्यते।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ : महात्मा गांधी बोले-
जो व्यक्ति अधर्म को देखकर भी उसे रोकने का प्रयत्न नहीं करता तथा सत्य को जानता हुआ भी भय के कारण उसे स्वीकार नहीं करता………….

Meaning in English:
Mahatma then said-
He who looks injustice and still does not try to check it and he who knows truthfulness but still being frightened do not accept it ……………

12. क्लीबयोरुभयोश्चापि निष्फल जीवन तयोः।
स्वार्थनाशभयाद् यत् तौ रक्षतोऽनृतजीवनम् ।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – ऐसे दोनों नपुंसको का जीवन निष्फल है। अपने स्वार्थ के नष्ट होने के भय से ये दोनों अपने झूठे जीवन की रक्षा करते हैं।

Meaning in English:
The life of both of those cowards is useless. Due to fear of losing their self-interest both of them protect their worthless-life.

13. हिंसामपि समाश्रित्य वरं मृत्युमुखे गतम्।
न पुनः स्वात्मरक्षार्थ कृतं निन्द्यं पलायनम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – हिंसा का आश्रय लेकर मृत्यु के मुख में गिरना श्रेयस्कर है किन्तु अपनी रक्षा के लिए वहाँ से भागना निन्दनीय नहीं है।

Meaning in English:
It is always desirable to follow death than to follow violence but it is not blamable to run away from there for the sake of self-protection.

14. करोति मनसा हिंसा स हि भीरुः पलायिता।
आत्मनो मृत्युकातर्यादात्महिंसा करोति च।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – जो मन से भी हिंसा करता है वह कायर तथा सच्चाई से भागने वाला होता है और वह अपनी मृत्यु के भय से आत्महिंसा ही करता है।

Meaning in English:
He is really a coward and runs away from truthfulness who troubles others by thoughts even and he hurts himself due to fear of his death.

15. अत एव मया दत्तं नाम सत्याग्रहाश्रमः।
सत्यानुयायियुक्ताया विनीतवसतेर्मम।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – सत्य के अनुयायियों से युक्त होने के कारण तथा सज्जनों की बस्ती होने के कारण ही मैंने इस आश्रम को सत्याग्रहाश्रम का नाम दिया है।

Meaning in English:
I have given the name Satyagrahashrama to this hermitage as it is endowed with the followers of truth and as it is an inhabited place of the good people.

16. इति सत्यादिधर्माणाममोघं बलमद्भुतम्।
वर्णयन् ग्राहमामास व्रतानि सुबहून् गुरुः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – इस प्रकार सत्यादि धर्मों के आचरण में सार्थक तथा अद्भुत बल होता है – ऐसा वर्णन करते हुए आचार्य गान्धी जी ने अनेक लोगों को व्रत ग्रहण करवाए।

Meaning in English:
Thus there is fruitful and wonderful power in following truth and such other dharmas (qualities)-explaining thus Gandhiji asked people to follow various religious vows.

17. अपराधे कृतेऽप्यन्यैः सत्यसारे तदाश्रमे।
स्वीकृत्य दोषसर्वस्वमुपवासैस्तपस्यति।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – सत्य के सार रूप उस आश्रम में अन्य लोगों के द्वारा अपराध किए जाने पर उन दोषों को स्वीकार करके महात्मा गाँधी उपवास करके तपस्या करते थे।

Meaning in English:
When the people committed offenses in that hermitage in which truthfulness was followed, Mahatma Gandhi used to accept their offenses and he used to follow austerity by fasting (by not eating food).

18. आश्रमाद् बहिरन्यत्र लोकानां कलहेऽपि सः।
स्वमेव कारणं मत्वा तत् कलङ्कन दूयते।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – अन्यत्र आश्रम से बाहर भी लोगों में झगड़ा हो जाने पर वह महात्मा अपने को ही कारण मानकर उस दोष से दुःखी होता था।

Meaning in English:
When some quarrel took place among the people even somewhere else or outside the hermitage, Mahatma Gandhi used to consider himself guilty for that offense and felt sorry for that.

19. आत्मवत्सर्वभूतानि पश्यतोऽस्य पदानुगाः।
गुणैः परवशीभूता व्यवर्धन्त सहसशः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings):

सरलार्थ – सभी लोगों को अपने समान देखने वाले उस महात्मा के अनुयायी उसके गुणों के वशीभूत होकर हजारों की संख्या में बढ़ने लगे।

Meaning in English:
He considered all the people as his own self. So his followers, being fascinated by his merits, increased in thousands.

20. सर्वदाप्याचरिष्यामः सत्यादिनवकं व्रतम्।
इति जातसमुत्साहै: सधैर्य निश्चितं जनैः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):

सरलार्थ – अत्यन्त उत्साहपूर्वक तथा धैर्यपूर्वक तब लोगों ने यह निश्चय किया कि “हम सब सदा सत्यादि नौ व्रतों का आचरण करेंगे।

Meaning in English:
Then with great enthusiasm and with firmness people decided that we will always follow these truth and other nine religious vows.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 3 सूक्तिसुधा Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Sanskrit Class 11 Solutions Chapter 3 सूक्तिसुधा

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
संस्कृतेन उत्तरं देयम् –

(क) अयं पाठ: काभ्यां ग्रन्थाभ्यां संकलितः?
उत्तर-
अयं पाठः चाणक्यनीतेः हितोपदेशात् च संकलितः।

(ख) कुत्र वासः न कर्तव्यः?
उत्तर-
यस्मिन् देशे सम्मानः, वृत्तिः, बान्धवाः, विद्यागमः च न तत्र वास न कारयेत् ।

(ग) बान्धवः कुत्र कुत्र तिष्ठति?
उत्तर-
बान्धवः आतुरे, व्यसने, दुर्भिक्षे, शत्रुसंकटे, राजद्वारे, श्मशाने च तिष्ठति।

(घ) काचः कस्य संसर्गात् मारकती द्युतिं धत्ते?
उत्तर-
काचः काञ्चनस्य ससात् मारकती द्युति धत्ते।

(ङ) प्राज्ञः परार्थे किम् किम् उत्सृजेत्?
उत्तर- प्राज्ञः परार्थे धनानि जीवितं च उत्सजेत।

(च) मूर्खः कथं प्रवीणतां याति? .
उत्तर-
मूर्खः सत्सन्निधानेन प्रवीणतां याति।

(छ) पुरुषेण के षड् दोषाः हातव्याः?
उत्तर-
निद्रा, तन्द्रा, भयं, क्रोधः, आलस्य, दीर्घसूत्रता चेति षड् दोषाः पुरुषेण हातव्याः।

(ज) जीवलोकस्य षट् सुखानि कानि सन्ति?
उत्तर-
अर्थागमः, नित्यमरोगिता, प्रिया प्रियवादिनी च भार्या, वश्यः पुत्रः, अर्थकरी विद्या । चेति जीवलोकस्य षट् सुखानि सन्ति।

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानपूर्तिः क्रियताम् –
उत्तर-
(क) यः आतुरे व्यसने दुर्मिक्षे शत्रुसंकटे राजद्वारे श्मशाने च तिष्ठति सः बान्धवः।
(ख) जीवलोकस्य अर्थागमः, नित्यमरोगिता प्रिया प्रियवादिनी च भार्या, वश्यः पुत्रः, अर्थकरी विद्या च षट् सुखानि भवन्ति।
(ग) मनस्विनः कुसुमस्तबकस्येव इव द्वयी वृत्तिः भवति।
(घ) षड्दोषाः पुरुषेण इह हातव्याः।
(ङ) सन्निमित्तं वरं त्यागो विनाशे नियते सति।

प्रश्न 3.
अधोलिखितयोः पद्यांशयोः मातृभाषया भावार्थ लिखत –

(क) कोऽप्रियः प्रियवादिनाम्।।
उत्तर-
इस श्लोकांश में कवि कहना चाहता है कि प्रिय बोलने वालों के लिए कोई भी अप्रिय (पराया या शत्रु) होता ही नहीं क्योंकि वे सबको अपना समझते हैं, वे सबसे स्नेह करते हैं।

(ख) सन्निमित्तं वरं त्यागो विनाशे नियते सति!
उत्तर-
इस श्लोकांश का भावार्थ यह है कि इस संसार में धन, जीवन आदि सब कुछ नश्वर है, नष्ट होने वाला है। अतः अच्छे प्रयोजन के लिए इनका त्याग कर देना ही अच्छा. है। हमें अपना धन और जीवन दूसरों की भलाई के लिए लगा देना चाहिए।

(ग) सर्वेषां मूनि वा तिष्ठेद् विशीर्येत वनेऽथवा।
उत्तर-
इस श्लोकांश का भाव यह है कि मनस्वी मनुष्य पुष्प माला की तरह या तो सबके सिर पर (गले में) सम्मान प्राप्त करते हैं या फिर लोग उनके स्वभाव से अपरिचित रह जाते हैं तथा जंगल में खिले हुए पुष्पों की तरह वे शाखा पर (लोगों से परिचित बिना हुए) ही मुरझा जाते हैं, नष्ट हो जाते हैं अर्थात् या तो लोग मनस्वी लोगों को जान ही नहीं पाते और यदि जान लेते हैं तो वे सबके सम्मान के पात्र बन जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
क-भागस्थपदैः सह ख-भागस्यार्थानां मेलनं क्रियताम् –
उत्तर-
क – ख
(क) विद्यागमः – विद्याप्राप्तिः
(ख) व्यसने – विपत्ती
(ग) सविद्यानाम् – विदुषाम्
(घ) द्युतिम् – कल्याणम्
(ङ) कुसुमस्तबकस्य – पुष्पगुच्छस्य
(च) मूर्धिन – शिरसि
(छ) भूतिम् – शोभाम्

प्रश्न 5.
उदाहरणानुसारं विग्रहपदानि आधृत्य समस्तपदानि रचयत विग्रहपदानि समस्तपदानि
यथा –
विद्यायाः आगमः = विद्यागमः
उत्तर-
(क) राज्ञः द्वारे = राजद्वारे
(ख) सता सन्निधानेन = सत्संन्निधानेन
(ग) काञ्चनस्य संसर्गात् = काञ्चनसंसर्गात्
(घ) अर्थस्य आगमः = अर्थागमः
(ङ) जीविताय इदम् = जीवितम्
(च) न रोगिता = अरोगिता
(छ) अर्थम् करोति या सा = अर्थकरी

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितेषु शब्देषु प्रकृतिप्रत्ययं विच्छेदं कुरुत –
उत्तर-
(क) प्राप्ते = प्र आप् + क्त प्रत्यय।
(ख) प्रवीणताम् = प्रवीण शब्द + ता प्रत्यय।
(ग) वृत्तिः = वृत् + क्तिन् प्रत्यय।
(घ) नियते = नि ।यम् + क्त प्रत्यय।
(ङ) हातव्याः = हा + तव्यत् प्रत्यय।

Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 3 सूक्तिसुधा Summary Translation in Hindi and English

1. यस्मिन् देशे न सम्मानो न वृत्तिर्न च बान्धवाः।
न च विद्यागमः कश्चित् वासं तत्र न कारयेत्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – जिस देश में आदर, आजीविका, सम्बन्धी तथा ज्ञान की प्राप्ति न हो वहाँ किसी को नहीं रहना चाहिए।

Meaning in English – One should not live in that country where there is no respect, no means of livelihood, no relatives and no source of knowledge.

2. आतुरे व्यसने प्राप्ते दुर्भिक्षे शत्रुसंकटे।
राजद्वारे श्मशाने च यस्तिष्ठति स बान्धवः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – जो बीमारी में, आपत्ति के समय, अकाल में, शत्रु से संकट के समय में, राजा के दरबार में तथा श्मशान में साथ रहता है वही (सच्चा) मित्र या सम्बन्धी है।

Meaning in English – A person who stands by in disease, in misfortune, in famine, in problem from an enemy, in the court of the king and in grave is really a true relative or a true friend.

3. कोऽतिभार. समर्थानां किं दूरं व्यवसायिनाम्।
को विदेशः सविद्यानां कोऽप्रियः प्रियवादिनाम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – बलशाली पुरुषों के लिए बड़ा बोझ क्या है? व्यापारी मनुष्यों के लिए कौन-सा स्थान दूर है? शिक्षितों के लिए कौन-सा स्थान विदेश है? तथा प्रिय बोलने वालों के लिए कौन पराया या शत्रु है?

Meaning in English – What is great burden for the strong men? What is far for the hard-working men? Which place is foreign-country for the educated persons and who is not his own (or enemy) for the sweet spoken men (i.e. no one)?

4. काचः काञ्चनसंसर्गात् धत्ते मारकती द्युतिम्।
तथा सत्सन्निधानेन मूर्यो याति प्रवीणताम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ- शीशा सोने का साथ प्राप्त करके पन्ने की शोभा को प्राप्त कर लेता है उसी प्रकार सज्जन की संगति प्राप्त करके मूर्ख कुशल (निपुण) बन जाता है।

Meaning in English – Just as mirror when joined with gold attains beauty of emerald, similarly by the company of the good man foolish also becomes clever.

5. कुसुमस्तबकस्येव द्वयी वृत्तिर्मनस्विनः।
सर्वेषां मूर्ध्नि वा तिष्ठेद् विशीर्येत वनेऽथवा।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – पुष्प के गुच्छे की तरह मनस्वी मनुष्य की दो प्रकार की स्थिति होती है वह या तो सब लोगों के सिर पर रहता है या फिर वन में ही मुरझा जाता है।

Meaning in English – There are two states of the strong minded man like that of a bunch of flowers : they either attain the highest position (i.e. on the head of the people) or they are desytroyed in the forest only.

6. धनानि जीवितं चैव परार्थे प्राज्ञ उत्सृजेत्।
सन्निमित्तं वरं त्यागो विनाशे नियते सति।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – बुद्धिमान् मनुष्य को दूसरों की भलाई के लिए धन तथा जीवन त्याग देना चाहिए क्योंकि विनाश के निश्चित होने पर अच्छे कारण के लिए त्याग करना श्रेयस्कर है।

Meaning in English – A clever man should sacrifice his wealth and life for the welfare of others because it is always good to give away something for a good cause when the destruction is certain.

7. षड्दोषाः पुरुषेणेह हातव्या भूतिमिच्छता।
निद्रा तन्द्रा भयं क्रोधं आलस्यं दीर्घसूत्रता।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थः – इस संसार में कल्याण चाहने वाले मनुष्य को छ: दोष छोड़ देने चाहिएँ – नींद, सुस्ती, भय, क्रोध, आलस्य तथा देर से कार्य करने की आदत।

Meaning in English – In this world; a man who wants to prosper, should give up these six blemishes namely sleep, nap, fear, anger, laziness and dialatoriness.

8. अर्थागमो नित्यमरोगिता च प्रिया च भार्या प्रियवादिनी च।
वश्यश्च पुत्रोऽर्थकरी च विद्या षड् जीवलोकस्य सुखानि राजन्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे राजन! जीवलोक के ये छः सुख हैं- धन की प्राप्ति, सदा नीरोगता, स्वयं प्रिय तथा प्रिय बोलने वाली पत्नी, आज्ञाकारी पुत्र तथा धन देने वाली विद्या।

Meaning in English – Oh king! These are the six comforts of this world namely continuously attaining wealth, absence of disease, wife sweet herself and who speaks sweet words, an obedient son and wealth giving learning.