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Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 15 Rights Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Rights NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 15

Rights Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 15

Question 1.
What are rights and why they are important? What are the bases on which claims to rights can be made?
Answer:
Rights are the socio, economic conditions, circumstances, demands and claims which we put before the society and state for our development. There are demands which we claim as a human being and as a citizen of a state. Infact one of the grounds on which rights have been claimed is that they represent conditions, socio-economic and political facilities which we consider very necessary of leading a qualitative and dignified life.

Rights are the creation of society’ and collective life. Rights are expectations from each other. No Right can be considered in isolation. In collective life in the society, rights cannot be absolute. They can be availed and enjoyed in relativity and responsibility. Every right carry the responsibility.

Rights and duties and responsibilities are indispensable part and side of each other. One’s right is another’s obligation. Rights are those conditions of life which have been demanded di fferently at different point of times as per the level of development and awareness.

Rights’ are necessary circumstances and conditions which are needed for the alround development of the people. These are the facilities which are necessary for welfare of the people and for leading a descent and dignified life. Another ground on which rights have been claimed is that they are necessary for our well-being.

Rights enable the development of man is skill and talents. Some rights are very basic and fundamental we can say that rights are the environmental circumstances and conditions which are available in group life and which are necessary for our development and welfare.

Question 2.
On what grounds are some rights considered to be universal is nature? Identify three rights which your consider universal. Give reasons.
Answer:
Although all the rights are necessary and important as living conditions but certain rights are considered universal because they are demanded and expected by all the people of all the ages irrespective of their habitations and civilisation. These rights are fundamental for human existence. As explained earlier rights are those basic conditions which are considered to be necessary for leading a respectable and dignified life. In fact these rights are the conditions which act as the source of self-respect and dignity for human beings. Following rights are considered to be universal:

• Right to livelihood.
• Freedom of expression
•  Right to education.

1. Right to Livelihood
One’s livelihood is the bases of leading and living of life. Therefore it is very important and necessary and universal. If one is getting gainful employment, it will give him economic independence and it will promote his dignity and status. When one needs, particularly economic needs, are fulfilled our talents and skills are exploited and polished.

2. Freedom of Expression
Right of Expression gives us the opportunity to express ourselves in different way which will make us creative and original. We may express ourselves by writing, speaking or in any artistic manner. Right of Expression is the base of democratic culture and democratic system of government. Right of expression builds the personality of man.

3. Right to Education
Right of Education helps us in developing our mental, moral and psychological capacities. It gives us useful skills and enables us to make better choices in life, ft is therefore Right to Educations is also considered as universal right.

Question 3.
Describe briefly some of the new rights, claims which are being put forward in our country today for example the rights of tribal people to protect their habitat and way of life, or the rights of children against bonded labour.
Answer:
Today’s world is world of democratic environment and increasing awareness and conciousness about the culture, caste, colour, region, religion and occupations. The alround development is related with their rights of education, culture, and religion. It is therefore people are being given rights in these new areas like, education, culture, children’s rights, women’s rights, old age people’s rights, human rights; labourer’s rights, farmer’s rights, environmental rights etc.

Today’s societies are general ly the plural society in which the citizens are given right to develop and protect their socio, cultural habitat. In Indian Constitution Fundamental Right of education and culture is given which gives right to the people of different regions to develop and maintain their cultural identities.

They have definite pattern of habitation, they have definite dress, traditions, festivals and other celebrations. They have right to promote their culture through education. Children are given right against exploitation to remove the age old social evils like bonded labour. Children are given fundamental rights in this respect.

Question 4.
Differentiate between political, economic and cultural rights. Give examples of each kind of right.
Answer:
Although people need different conditions and facilities which they claim as rights but socio-economic and cultural and political rights are considered most important for alround development of the people universally. Political rights are those rights, facilities and circumstances through which people aie given right of individual development and participation in democratic process. Followings are some important political rights:

• Equality before law
• Right of expression
• Right to vote
• Right to be elected
• Right to elect the representative
• Right to form the associations
• Right to form the political parties.

Economic Rights
Economic Rights are those living conditions and circumstances which are needed for man’s material development i.e. food, clothes, rest and employment. Economic rights also includes adequate wages to meet their needs and reasonable conditions of work, political rights and economic rights are corelated. Main economic rights are as under:

• Right to work
• Right of having reasonable conditions of work
• Right of Employment
• Right of adequate wages
• Right of leisure
• Right of minimum needs like housing, food, clothings etc.
• Right of property
• Right of medical facilities.

Cultural Rights
Besides the economic and pol itical rights cultural rights are equal ly important for human development and dignified life and emotional, psychological and moral development. Followings are the main cultural rights:

• Right to have primary education
• Right to have local dress, festivals, worship and celebrations
• Right to develop educational institutions for the promotion of local dialect, language and geography.

Question 5.
Rights place some limits on the authority of the state. Explain with examples.
Answer:
Since Rights are the demands and claims from the state, it is natural that, it poses certain obligations on the state to provide definite conditions and facilities for the citizens for their welfare and development. It puts limits on the working of the state. The rights of the citizens seek to ensure that the authority of the state is exercised without violating the sanctity of individual’s life and liberty.

No doubt the powerful institution with its sovereign powers but relationship in me citizens determine the nature of sovereignty. State does not exist for its own sake but for the people. It is people who matters more and it is their development and welfare which is the criterion of the sovereignty of the state. The rulers of the state are responsible and accountable for their action to the people.

Law regulates the relationship between the individual and the state. It is the duty of the state to provide necessary conditions which are claimed and demanded by the people for their development and welfare. The state has to take decision in this regard but its authority is definitely checked and limited.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 14 Social Justice Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Social Justice NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 14

Social Justice Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 14

Question 1.
What does it mean to give each person his/her due? How has the meaning of “giving each his due” changed over time?
Answer:
There has been different meaning and understanding about the concept of justice in different points of time and in different socio, economic and political environment. The basic essential of the word justice has been view ‘jus’ which means just one’s due. But what is one’s due has been understood differently in different societies of different times.

For example, at one,point of time women enjoyed prime position in the society but afterwards they were denied that respectable ‘ place and were given the wretched place. Still in liberal, democratic and developmental world they are is search of their due place.

Now the essentials of the idea of justice have been enumerated like, truth, honesty, impartiality, equal opportunities, equal behaviour and fulfillment of basic needs. Plato sought and understood the situation of justice in the performance of each class, their respective duty in their own jurisdiction and non-interference in other’s matters.

Aristotle justified slaveiy on the basis of utility. Therefore he took justice in master doing the duty for the slave and servant doing his duty of serving the master. In desire concept of the right of the kings it was considered that it is the duty of the people to perform their religious duty by obeying the king.

In Marxist thinking the concept of justice undergone and the idea of one’s due place undergone change. He saw capitalist system based on injustice and give different essentials of justice. As a part of his scheme of justice he suggested collective ownerships the means of production and distribution and the minimum basic needs of each person should be fulfilled.

In the present age some other attributes of the concept of justice have been added. Justice today is explained not only in socio, economic basis but also moraj, psychological and spiritual and human sense also.

Question 2.
Briefly discuss the three principles of justice outlined in the chapter? Explain each with examples.
Answer:
As discussed above giving one’s due has been the cardinal principle of the idea of justice but what is one’s due has been viewed differently in different periods A number of different principles have been put toward in this regard, these are as under

1. Equal treatment for equals
2. Proportionate justice
3. Recognition of special needs.

1. Equal Treatment for Equals
Equal treatment for equals is considered most important and essential principle of justice. It is considered rather accepted that individuals share certain characteristics as human beings, therefore everyone deserve equal treatment in similar conditions. Most of the areas in which we expect equality of treatments for all are 1. Civil rights i.e. availability of basic essentials on equal basis;

2. Political rights like right to vote and right to participate in the political processes; and

3. Social rights like equal behaviour and equality of access to basic needs in social matters. Another aspect of equal treatment for equals is that there should not be any discrimination against on the ground of class, caste, race or sex. Everybody should be judged on his/her work of talent and skill.

2. Proportionate Justice
Equality of treatment can be absolute, it has to be accepted and worked out on proportionate levels. We can say that every one needs equal treatment in all the conditions. Proportionate justice means rewarding people in proportion to the scale and quality of their efforts. The duties and rewards have to rationalised and defined. For real justice in the modern society the principle of equal treatment needs to be balanced with the principle of proportionality.

3. Recognition of Special Needs
Third important principle which is taken into account is the special needs of the people while distributing rewards and duties. Sometimes we have to take the corrective measures for the sake of justice and for the special treatment is given to some people. This is called as recognition of special needs.

This is also called as the balancing the imbalance. It does not violate the principle of equal treatment. It is sort of affirmative action. People may need special treatment due to some natural disabilities, although they may look unequal but for the sake of justice deserve special needs. People with all the privileges and people with deficiencies may need different behaviour and treatment. Deficient people will need special help.

Question 3.
Does the principle of considering the special needs of people conflict with the principle of equal treatment for all?
Answer:
The principle of considering the special needs of people may appearin conflict with the principle of equal treatment for all but when we look at the broader sense of the idea of justice, we conclude that the principle of giving special needs to one does not violate the principle of equal treatment for all.

Infact it is based on the principle distributive of justice. As a corrective measure we give special help to a person who is having disabilities and can be considered at par with the people standing in the treatment of equality for all. The principle of treating equals equally could imply that people who are not equal in certain important respects could be treated differently.

Physical disabilities, age, lack of access to good education or healthcare are some important factors which can be considered grounds for special treatment. If both the groups of people i.e. normal and handicaps are treated equal or alike, it would certainly lead to injustice hence if handicap people are given special help or some of their needs are fulfilled it will not be violations of justice rather it will fulfil the need of justice.

Question 4.
How does the Rawls use the idea of a veil of ignorance to argue that fair and just distribution can be defended on rational grounds?
Answer:
The merit of the ‘veil of ignorance’ position is that it expects people to just be their usual rational salver. They are expected to think for themselves and choose what they regard to be in their interest. They choose under the veil of ignorance, they will find that it is in their interest to think from the position of the worst off.

It is therefore first step in arriving at a system of fair laws and policies. The rational persons will not only see things from the perspective of the worst off. They will also try to make it sure that the policies they frame benefit the society as a whole. Since nobody knows, what position they would occupy in future society, they decide such rules that protect them if they happen to be bom among the worst off.

Therefore it is in the interests of all that society as a whole should be benefitted from the rules and policies that are decided and not for any particular section. Such fairness would be the outcome of rational action not benevolence or generosity.

Rawls therefore argues that it is rational thinking and not morality could lead us to be fair and judge impartially regarding how to distribute the benefits and burden of a society. It is this generalisation which makes Rawl’s theory an important and compelling way to approach the question of fairness and justice.

Question 5.
What are generally considered to be the basic minimum requirements of people for living a healthy and productive life? What is the responsibility of governments in trying to ensure this minimum to all?
Answer:
A society is considered unjust when the gulf between the haves and havesnot is so big which put them in different world in terms of access to consume minimum basic needs.

Therefore ajust society should provide people with the basic minimum conditions to enable them to live healthy and secure lives and develop their talents as well as equal opportunities to pursue their chosen goal in society.

To devise the basic minimum conditions of life needed by people, various methods of calculating the basic needs of people have been devised by different governments and by international organisations like WHO and NS$. These needs pertain to health, housing, clean drinking water0 education and minimum wages etc.

Providing people with their basic needs is considered to be one of the responsibilities of a democratic government. Today’s state is welfare state therefore becomes more pertinent for a democratic government to improve the living conditions of people by providing minimum basic needs.

Question 6.
Which of the following arguments could be used to justify state action to provide basic minimum conditions of life to all citizens?
a. Providing free services to the poor and needy can be justified as an act of charity.
b. Providing all citizens with a basic minimum standard of living is one way of ensuring equality of opportunity.
c. Some people are naturally lazy and we should be kind to them.
d. Ensuring a basic facilities and a minimum standard of living to all is a recognition of our shared humanity and a human right.
Answer:
Statement ‘b’ and ‘d’ could be used to justify State action to provide basic minimum conditions of life.
‘b’ Providing all citizens with a basic minimum standard of living is one way of ensuring equality of opportunity.
‘d’ Ensuring a basic facilities and a minimum standard of living to all is a recognition of our shared humanity and human right.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 13 Equality Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Equality NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13

Equality Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13

Question 1.
Some people argue that inequality is natural while others maintain that it is equality which is natural and the inequalities which we notice around us are created by society. Which view do you support? Give reasons.
Answer:
Both views seem to be correct that inequality is natural and also equality is natural. It is the view-point of understanding these two concepts which make the difference. Natural inequality is that somewhere it is night and somewhere it is day, somewhere it is hot and at somewhere it is cold, somewhere it is plain and at other place it is hill.

Somewhere it is dry and at other place it is raining. Similarly a man is black and other man is white. One short and other is long. Similarly there is biological inequality as some are men and other female with their biological inequalities.

Nature has also made man equal in capabilicities and capacities and every one likes to be equal as a matter of right. Equality is also natural condition but equality in absolute sense is not possible in collective sense. Therefore the meaning of equality has to be defined keeping in view the sour economic conditions of society.

The essentials of equality have to be decided with reference to the living and working environment of man. Even unequal conditions can be understood and accepted as equality. Man made unjust equality has to be removed. The wages of a doctor and labourer are bound to be different.

Question 2.
There is a view that absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable. It is argued that the most a society can do is to try and reduce the gaps between the richest and poorest members of society. Do you agree?
Answer:
We have reasons to fully agree with the above statement that absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable. We take the example of a doctor and a labourer. Equal wages of a doctor and labourer is neither possible nor desirable because a doctor has made big investment and thus has earned his capacities and capabilities.

Moreover his responsibilities and work are greater than the responsibilities and vfork of a labourer. If a doctor is paid Rs. 10,000/PM, it is not expected that even a labourer is also paid Rs. 10,000/PM.

He will be reasonable paid Rs. 3,000/PM. Therefore if there is difference of Rs. 7,000/PM in the wages of a doctor and labourer it will not be criticised and it will be accepted as equality. However if there are two labourers in which one is male and is paid Rs. 3,000/PM and another is female, who is paid Rs. 1,000/PM for being female. It is the situation of man made inequality and it is the violation of equality.

All men cannot be richest and all are not supposed to be poorest. All are not supposed to live in big palaces and all should not be forced to live in huts without bare needs of life. Equality should prevail in relative terms where all get equal opportunities and access to needs of life and develop their capabilities and capacities.

Question 3.
Match the following concepts with appropriate instances.
A. Affirmative action – 1. Every adult citizen has a right to vote.
B. Equality of opportunity – 2. Banks offer higher rate of interest to senior citizens.
C. Equal Rights – 3. Every child should get free education.
Answer:
A. (2), B. 3, C. (1).

Question 4.
A government report on farmers* problems says that small and marginal farmers cannot get good prices from the market. It recommends that the government should intervene to ensure a better price but only for small and marginal farmers. Is this recommendation consistent with the principle of equality?
Answer:
It is definitely against the principle of equality or is not consistent with the principle of equality because there cannot be two pricing policy of agricultural products, one for small and marginal farmers and one for the big and rich farmers. If the small farmers are not getting good prices, the reasons are different. The small and marginal farmers can be helped by some affirmative actions like giving them higher subsidies and low interest loans for the sake of equality.

Question 5.
Which of the following violate the principle of equality? And why?
a. Every child in class will read the text of the play by turn.
b. The Government of Canada encouraged white Europeans to migrate to Canada from the end of the Second World War till 1960.
c. There is separate railway reservation counter for the senior citizens.
d. Access to some forests areas is reserved for certain tribal communities.
Answer:
There is violation of principle of equality in Para ‘b’ where the Government of Canada made distinction on the basis of co lour andencouraged only white Europeans to migrate to Canada from the end of the Second World War till 1960. It is clearly the violation of principle of Equality.

lnPara‘a’and Para ‘c’ there is no violationofprincipleofEquality. In Para ‘d’ also there is violation of equality because there is
discrimination in giving access to forest areas to only for certain tribal communities and not for all.

Question 6.
Here are some arguments in favour of the right to vote for women. Which of these are consistent with the idea of equality? Give reasons.
a. Women are our mothers. We shall not disrespect our mothers by denying them the right to vote.
b. Decisions of the government affect women as well as men, therefore they should also have a say in choosing the rulers.
c. Not granting women the right to vote will cause disharmoney in the family.
d. Women constitute half of humanity. You cannot subjugate . them for long by denying them the right to vote.
Answer:
Para ‘b’ and Para ‘d’ are more consistent with the idea of equality. Para ‘b’ says that since the decisions of the government affect men and women, hence both should have say in choosing the rulers. Para ‘c’ also is right that you can deny this right which constitute 50% of total population.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 12  Freedom Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Freedom NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 12

Freedom Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 12

Question 1.
What is meant by freedom? Is there a relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation?
Answer:
The meaning of Freedom : The concept of Freedom is very wide and deep. There have been constant urge of human being to remain free and independent but history is full of examples which show that man and societies have been victim of exploitation by more powerful and tyranical groups.

However history also shows that there have been heroic struggles against such exploitations which proves the human urge for freedom. Is simple way we can say that freedom is the urge to live in one’s is own way without any external interference and control. Urge for freedom represents the desire of people to be in control of their own lives and destinies and to have right to express themselves through their own choices and activities.

Practical aspect of freedom can be understood in terms of free expression and actions with reasonable restrictions sanctioned by social, cultural and legal organisations and authorities.

There is close relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation. Nation is group of individual which behaves like an individual. There is no much difference of attributes of freedom of individual and freedom of nation, which behaves like a living creature and expects its own control.

Exploitation of a nation is like a exploitation of individual. Heroic struggle at national level against the national and communitari an exploitation shows the resemblance between individual freedom and freedom of nations.

Like many countries of the world who fought against their exploitation, India also fought a long battle against the colonials and empirical exploitation of India and ultimately got its freedom on 15th August’ 1947. Nelson Mandela and his colleagues waged long struggle against the British policy of racialism against the black and it was also a struggle to remove the obstacles to the freedom of all the people of South Africa. Mandela said in his book ‘Long Walk to Freedom’. Therefore we can say that urge of individual freedom represents the urge for national freedom or freedom of a Nation.

Question 2.
What is the difference between the negative and positive conception of liberty?
Answer:
There are two aspects of liberty, one is negative aspect and another is positive aspect of liberty.
1. Negative aspect of liberty
Negative aspect of liberty means ‘absence of restraints’ which means absolute liberty. It demands that to enjoy absolute liberty there should be no any kind of restraints, constraints or restrictions. A man should be allowed to develop in his own way in.all social, economic, cultural and political way. But this kind of liberty is not possible in a collective life in a civil society. There has to be some kind of adjustments and bindings in a collective life.

2. Positive aspect of liberty
Positive aspect of liberty seeks to expect a socio-economic and political environment in which further development of the people is conducive without any unreasonable restrictions. It means that positive aspect of liberty allows reasonable constraints and restrictions as long as they do not destroy the liberty itself.

It is based on the thinking that reasonable restrictions do not harms liberty rather it protects and promote liberty. Rousseau, Hegal, Marx and Gandhi were main supporters of the concept of positive aspect of liberty.

This aspect of liberty seeks to build the environment and kind of relationship between the individual and society that there are minimum restrictions. Positive liberty recognizes that one can be free only in society and not outside it. Therefore it requires such developments of the individuals in which their expression could be to the fullest extent.

Question 3.
What is meant by social constraints? Are constraints of any kind necessary for enjoying freedom?
Answer:
The word social constraints stands for social restrictions and social control on the expression and behaviour of man. These restrictions may come from domination and external control. These restrictions may be imposed through different methods like organisations and laws and by customs like caste system and inequilitarian structure of the society and the sense of high and low in the social system.

Social and legal constraints are necessary for the actual realisation of freedom or liberty provided the constraints and restrictions should be justified, reasonable. We need constraints for the sake of freedom of the people because without the reasonable constraints and restrictions, there will be no order in the society Which would invite the loss of freedom of the people.

Question 4.
What is the role of state in upholding freedom of its citizens?
Answer:
State Anarchists say that state is a hindrance in the freedom of man, therefore there should not be any institution like the State. Individualists say that ‘state is necessary evil’ hence propose a police state to protect human freedom from external aggressions and internal dangers.

Since in modem situation the concept of freedom and essential ingredients of freedom have changed therefore the role of state is also changed. Today it is accepted fact that we need constraints and reasonable restrictions to safeguard and protect the freedom. The legitimate and reasonable constraints are provided by the state because state has authority.

State is a supported system by the people. They have faith in them. Therefore they accept the directions and regulations of the states and mend their behaviour accordingly. State frame the useful policies and enact welfare laws for the people to make their life comfortable and meaningful which is the essence of freedom. Therefore state is playing positive role for upholding freedom.

Question 5.
What is meant by freedom of expression? What is your view would be a reasonable restriction on this freedom? Give examples.
Answer:
Freedom of expression is the fundamental requirement to make democracy meaningful and successful. Freedom of expression means that a person should be allowed to express himself or herself the way he likes i.e. through writings, acting, painting, speaking or through some artistic creation.

When we say that right of expression or to say the freedom of expression is the essence of democracy, we also have to accept that unbridled right of expression is also negation of democracy. For true realisation of freedom of expression, observance of responsibility and control through reasonable restrictions is must.

When we say that there should be restriction on the freedom of expression, but we will have to ensure that these restrictions should be reasonable which mean these restrictions should be just rational and humane so that freedom of expression is not destroyed while imposing restrictions.

We can substantiate this thesis by the example of India. Indian Constitution has provided Right of Expression to its citizen but there is also provision of imposing reasonable restrictions if the Right of Expression of the citizen will become prejudious to the law and order, peace and national security. So reasonable restriction can be imposed in given conditions with definite purpose whose authentity is open for judicial review.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 11 Political Theory: An Introduction Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Political Theory: An Introduction NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 11

Political Theory: An Introduction Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 11

Question 1.
Which of the following statements are true/false about Political Theory?
(a) It discusses ideas that form the basis of political institutions.
(b) It explains the relationship between different religions.
(c) It explains the meanings of concepts like equality and freedom.
(d) It predicts the performance of political parties.’
Answer:
a. True
b. False
c. True
d. False.

Question 2.
Politics is more than what politicians do. Do you agree with this statement? Give examples.
Answer:
Politics is deeply rooted in human nature Man is basically a selfish living being who is always found in expressed or unexpressed form of competition. Politics is the art of management of behaviour of others so as to impose or dictate one’s term. Politics is an art of dominance and it is also method of getting position of authority.

It is certainly not related with what the politican do or take the decisions about different matter, it is certainly something more. Politics is integral and important part of any society. Politics is also an attempt of better ways of governance. Mahatma Gandhi once observed that politics envelops us like the coi Is of a snake and there is no other way out but to wrestle with it.

Politics operate in groups, society and some form of political organisations for collective decision making. In politics negotiations take place to aquire collective decisions. It is therefore we can say that politics is wide concept with wide jurisdiction.

Question 3.
Vigilant citizens are a must for the successful working of a democracy. Comment.
Answer:
Democracy is called as the People’s government. It is said that in democratic form of government in which ultimate power rests with the people. It is called as most responsible and responsive government. This is based on discussion and debate on different issues at different levels. Democracy seeks to achieve important values like equality, justice, liberty for the people, dignity of the people and sense of brotherhood among different sections of the society.

For the success of democracy, certain pre-requisites are must, in which vigilant citizens are very essential. If the citizens are not aware about their rights and duties. If they do not know what the government is doing, what are the policies of the Government. If they do not put checks and restraint on the legislatures and executive they would become arrogant and will misuse their position and powers. In such situation the liberty and rights of the people will suffer and also democracy will be ultimate casualty.

It is, therefore, the people should make healthy public opinion on the basis of rational discussion and debate at different levels. For that people should have following qualities:-
1. There should be high level of literacy.
2. There should be economic and social equality.
3. People should have adequate employment.
4. People should be above caste, language and religious considerations to promote sense of brotherhood among them.

If these qualifications are missing in the society, democracy will be mobcracy, and there will not be effective control on the government. Vigilant citizens means responsible and aware citizens who could participate in the affairs of the government directly or indirectly.

Question 4.
In what ways is the study of political theory useful for us? Identify four ways in which political theory can be useful to us?
Answer:
Every subject has its theory. In fact no subject can move ahead without the theory. When a hypothesis is supported by facts, it becomes theory. Theory is generalisation which explain the whole situation. It is a factual statement. Whether it is science (physical science) or social science, every discipline has its theory. We have heard Darwin’s theory, Newton’s laws,

Archemedes principles all these theories have been source Of inspiration of new laws, principles and theories.’
Similarly every branch of social science, economics, sociology, political science, publ ic administration etc. have,their own theories which work as tools to study and analyse different situations and phenomenon. As far as the utility of political theory, we can explain in following points:-

• Theory i.e. Political theory gives the direction to the polity of a society.
• Political theory gives definite generalisations and tools and concepts which help in understanding the prevailing trends in the society.
• Political theory acts as an inspiration to move ahead.
• Political theory changes the society.
• Political theory makes movements and dynamism in the society.
• Political theory brings reforms in the society.
• Political theory brings revolution in the society.
• N. D. Studjy Material
• Political theory is relevant to all the target groups.
• Political theory helps us to have a basic knowledge of the political ideas and institutions that shape the society in which we live.
• Political theory removes confusions of the speiety.

Question 5.
Do you think that a good/convincing argument can compel others to listen to you?
Answer:
Theory denotes facts and rationalism theory is based on logical discussion and debate theory lies in reasoning capacities of man and the human behaviour based on reasoning. It is very much true that illogical statement not convince others for following. It is only logical and rational arguments which cast the positive impact for following:

Political theory examines questions which are causing Concern for the society and systematically thinks about the values that informs political life, values such as freedom, equality and justice. It explains the meaning and significance of these and related concepts is most convincing way.

As an advance level, it looks wheather existing institutions are adequate and how existing institutions and policy practices must be modified to be more democratic and relevant. Tlie objective of political theory is to train citizens to think rationally about political questions and assess the political events.

Question 6.
Do you think studying political theory is like studying mathematics? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Studying political theory is certainly like studying mathematics in certain aspects only but not totally. Political theory is a factual statement based on certain facts which have empirical relevance. These facts are not numerical like the numerals of mathematics. Political theory is tested hypothesis.

It is as logical and rational is the problems and equations of mathematics. We can say that political theory is nearer to mathematics is qualitative facts and rational rather than quantitatively. In methodology also we find nearness in political theory, and mathematics.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 10 The Philosophy of the Constitution Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

The Philosophy of the Constitution NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10

The Philosophy of the Constitution Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10

Question 1.
The following are’ certain laws.’Are they connected with any value? If yes, than what is underlying value? Give regions?
a. Both daughters and sons will have share in the family property.
b. There will be different slabs of sales tax on different consumer items
c. Religions instructions will not be given in any government school.
d. There shall be no beggar or forced labour.
Answer:
(a) Here in this sentence the value of equality is connected, because both sons and daughter have been treated equally in the share of family property.
(b) No value is connected.
(c ) Here also value of secularism is connected because the religious instruction is prohibited in government school as a result of secular nature of the state.
(d) No value is attached.

Question 2.
Which of the options given below cannot be used to complete the following statement?
a. Check the power of the government
b. Protect minorities from majority
c. Bring independence from colonial rule
d. Ensure that a long term vision is not lost by momentary passions.
e. Bring social change in peaceful manner.
Answer:
(c) Bring independence from colonial rule

Question 3.
The following are different positions about leading and understand¬ing constituent assembly debates.
1. Which of these statements argues that Constituent Assembly debates are relevant even today? Which statement says that they are not relevant?
2. With which of these positions do you agree and why?
a. Common people are too busy in earning livelihood and meeting different pressures of life. They can’t understand the legal language of these debates.
b. The conditions and challenges today are different from the time when the Constitution was made. To read the ideas of Constitution makers and use them for our new times is trying to bring past in the present.
c. Our ways of understanding the world and the present challenges have not changed totally. Constituent Assembly debates can provide us reasons why certain practises are important In a period when constitutional practises are being challenged, not knowing the reasons can destroy them.
Answer:
1. Statement ‘a’ and ‘b’ argues that the debates of Constituent Assembly are irrelevant today. While statement ‘c’. argues that debates of Constituent Assembly are relevant today.

2. J agree with position of statement ‘a’ that common people are too busy in earning livelihood, therefore they cannot understand legal language of the debates.

I also agree with the position of statement ‘c’ that debates of Constituent Assembly can provide us the reasons of importance of certain constitutional practices.

Question 4.
Explain the difference between the Indian Constitution and western ideas in the light of
a. Understanding of secularism
b. Art 370 and Art 371
c. Affirmative action
d. Universal adult franchise.
Answer:
‘A’ There are differences between the Indian Constitution in following areas although India is a secular state and western ideas also support secularism.

1. The western view of secularism is based on strict separation between the state and religion while in India state is allowed to interfere in religion for positive purpose. In India state is allowed to give aid to educational institution based on religion.

2. Here in India emphasis is on individual equality as well as inter community equality while in western ideas emphasis is on equality and individuals ‘B’ Art 370 and Art 371.

In India asymmetrical federalism prevails because Under Art 370 special status is given to Jammu & Kashmir and Art 371 provides special status to North eastern states to protect their local identity through constrictions on immigration. Indian federalism is asymmetrical in the sense also that centre is strong and has more powers than states. The western federations are symmetrical (Example, U.S.A.)

c. Affirmative action In Indian Constitution to improve the living conditions and status of traditionally backward sections of the society, provided reservation in matter of employment as a part of Affirmative action. Such Affirmative action is not given in western states.

d. Universal adult franchiseIn Indian Constitution and also is western constitution the principle of adult franchise has been accepted.

Question 5.
Which of these following principles of secularism are adopted in the constitution of India?
a. that state will have nothing to do with religion.
b. the state will have close relation with religion.
c. the state can discriminate among re{igion.
d. that state will recognise rights of religious groups.
e. that state will have limited powers to interfere in affairs of religions.
Answer:
‘D’ that the state will recognise right of religious groups.

Question 6.
Match the following

Answer:
Following are the correct matches
a – I, b – II, c – IV, d – V, e – III

Question 7.
This discussion was taking place in a class. Read the various arguments and state, which of these do you agree with and why.
Jayesh: I still think that our Constitution is only a borrowed document

Saba : Do you mean to say that there is nothing Indian in it? But is there such thing as Indians and western in the case of values and ideas? Take equality between men and women. What is western about it? And even if it is, should wo reject it only because it is western?

Jayesh: What I mean is that after fighting for independence from the British, did we not adopt their system of parliamentary government?

Neha: You forget that when we fought the British, we were not against the British as such, we were against the principle of colonialism. That has nothing to do with adopting a system of government that we wanted, wherever it came from. ‘
Answer:
On going through the above discussion between Jayesh and Neha, we find that both are correct to some extent. Jayesh is right that Indian Constitution is a borrowed bag because we have taken and adopted many systems and institution from different countries of the world, but we adapted them to our requirements.

Neha is also right that there is too much Indian is our Constitution. We have many precedents,-traditions and past history, which has shaped the formation of Constitution.

Government of India Act 1935 and Nehru Report 1928 forms the Indian sources of the Indian Constitution. We gave adopted the Constitution from different parts of the world as per our requirements and suitabilities.

Question 8.
Why it is said that the making of Indian Constitution was unrepresentative ? Does that make the Constitution unrepresentative? Give rea¬sons for your answer.
Answer:
It is said about the Constituent Assembly that it was unrepresentative, it is true to some extent because it was not directly elected by the people. It was based on the election of 1946. Secondly there was limited franchise and not adult franchise at that time. Thirdly most of the members were nominated to represent different sections of the society.

But we would say that it was a serious effort to make it the truely representative. It was the best effort in those circumstances. Direct election of the Constituent Assembly was not possible at that time. It was made for the people and its constitution was implemented and adopted in the name of ‘the people of India’. Therefore we can say that it was representative body.

Question 9.
One of the limitations of the Constitution of India is that it does not adequately attend to gender justice. What evidence can you give to substantiate this charge? If you were writing the Constitution today what provisions would you recommend for remedying this limitation.
Answer:
We feel that there are sufficient provisions to achieve the gender justice. For example Fundamental rights of Equality given in Art 14, 15 and 16 are sufficient attempt for gender Equality arid under justice.

There are sufficient provisions also in the chapter of ‘Directive Principles’ in the IVth part of the Constitution for the improved of living conditions and status of women. However there is nothing in the Constitution to achieve the gender justices in.practices because still we see the glancing situations of gender injustice. I would recommend the inclusion of practical provision to achieve the gender justice.

Question 10.
Do you agree with the statement that “It is not clear why in is a poor developing country, certain basic socio, economic rights were del¬egated to the section on Directive Principles rather than made an integral feature of our fundamental Rights?” Give reasons for your answer. What do you think are the possible reasons for putting socio, economic rights in the section of Directive Principles?
Answer:
It is true that basic socio-economic requirements have been included in the chapter of Directive Principles of the State Policy and notin the chapter of Fundamental Rights. But it is not so because the Constitution makers were less serious and concerned about these socio, economic need of the people.

Fact is that these needs were put in the chapter of Directive Principles because that is not justicible and did not put them in the chapter of Fundamental Right because it is justiciable.

Since there were inadequacy of the resources at the time of Constitution-making and constitution makers wanted to fulfill these socio-economic needs, therefore they put them in the chapter of Directive principles to be given by future governments and people could not claim them in the court of law.