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Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Election and Representation Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Election and Representation NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3

Election and Representation Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3

Question 1.
Which of the following resembles most a direct democracy?
a. Discussions in a family meetings.
b. Election of the class monitor.
c. Choice of candidate by a political party.
d. Decisions taken by the Gram Sabha.
e. Opinion poll conducted by the media.
Answer:
‘d’ Decisions taken by the Gram Sabha.

Question 2.
Which of the following tasks are not performed by the Election Commission?
a. Preparing the Electoral Rolls.
b. Nominating the candidates.
c. Setting up polling booths.
d. Implementing the model code of conduct.
e. Supervising the Panchayat Elections.
Answer:
‘b’ Nominating the candidates.

Question 3.
Which of the following is common in the method of election of the members of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha?
a. Every citizen above the age of 18 is an eligible voter.
b. Voter can give preference over for different candidates.
c. Every vote has equal value.
d. The winner must get more than half of the votes.
Answer:
‘c’ Every vote has equal value.

Question 4.
In the First Part the Post System, the candidate is declared elected who ……….
a. secures the largest number of postal ballots.
b. belongs to the party that has highest number of votes in the country.
c. has more votes than any other candidates in the constituency.
d. attains first position by securing more than 50% votes.
Answer:
‘c’ Has more votes than any other candidates in the constituency.

Question 5.
What is the difference between the system of reservation of Constitu¬encies and the system of separate elecorate? Why did the Constitution makers reject the latter?
Answer:
To ensure adequate representation to certain weaker social groups, the constitution maker wanted to introduce some mechanism, like separate electorde system which was introduced by British Government in Govt, of India Act 1909, 1919, and 1935. Separate electorate system means that for electing a representative from a particular community only those voters would be eligible who belong to that community.

The constitution makers however rejected this proposal because of the fear that this system will divide the society and they decided to adopt the system of reservation by which certain number of seats were reserved for the weaker social groups like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

This provision was made initally for ten years and now it has been extended upto 2010. Today out of 543 elected seats in Lok Sabha, 79 seats are reserved for scheduled castes and 41 seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribes.

Question 6.
Which of the following statements are incorrect? Identify and correct them by substituting, adding and rearranging only one word or pharse.
a. FPTP system is followed for all the elections in India.
b. Election Commission does not supervise Panchayat and Muncipal Elections.
c. President of India cannot remove an election commission.
d. Appointment of more than one Election Commissioners in the Election Commission is mandatory.
Following two questions are incorrect

(a) FPTP system is followed for all the elections in India Correct version is that FPTP is not followed for all the elections in India. For the election of President, Vice President and members of Rajya Sabha, Proportional Representation method of election is used.

(c) President of India cannot remove an Election Commissioner The correct position is that President of India can remove Election Commissioner if charges of corruption are proved against him.

Question 7.
Indian electrol system aims at ensuring representation of socially disadvantaged sections. However we are yet to have even 10 percent women members in our legislatures. What measures you would suggest to improve the situation?
Answer:
Constitution has ensured adequate representation of various weaker social groups like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by way of reservation but it is a fact that even 10 percent woman do not find representation in Parliament and State Assemblies because of socio-economic reasons.

No reservation has been made for them in the seats in Parliament and State Assemblies. However by 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments, one third of the total seats are reserved for women in membership and presidents of the local rural and urban bodies ‘respectively.

Socio, economic improvement of women can be one method of women participation in the democratic institutions like Parliament and State Assemblies. Reservation of seats is another method for which various Constitutional amdendment bill have been brought but could not become Act because of political reasons. There is urgent need of political concensus in the mode of giving reservation to women so that woman also could get adequate representation in democratic institutions.

Question 8.
Here are some wishes expressed in a conference to discuss a Constitution for a new country. Write against each of these whether FPTP or Proptional Representation system is more suited to meet each of there wishes.
a. People should clearly know who is their representative so that they can hold or her personalty accountable.
b. We have small linguistic minorities who are spread all over the country, we should ensure fair representation to them.
c. There should not be discrepancy between votes and seats for the different parties.
d. People should be able to elect a good candidate even if they do not like his or her political party.
Answer:
a. As per the wishes of the people given in a part the FPTP method of election will suit them because in fair system people have right to choose their representative of their choice who will be responsible and accountable to them and who can be removed in the next election.

b. To give fair representation to the people of several linguistic groups, method of propotional representation will be most suitable which ensures the representation of every such minority groups in proportion to their population strength.

c. To satisfy the wishes of the people of ‘c’ section. List system of proportional method of representation can be used which ensures the rational relationship between the votes and seats for the political parties.

d. People of the wishes of sec’d1 need FPTP system in which they-can vote to candidate even if they do not like his or her political party.

Question 9.
A former chief election commissioner joined a political party and contested the elections. There are various views on this issue. One view is that a former Election Commissioner is an independent citizen and has a fight to join any political party and to contest election. According fo other view, leaving this possibilty open, can affect the impartiality of the Election Commissions. So former Election Commssioners must not be allowed to contest any* election. Which position do you agree with and why?
Answer:
It is a fact that one Chief Election Commissioner joined a political party and contested the election also. It is also true that Election Commissioner is also a citizen of India and therefore has right to vote and join any political party and so can think of contesting the election but since he has been on the top position of the body which conducts and controls the election, the propriety demands that they should not contest the election otherwise the charge of influcing the process will not be ruled out.

As we expect that there should ban on the practicing of Judges of the courts after retirement, similarly we can say that Election Commissioner should be a political man after retirement.

Question 10.
“Indian democracy is ready to shift from a trade First Part the Post System to a system of Proportional Representation.” Do you agree with this statement? Give your reasons for or against this statement
Answer:
There is serious discussion about Election reforms in India. One of the area of reform is method of representation. We have adopted for FPTP system or method of representation in which every person is given right to vote a candidate of his choice and, after elections are over the counting of votes takes place.

A person who gets the majority of the total polled votes, is declared alected. However, in some elections like that of President and Vice President and Rajya Sabha elections are conducted on the basis of Proportional Method of Representation is which voters can express their preference for the contesting candidates.

The need to change FPTP system is being felt because of some negative impacts of the present system. The first method is that in this system minority rules over majority. Second negative imfact is that through this method of election, the minority social groups do not find adequate representation.

In this situation the ultimate revolt is of political unhability. There are several arguments against the PR system are given, one argument against is that PRsystem is very complex system, hence it is not suitable for a country like India who has no adequatic literacy percentage. The ultimate solution lies in the continuation of the present system with care and improvement.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2

Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2

Question 1.
Write True or False against each of these statements.

a. A Bill of Rights lays down the rights enjoyed by the people of a country.
Answer:
Right

b. A Bill of Rights protects the liberties of an individual.
Answer:
Right

c. Every country of the world has a bill of Rights
Answer:
False

d. The Constitution guarantees remedy against violation of Rights
Answer:
Right

Question 2.
Which of the following is the best description of Fundamental Rights?
a. All the rights an individual should have.
b. All the rights given to citizens by law.
c. The rights given and protected by the Constitution.
d. The rights given by Constitution that cannot ever be restricted.
Answer:
‘C’ the rights given and protected by constitution.

Question 3.
Read the following situations. Which Fundamental Right is being used or violated in each case and how?
a. Overweight male cabin crew are allowed to get promotion in the national airlin.es but their women colleagues who gain weight are penalised.
Answer:
It is case of violation of Right of Equality where the Fundamental Right of Equality of women is being violated on the ground of sex as their male colleague who have gained weight are being given promotion while they are being denied. Therefore it is case Of violation of Fundamental Right of Equality on the ground of sex.

B. A director makes a documentary film that criticises the policies of the government.
Answer:
It is case of Fundamental Right of Expression (Art – 19 a) as the film director is Criticising the policies of the government by way of film making.

C. People displaced by a big dam take out rally demanding rehabilitation.
Answer:
It is a case of use of Fundamental Rights as the displaced persons are organising and demonstrating for their rehabilitation. It is also a Fundamental Right of Expression.

D. Andhra Society runs Telugu medium schools outside Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
It is also use of  Fundamental Right of Education and Culture (Art 30 of the) Constitution as they are propagating their language through opening the school. Therefore it is use of Fundamental Right of Education

Question 4.
Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the Educational Right.
a. Only- children of the minority group that has opened educational institution can study there.
b. Government schools must ensure that children of the minority group will be introduced to their belief and culture
c. Linguistic and religious minorities can demand that their children and keep it reserved for them.
d. Linguistic and religious minorities can demand that their children must not study in any educational institution except those managed by their own community.
Answer:
‘C’ Linguistic and religious minorities can open schools for their children and keep it reserved for them.

Question 5.
Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights and why?
a. Not paying minimum wages.
b. Banning of a book.
c. Banning of loudspeakers after 9p.m.
d. Making a speech.
Answer:
‘B’ Banning of book is violation of Fundamental Right of Expressions which is given in Art 19 of the constitution because writing of a book is one Fundamental Right of Expression.

Question 6.
An activist working among the poor says that poor don’t need Fundamental Rights. What they need our Directive Principles to be made legally binding. Do you agree with this? Give your reasons.
Answer:
It is wrong to say that poor do not need Fundamental Rights. Every body whether rich or poor should be given Fundamental Rights. It is true that Directive principles are important for citizens but they cannot be made justiciable because the availability of Directive Principles depends upon the availability of resources.

Question 7.
Several reports show that caste groups previously associated with scavenging are forced to continue in this job. Those in positions of authority refuse to give them any other job. Their children are discouraged from pursuing education. Which Fundamental Rights are being violated in this instance?
Answer:
In this case Fundamental Rights of Equality given in Article 15 and , 16 are being violated. Art 15 gives prohibition of discrimination and Art 16 prohibits discrimination in matter of employment. Since here people of particular social group are. denied equal access in matter of job, hence it in violation of Right of Equality given under Art 15 and Art 16.

Question 8.
A petition by a human rights group drew attention of the court to the condition of starvation and hunger in the country. Over five crore tonnes of food grains was stored in the godowns of the Food Corporation of India. Research shows that a large number of ration cardholders do not know about the quantity of food grains they can purchase from the fair price shops. It requested the courts to order the government to improve its public distribution system
a. Which different rights does this case involve? How does rights our inter linked?
b. Should these rights form part of the right to life.
Answer:
‘a’ In this instance Fundamental Right of Equality and Fundamental Right to Life are involved. Both are linked. If the resource our not accessible it is not only violation of Right of Equality but also it is violation of Fundamental Right to Life because without food people are starved to death.

‘b’ Yes these rights form part of the life.

Question 9.
Read the statement by Somnath Lahiri in the Constituent Assembly quoted in this chapter. Do you agree with him? If yes, give arguments to prove it. If not, give arguments against his position.
Answer:
Mr. Somnath Lahiri in his statement (which is referred in this book on page 36) says that restrictions imposed on Fundamental Rights amounts to snatching the Fundamental Right, which is not correct.

Keeping our socio, economic and political situations in mind constitution makers have not made these Fundamental Rights as absolute, as some reasonable restrictions can be imposed upon them but that does not amount to snatching or taking away because there instructions can be challenged in the court of Law if they are not reasonable because constitution has allowed only reasonable restriction on the Fundamental Rights and not arbitrary restrictions. Therefore the position of Shri.Somnath Lahiri is not correct.

Question 10.
Which of the Fundamental Rights is in your opinion the most important right Summarise its provisions and give arguments to show why it is most important
Answer:
Fundamental Right of Constitution Remedies given in Art-32 of the Constitution is most important Fundamental Right. Dr. B-R- Ambedekar, the architect of the Constitution had considered this right as heart and soul of the Constitution. It is an important right because it makes the Fundamental Rights justiciable by enabling the citizens to move to court in case of violation of any Fundamental right given to them by the Constitution. Therefore without this rights other rights would have been meaningless.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 7 Natural Hazards and Disasters Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Natural Hazards and Disasters NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 7

Natural Hazards and Disasters Questions and Answers Class 11 Geography Chapter 7

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) Which one of the following states of India experiences floods frequently?
(a) Bihar
(b) West Bengal
(c) Assam
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer:
(c) Assam

(ii) In which one of the following districts of Uttranchal did Malpa landslide disaster take place?
(G) Bageshwar
(b) Almora
(c) Champawat
(d) Pithoragarh
Answer:
(d) Pithoragarh

(iii) Which one of the following states receives floods in the winter month?
(a) Assam
(b) West Bengal
(c) Kerala
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(d) Tamil Nadu

(iv) In which of the following rivers is the Majuli River Island situated?
(a) Ganga
(b) Brahmaputra
(c) Godavari
(d) Indus
Answer:
(b) Brahmaputra

(v) Under which type of natural hazards do blizzards come?
(a) Atmospheric
(b) Aquatic
(c) Terrestrial
(d) Biological
Answer:
(a) Atmospheric

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in less than 30 words :
(i) When can a hazard become a disaster?
Answer:
Hazards and disasters are closely related. Hazard is a threat while disaster is an event. Natural hazards that cause great loss of human life and economy are called disasters and catastrophers while disaster is an extraordinary event of limited duration which causes serious disruption of economy of the country.

(ii) Why are there more earthquakes in the Himalayas and in the north-eastern region of India?
Answer:
The earthquakes in the Himalayan region are tectonic in origin. Because the Indian plate is moving at a speed of one centimetre per year towards the north and north-eastern direction and this movement of plates is being constantly obstructed by the Eurasian plate from the north.

As a result of this, both the plates locked with each other resulting in accumulation of energy at different points of time. Excessive accumulation of energy results in the development of stress which causes breaking up of rocks and sudden release of energy causes earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and north-east.

(iii) What are the basic requirements for the formation of a cyclone?
Answer:
The basic requirements for the formation of a cyclone :

1. Temperature of the oceanic surface over 26°C.
2. Appearance of a closed isobar.
3. Pressure dropping below lOOOmb.
4. Areas of circular movement, first spreading to a radius of 30-50 km, then increasing gradually to 100-200 km. and even to 1000 km.
5. Vertically the wind speed first rising to a height of 6 km, then much higher.

(iv) How are the floods in eastern India different from the ones in western India?
Answer:
Floods occur due to :

• Excessive rainfall by the south-west monsoon, tropical cyclones in the pre and post monsoon period.
• Silting of river beds.
• Deforestation and changes in the river courses.

All factors are favourable in eastern India. Therefore, flood in eastern India is different from the one in western India.

(v) Why are there more droughts in thecentral and western India?
Answer:
The central and western India i.e. Rajasthan, west of Aravali Hills, Kachchh region of Gujarat, Jaisaimer and Barmer receive less than 90 mm. average annual rainfall. So that there are more droughts.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions is not more than 125 words :
Identify the Landslide-prone regions of India and suggest some measures to mitigate the disasters caused by these.
Answer:
Landslide is the rapid sliding of large mass of bedrocks or regolith. On the basis of frequency and eertain casual relationship with the controlling factors like geology, geomorphic agents, slope, landuse, vegetation cover and human activities, India has been divided into the following landslide prone-regions:
(i) Very high Vulnerability Zone-The Himalayas and Andaman and Nicobar, high rainfall regions, north-eastern regions, along with areas that experience frequent ground shading.

(ii) High Vulnerability Zone – All Himalayan stateS Juid states from the north eastern regions except the plains of Assam.

(iii) Moderate to Low Vulnerability Zone – Areas that receive less precipitation such as trans-Himalayan areas of Ladakh and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh). Land-slides due to mining are most common in the states like Jharkhand, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Kerala.

Measures to mitigate the disaster caused by landslide :

(i) Afforestation – The planting of trees and other vegetation on hill slopes and uncultivated land is helpful in controlling landslides to some extent.

(i) Restricted grazing of animals – Restricted grazing of animals should be practiced in order to minimise the loss of plant cover.

(iii) Terracing – Terracing is cutting the hill slopes in a series of large steps made up of flat fields. Terracing is also effective in checking the landslides.

Question 4.
What is vulnerability? Divide India into natural disaster vulnerability zones based on droughts and suggest some mitigation measures.
Answer:
Vulnerability – The disasters are sudden and violent, different social groups gets affected and respond to it differently. The difference in their ability to cope up with disasters is known as vulnerability, poor people are more vulnerable than the rich due to their lower tolerance capabilities.

Disasters are the result of harmful attacks brought against human beings by external agents. Drought is shortage of water due to inadequate precipitation and excessive rate of evaporation. Droughts and floods are the two accompanying features of Indian climate, about 30% of country’s total area is identified as drought vulnerized area.

There is large-scale variation and unpredictability in the behaviour of the monsoon in India. On the basis of severity of droughts, India can be divided into the following vulnerability zones:

(i) Extreme Vulnerability Zone – Most parts of Rajasthan,particularly areas to the west of Aravali Hills and Kachchh region of Gujarat, Jaisalmer and Barmer from Indian desert that receive less than 90 mm. average annual rainfall.

(ii) Severe Drought Vulnerability Zone – Parts of eastern Rajasthan, most of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Plateau, northern parts of interior Tamil Nadu and southern parts of Jharkhand and interior Orissa.

(iii) Moderate Drought Vulnerability Zone – Northern parts of Rajasthan, Haryana, southern districts of Uttar Pradesh, remaining parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra except Konkan, Jharkhand and Coimbatore plateau of Tamil Nadu.

Mitigation measures
The following steps to be taken for the drought mitigation programme:

• Provision for the distribution of safe drinking water, medicines for the victims and availability of fodder and water for the cattle.
• Shifitingofthepeopleandtheirlivestocktosaferplacesneedto be done.
• Identification of ground water potential, transfer of river water from the surplus to the deficit areas (planning for inter-linking of rivers).
• Construction of reservoirs and dams.
• Remotesensingandsateiliteimageriescanbehelpfiilinidentifying the river basin.
• To provide proper training to practise the drought-resistant crops.
• Rainwater harvesting can also be an effective method in minimising the effects of droughts.

Question 5.
When can developmental activities become the cause of disasters?
Answer:
Disasters are also caused by some human activities. There are some activities that are directly responsible for man-made disasters :

• Bhopal gas tragedy, chernobyl nuclear disaster, wars, release of CFC’s(chlorofluorocarbons).
• Increase of greenhouses gases, environmental pollution like noise, air, water and soil pollution.
• Landslides and floods due to deforestation.
• Unscientific land use and construction activities in fragile areas.