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TS Grewal Double Entry Book Keeping Class 12 Solutions 2019-20 Volume 1 & 2

Our Class 12 Accountancy TS Grewal Chapter wise Textbook Solutions are easy to understand for preparation and revision. There is good chances of coming these Accountancy Class 12 TS Grewal solutions on CBSE Final exam question papers. So students can go through this solutions to get good marks in examinations. These textbook solutions very helpful for the students in their exams and daily homework. The solutions included are simplified and clear solutions to complex problems.

TS Grewal Accountancy Class 12 Solutions 2019 Volume 1

TS Grewal Double Entry Book Keeping Class 12 Solutions Volume 1 : Accounting for Partnership Firms

• Chapter 1 Accounting for Partnership Firms – Fundamentals
• Chapter 2 Goodwill: Nature and Valuation
• Chapter 3 Change in Profit – Sharing Ratio Among the Existing Partners
• Chapter 4 Admission of a Partner
• Chapter 5 Retirement/Death of a Partner
• Chapter 6 Dissolution of Partnership Firm

TS Grewal Accountancy Class 12 Solutions 2019 Volume 2

TS Grewal Double Entry Book Keeping Class 12 Solutions Volume 2 : Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisations and Companies

• Chapter 7 Company Accounts Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organisations
• Chapter 8 Accounting for Share Capital
• Chapter 9 Issue of Debentures
• Chapter 10 Redemption of Debentures

Students can also Check below CS Executive Accounting MCQ Questions and Answers

CS Executive MCQ & Important Questions and Answers 

• CS Executive Jurisprudence, Interpretation & General Laws Important Questions
• CS Executive Company Law Important Questions
• CS Executive Economic, Business and Commercial Laws Important Questions
• CS Executive Setting Up of Business Entities and Closure Important Questions
• CS Executive Securities Laws and Capital Markets Important Questions
• CS Executive Tax Laws MCQ
• CS Executive Corporate and Management Accounting MCQ
• CS Executive Financial and Strategic Management MCQ

We hope this TS Grewal Accountancy Class 12 Solutions 2019 Volume 1 & 2 helps you in your preparation for CBSE Class 12 Board Examination 2019. For any questions pertaining to TS Grewal’s Double Entry Book Keeping Class 12 Solutions (Accountancy), feel free to leave queries in the comments section.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 12 Colonial Cities: Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-history-chapter-12/

Colonial Cities: Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 12

Colonial Cities: Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture Questions and Answers Class 12 History Chapter 12

Question 1.
To what extent are census data useful in reconstructing patterns of urbanisation in thecplonial context?
Or
A careful study of census revealed some fascinating trends of urbanisation in 19th century.” Support the statement with facts. (C.B.S.E. 2013 (O.D.))
Answer:
A careful study of the data gathered through the census helps a lot in understanding the trend of urbanisation. It can be examined as under:

• The process of urbanisation was sluggish in India after 1800.
• In the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century, the proportion of the urban population to the total population of India was very low and stagnant.
• Between 1900 and 1940 C.E., there was a 13% increase in the urban population whereas during the same period, there was a 10% increase in the population of the whole country.
• The data helps us in the enumeration of people according to their age, sex, caste, religion and occupation.
• The British lived in the White areas whereas the Indian lived in the Black areas. The white areas stood for cleanliness and hygiene. On the other hand, the black areas signified chaos, anarchy, filth and disease.

Question 2.
What do the terms “White” and “Black” Town signify ?
Answer:
The British had white skin so they were often called the ‘white’. They suffered from the white man’s burden and considered themselves as superior to others. On the other hand, the blacks had brown or black skin. So, they were called the “black’, such as the Indians or Africans. Thus, white signified the superiority over the black.

According to the British, the black areas symbolised chaos and anarchy, filth and disease. On the other hand, the white area stood for cleanliness and hygiene. In black areas, epidemics like cholera and plague often spread. So, the British took stringent measures to ensure sanitation and public health.

They wanted to prevent diseases of the black areas. So, they ensured underground piped water supply. They also introduced sewerage and drainage system. In other words, the British paid a lot of attention towards sanitary vigilance. Thus, white towns were those parts of the colonial towns where the white people lived.

The cantonment areas were also developed at safe places. They had wide roads, barracks, churches and parade ground. Besides, they had big bungalows and gardens. In fact, the White Town symbolised settled city life. But in the black towns, the Indians lived who were said to be unorganised and a source of filth and disease.

Question 3.
How did prominent Indian merchants establish themselves in the colonial city ?
Answer:
The important Indian traders settled in colonial cities like Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. They were the most rich as they served as agents or middlemen. They built large traditional courtyard houses in the Black Town. They also bought up large tracts of land in these cities. They made investments for the future and wanted to impress their English masters by giving lavish parties during festivals. They also built temples to establish their status and prestige in the society.

Question 4.
What were the motivating factors of town planning of Calcutta (Bengal) ? Describe the process of town planning of Calcutta under the reign of Lord Wellesley.
Or
Examine how the concerns of defence and health gave shape to Calcutta.
Answer:
Right from the early days of their rule in Bengal, the British took the task of town planning of Calcutta in their own hands. Following were the motivating factors behind it:
(i) The first factor was defence. In 1756 C.E., Calcutta was attacked by the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj- ud-Daulah. He captured the small fort, which was built by the British traders as their depot for goods. The traders of East India Company were not happy with the sovereignty of the Nawab. They neither wanted to pay the custom duty nor did they wanted to operate according to the terms given by the Nawab. On the other hand, Siraj-ud-Daulah wanted to assert his authority.

(ii) The battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 and Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated in it. Then, Siraj ud- Daulah the East India Company decided to build a new fort, which could not be easily attacked.

Town Planning : Calcutta was grown from the three villages of Sutnati, Kolkata and Govindapur. First of all, the Company cleared the land in the southern most village of Govindapur and ordered the traders and weavers to move out who resided over there. Around newly built Fort William, a vast open space was left, which locally came to be known as garer-math or Maidan. The main objective of keeping open spaces was that if enemy army advances towards the Fort then it could come to a straight line of fire.

Once, the British consolidated their power at Calcutta then they started moving out of the Fort and began building residences along the periphery of the maidan. In this way the British settlements in Calcutta came into being. The maidan or vast open space became a landmark. It was the first significant measure in the town planning of Calcutta.

Town Planning under Lord Wellesley : Lord Wellesley became the Governor-General in 1798. He built a palace for himself called the ‘Government House’. This building was a symbol of British authority. When Wellesley arrived at Calcutta, he became very much concerned about the condition of the Indian part of the city—the excessive vegetation, the crowding, the dirty tanks, the smells and poor drainage.

The British were worried by these conditions because they believed that the poisonous gases hum pools of stagnant water and marshlands were the main cause of most of the diseases. Even the tropical climate of India was seen as unhealthy and enervating. There was one way of making the city healthier and that was creating open places in the city. Wellesley issued an administrative order in 1803 on the need for town planning.

Many committees were set up for this purpose. A number of bazaars, ghats, tanneries and cremation grounds were cleared. From then, the idea of public health became an idea, which was used in projects of town planning and town clearance.

Question 5.
Give a brief description of buildings made in a neo-Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles during the colonial period. Also describe the main features of these styles.
Or
What are the different colonial architectural styles that can be seen in Bombay City ?
Or
Explain any two broad architectural styles used by the British for the public buildings in the colonial cities, with examples. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Neo-Gothic Style : The buildings constructed in the neo-Gothic architectural style had high-pitched roofs, pointed arches and extensive decoration. This style was adopted in the construction of the churches in northern Europe during the medieval period. It was again revived in England in the mid 19th century. It was the time when the Bombay government was building its infrastructure. In Bombay, many buildings like the Secretariat, the High Court and the University of Bombay were built in this style.

Few Indians also gave money for buildings made in this style. For example, Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Readymoney donated money to build the University Hall. He was a rich Parsi merchant. In the same way, Premchand Roychand funded the making of the University Library clock tower. This tower was named after his mother as Rajabai Tower. Indian merchants also liked the neo-Gothic style because they believed that the building styles of British were also progressive, like their ideas and it would help make Bombay into a modern city.

But the most spectacular and bewitching example of the neo-Gothic Style is the Victoria Terminus, the station and head quarters of the Railway Company. The British invested a lot of money in the design and construction of railway stations in cities because they were proud of themselves that they had built an All-India railway network. Central Bombay was dominated by a group of these buildings. Their uniform neo-Gothic Style gave a special character to the city.

(ii) Indo-Saracenic Style : A new hybrid architectural style was developed in the beginning of the 20th century, which was a mixture of the Indian style with European style. This style was given the name of Indo-Saracenic style. The word ‘Indo’ was a short form of ‘Hindu’ and the word ‘Sarecen’ was used by Europeans to designate Muslims.

This style was inspired by the medieval buildings in India with their domes, chhatris, jalis, arches, etc. By integrating Indian style with European style, British wanted to express that they are the legitimate and natural rulers of India. In 1911, the Gateway of India was built to welcome the King George V and Queen Mary to India. It is the most famous example of the traditional Gujarati style. The famous industrialist Jamsedji Tata built the hotel Taj Mahal in a similar style.

Question 6.
How were urban centres transformed during the eighteenth I century ? Explain the changes reflected in the history of urban centres in India during the 18th eentury with special I reference to network of trade. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
In the 18th century, many old towns declined and were replaced by new towns which soon emerged and developed. As there was a gradual erosion in the power of the Mughals, it caused an eclipse of various cities associated with their rule. Delhi and Agra, which were the capitals during the Mughal rule, lost their political authority and grandeur.

(i) Emergence of New Regional Powers : During the 18th century, many new regional capitals emerged and soon gained importance. Such powers were Lucknow, Hyderabad, Seringapatam, Poona, Nagpur, Baroda and Thanjavur. Those traders, artisans and administrators who earlier lived in the Mughal centres of power now left these places and migrated to new capitals in search of work and patronage. Many mercenaries also came to these new cities in search of employment.

(ii) Creation of New Urban Settlements : Many officials and local notables lived in the Mughal cities. They created their new urban settlements such as the ‘Qasbah’ and ‘Ganj’. However, there was an uneven growth of cities. Some places flourished because of their economic activities but some faced economic decline due to war, plunder and political instability.

(iii) Growth of Trading Centres : The emergence of urban centres brought many changes in the network of trade. For example, the Portuguese settled in Panaji in 1510 and the Dutch in Masulipatnam in 1605. The British came in Madras in 1639 and the French took hold of Pondicherry in 1673. It led to an expansion of economic and commercial activity. So, many towns grew around these trading centres. By the end of the eighteenth century, the land-based empires in Asia were replaced by the powerful sea-based European empires. It ushered in International trade, mercantilism and capitalism in the society.

(iv) Emergence of Colonial Port-Cities : In the mid-eighteenth century, the commercial centres like Dhaka and Masulipatnam lost their importance. With the British becoming more powerful after the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the trade shifted to cities like Madras, Calcutta and Bombay, which emerged as new economic capitals due to the trade activities of East India Company. So, these cities also became centres of colonial, political and administrative power. By the end of 1800, Madras, Calcutta and Bombay had become the biggest cities in India.

Question 7.
What were the new kinds of public places that emerged in the colonial city ? What functions did they serve ?
Answer:
The Indians found the new colonial cities as bewildering. They were amazed at the new transport facilities such as horse-drawn carriages, trams and buses. These transport facilities enabled the people to live at a distance from the city centre. They lived at some other place and served at some other place.

Emergence of new public places : The new colonial cities saw the creation of new public places like the theatres, cinema-halls, gardens and public parks. Besides there were clubs and Garden Houses.

Functions : These public places were very exciting and were an important source of entertainment. They also increased social interaction due to which people were able to express their opinions on society and government. They could also question the practice of social customs.

Question 8.
What were the concerns that influenced town planning in the nineteenth century ?
Answer:
After the Revolt of 1857, the British nurtured various concerns and worries regarding town-planning, which is evident from the following points:
Constant fear of rebellion : Having faced the Revolt of 1857, the white men in India had a constant fear of rebellion from the Indians. So, they wanted to live in more secure and segregated enclaves. To ensure their defence, they wanted to live away from the native people from whom they faced the threat of rebellion. So, they cleared many agricultural fields and pasture lands and set up urban spaces called the Civil Lines. The Englishmen lived in these Civil Lines and also set up cantonment areas for the stationing of the armed forces.

Safe enclaves : The British considered the Civil Lines and cantonment as safe enclaves as they ensured better defence. These areas were separate from the Indian towns. They had broad streets and also big bungalows amidst large gardens. They also had a Church. The Cantonment areas had barracks and parade ground. So, all these places — Civil Lines as well as cantonment—were a model of ordered urban life. They were also a safe place for all the Europeans.

Development of white towns : The British were also concerned about epidemics like cholera and plague, which often spread in India, killing thousands of people. So, they demarcated both Black and White areas. The black areas symbolised only chaos and anarchy. They stood for filth and disease. The British always feared that disease would spread froimthe Black to the White areas. So, they developed White Towns for themselves. These towns signified hygiene and cleanliness. The British took stringent administrative measures to ensure sanitation of these areas. They also regulated the building activity. They also made arrangements for the underground piped water supply. They cared a lot for sewerage and drainage systems. In fact, they kept an utmost sanitary vigilance.

Question 9.
To what extent were social relations transformed in the new cities ?
Or
Explain the changes that came about in the social life in the new cities under colonial rule.(CB.S.E Sample Paper 2011)
Or
Describe the social changes brought about in the new colonial cities. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Or
“The colonial cities offered new opportunities to women during the 19th century”. Support the statement with facts. (C.B.S.E. 2013 (D))
Answer:
The new colonial cities were the bewildering places for the people of India. Life in these cities seemed to be in a flux. It was a mixture of richness and poverty, prosperity and adversity.
(i) Separation of the place of work from the place of residence : The new colonial cities had new facilities of transport. There were trains, buses and horse-drawn carriages for the transportation of the people. So, people could live at a distant place from the main city centre. Gradually, the place of work separated from the place of residence. The people experienced a new kind of life when they moved from their place of residence to their factory, office or any other kind of place of work.

(ii) Lack of coherence and familiarity : The new colonial cities lacked coherence and familiarity. As the cities were big; all the people did not know each other. They were detached and lacked harmonious relations.

(iii) Creation of public places: The new colonial cities had many public places, like theatres, cinema- halls and public parks. They were the source of entertainment that encouraged and provided opportunities for social interaction.

(iv) Emergence of new social groups and middle classes : In the new colonial cities, people lost their old identities. They formed new social groups. Many people had left their old cities and settled in the big cities. These people included clerks, teachers, lawyers, doctors, engineers and accountants. Collectively all of these formed the middle classes. They had an access to new educational institutions and were also free to express their views on society and government. They also challenged the practice of many social customs.

(v) New opportunities for women : In the new colonial cities, the women were given abundant opportunities to grow and progress. So, many middle- class women expressed themselves through journals, books and autobiographies. They became more visible in public. They entered new professions and became teachers, artists and domestic and factory workers. They moved out of household.

(vi) Opposition to change in traditional patriarchal norms : Social change is generally not acceptable to traditional and conservative people. So, many people objected to change in the traditional patriarchal norms. They feared that the education of women would turn the world upside down. They felt that the education of women would threaten the very basis of Indian social order. They wanted to see women as mothers and wives and wanted that all the women should remain confined to the household.

(vii) Emergence of working class : The new colonial cities saw a new class. It was a class of the labouring poor and of working people. Paupers from the rural areas rushed to the cities in search of employment. They found new opportunities in new cities. They were also allured by the new city life and wanted to see things that they had never seen before.

But they were poor and could not afford to live in the city as life here was very costly and expensive. So, they kept their families in their villages. They worked in the city and went back to their villages. For them, life in the city was a struggle because a city had uncertain jobs, expensive food and unaffordable residences.

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Vistas Chapter 4 The Enemy Consists Of All The Answers From This pdf. You Can Download The Pdf For NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Free And Refer To The Answers To Get A Better Understanding Of The Chapter. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-english-vistas-chapter-4-the-enemy/

The Enemy NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Vistas Chapter 4

The Enemy NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

The Enemy Read and Find out

Class 12 English Vistas Chapter 4 Question Answer NCERT Solutions  Question 1.
Who was Dr Sadao? Where was his house?
Answer:
Dr Sadao was a famous Japanese surgeon and a scientist. He was perfecting a discovery which would render wounds entirely clean. His house was located next to a narrow beach. The beach was outlined with bent pines. A little uninhabited island also existed near his house. In storm, it had been submerged. A mile or two on either side of the house was a fishing village, but near his house, there existed only the bare and lonely coast, dangerous with rocks. The water beyond the beach was spiked with rocks.

Vistas Chapter 4 Question Answer NCERT Solutions Question 2.
Will Dr Sadao be arrested on the charge of harbouring an enemy?
Answer:
Dr Sadao knew that if they sheltered a white man in their house, they would be arrested. The wounded white man was a prisoner of war. He had escaped with a bullet on his back. Since Japan and America were at war, he would become a traitor to Japan for harbouring an enemy. If anyone complained against Dr Sadao and accused him of harbouring an enemy, he could be arrested.

Class 12 English Vistas Chapter 4 The Enemy Question Answer Question 3.
Will Hana help the wounded man and wash him herself?
Answer:
Hana will help the wounded man and wash him herself. The wounded American was in a very bad state and needed to be washed before being operated on. Hana did not want Dr Sadao to clean the dirty and unconscious prisoner, and so asked their servant, Yumi, to do so. However, Yumi defied her master’s order and did not help. She thought she would be punished by law for being a traitor to her country. As a result, Hana had no other option but to wash him herself.

Question 4.
What did Dr Sadao and his wife do with the man?
Answer:
Dr Sadao operated the wounded man. The operation was successful. Dr Sadao knew that the wounded man would now be out of danger. So he and his wife decided to give him to the police as a prisoner of war. However, the man was very weak. Thus, they decided to keep him till he recovered, so that later they could decide, what to do with him.

Question 5.
Will Dr Sadao be arrested on the charge of harbouring an enemy?
Answer:
Dr Sadao will be arrested on the charge of harbouring an enemy, if somebody complains against him and discloses the secret. He, on humanitarian grounds as well as professional grounds, has tended a wounded near-prisoner which was officially a serious crime. However, he did not get punished for his offence as it was revealed to anyone, expect his wife, loyal but timid servants, and a General who was too self-obsessed with his own treatment. It was sure that he would never let the doctor leave him.

Question 6.
What will Dr Sadao do to get rid of the man?
Answer:
With the injured American’s health gradually improving, Dr Sadao and Hana were in a fix as to what should be done with him. However, finally Dr Sadao will succeed to get rid of him. Their loyal servants had left them. Keeping him in their house could pose a threat to their lives as well. As Hana’s impatience and distress grew, Dr Sadao revealed the matter to the General who decided to send assassins to kill the young American in his sleep. Keen on getting rid of the escaped war-prisoner, Dr Sadao agreed.

However, the matter could not be resolved because the assassins never came. Dr Sadao then planned another way to get rid of him which was overpowered with sympathy and a distant gratitude towards the people he had been linked to in America. He decided to save his patient one more time. He secretly sent him to an isolated island with food, bottled water, clothes, blanket and his own flashlight on a boat from where he boarded a Korean ship to freedom and safety.

The Enemy Reading with Insight

Question 1.
There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national loyalty. Discuss with reference to the story you have just read.
Answer:
On an evening, Dr Sadao, a prominent Japanese surgeon, was standing outside his house, situated on the beach. Suddenly, he saw a man flung up out of the ocean. He ran towards him. He found that the man was an enemy soldier and was badly wounded. Being a citizen with a sense of national loyalty, Sadao thought of throwing the man back into the sea.

But soon he realised his professional duty as a doctor, his sacred duty to save a dying man, if he could. He rose above his narrow prejudices and took the man into his house. In spite of open defiance from the domestic staff, he took care of the man. He knew the risk involved in harbouring an enemy, still he did not shirk away from his obligations as a doctor. Only when he felt that the man was out of danger, he told him to escape from the house.

Question 2.
Dr Sadao was compelled by his duty as a doctor to help the enemy soldier. What made Hank, his wife, sympathetic to him in the face of open defiance from the domestic staff?
Answer:
Dr Sadao and Hana both loved their country. They didn’t have any liking for the white people. They felt that Americans practiced racial prejudice. Both of them were happy that Japan was fighting against the white people. But Dr Sadao had been trained as a doctor, felt that it was his moral duty to save a dying enemy. Handing him over to the police would have meant throwing him into the jaws of death. Hence, he put aside all other considerations and respected the ethics of his profession. Hana was a woman

with a tender heart. She couldn’t bear the sight of a wounded and bleeding soldier. Hence, she herself helped Sadao to carry the wounded man into the house. Sadao . did not fail in his duty as a citizen either. When he had gone to visit the General, who was his patient, Sadao told him about the American in his house. The General, to prevent any problem happening to his doctor upon whom his life depended, displayed absolute unprofessional behaviour. He assumes to send goons to kill and dispose off the American. He did not have any national loyalty, despite being a General. Not reporting Sadao and the American to the authorities was a gross direction of duty.

Question 3.
How would you explain the reluctance of the soldier to leave the shelter of the doctor’s home even when he knew he couldn’t stay there without risk to the doctor and himself?
Answer:
When the American prisoner came to consciousness, he became aware that he was saved by a Japanese family. Since America and Japan were at war, he feared that he will soon be handed over to the army. The Japanese family, however, did not hand him over to the army. Instead, they took great care of him. He knew that although he was a threat to the doctor’s family, he was in safe hands. However, burdened with gratitude towards the family, he ultimately decides to comply with the escape plan of the doctor.

Question 4.
What explains the attitude of the General in the matter of the enemy soldier? Was it human consideration, lack of national loyalty, dereliction of duty or simply self-absorption?
Answer:
The General’s attitude was totally governed by selfish and personal interests. He was Dr Sadao’s patient and did not trust anyone except him, when it came to his health. He could not take the risk of living unprotected, if the doctor was executed for treachery. He had personal assassins, whom he promised to use for killing the injured soldier. But ironically, he ‘forgot’ his promise to help the doctor.

Question 5.
While hatred against a member of the enemy race is justifiable, especially during wartime, what makes a human being rise above narrow prejudices?
Answer:
War these days has become a way of life. The newspaper in fact is full of reports about wars between different countries, directly or indirectly. Hatred and enmity is now the way of life and sometimes, it feels that the world will soon come to an end. However, the success of humanity is that we rise above petty prejudices and show our love towards the civilisation as a whole. Dr Sadao did the same. He did whatever he could to save the life of a man who was a war prisoner. The moment he saw the injured man, he was filled with concern. Ignoring the fact that he was an enemy, he saved him.

Question 6.
Do you think the doctor’s final solution to the problem was the best possible one in the circumstances?
Answer:
The doctor tried his best to save the injured soldier as a part of his duty. But the ultimate question was what to do next. It cannot be said that he betrayed his country as he told the truth to the General. However, when he noticed that the soldier was to be killed not for the benefit of the country but only to save the doctor’s life, he decided to help him flee.

Dr Sadao’s final decision was the best possible solution in the present circumstances. The secret that he was sheltering an enemy in his house was already out. The loyal servants of the household had gone. They knew everything. Every moment was filled with tension. So, Dr Sadao thought of a plan and discussed it with the prisoner. It was a loyal escape plan.

Dr Sadao was to make a boat ready with all the things that the prisoner would require quilt, water, food, etc. and row to the nearby island from where a Korean fishing boat would take him. Only after sending the man in the boat, could Dr Sadao had a sound sleep.
Moreover, he had saved the man’s life. How could he give him back to be killed? As a good human being and a dutiful doctor, he saw to it that the man was alright and safe. Whether he was an enemy or not did not matter.

The Enemy Extra Questions and Answers

The Enemy Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Why didn’t Sadao want to know anything about the white man?
Answer:
He didn’t want to know any details about the white man because he didn’t want to become emotionally involved with him. The less he knew about the white man, the better it would have been for both, him and the white man.

Question 2.
How is Hana’s perspective about the white man different from Yumi’s perspective?
Answer:
Hana sees the white man as a person who is in need of help and not as a nameless enemy who should be killed, as per Yumi. This point is central to the story because it talks about how all people are similar and that they should all be treated in a humane and respectful way.

Question 3.
The theme of racism is reflected in the story. Give examples.
Answer:
The theme of racism is reflected in the story in several ways:
Because of the stress of Sadao’s father on ‘purity of race’ and traditionalism, Sadao didn’t start a relationship with Hana until he was sure that she “had been pure in her race”.

Yumi refused to touch the American or wash him before the operation. Moreover, when he left, she “cleaned the guest room thoroughly … to get the white man’s smell out of it.” Sadao has strong feelings against white people. Both Sadao and Hana felt that Americans were racists.

Question 4.
What did Dr Sadao do to help Tom escape to freedom?
Answer:
Dr Sadao knew that the wounded American sailor, Tom could be arrested any time. So he decided to help him in escaping. He decided to give his private boat with food and clothes in it. He could row it to a little island not far from the coast. Nobody lived there. In this way, he could escape to freedom.

Question 5.
Why did Dr Sadao help in the escape of the American soldier? Was it an act of treachery? Can you justify his action?
Answer:
Dr Sadao had given the information about the wounded American to the General. In turn, the General had promised to send assassins to kill him and get rid of the body. Sadao did wait for the General’s people to arrive. In the back of his mind, he knew he was a doctor whose job was to save people. Therefore, when the authority failed, Sadao decided to help the American escape. It cannot be called an act of treachery because he had been an absolute doctor and a citizen, and more importantly, a good human being. He did not want the person, he had served, to be killed.

Question 6.
Why did the messenger come to Dr Sadao? What did Hana think about it?
Answer:
Dr Sadao had been summoned to the palace to treat the ailing General. This relieved Hana, since she expected it to be a punishment for helping and providing refuge to an enemy. As the General was ill, he could require an operation any moment. Hana got very anxious to think about the consequences her family might have to face for harbouring an enemy soldier. When an official in uniform knocked her door, she thought that he might have come to apprehend her husband.

Question 7.
In what context does Hana remember General Takima? What does she infer?
Answer:
While applying medicine to the young soldier, as Sadao operated on him, Hana wondered if the stories of torture of POWs were true. She then remembered how General Takima ruthlessly beat his wife. Hana deduced that if General Takima could be so cruel to his wife, he could as well be extremely cruel to a prisoner. The deep red scars on the white man’s neck, confirmed her apprehension.

Question 8.
How did Dr Sadao ensure that the American soldier left his house but he himself remained safe and secure?
Answer:
Dr Sadao was a Japanese surgeon. After treating the American war prisoner, he informed the General as a true Japanese about the soldier. But as a doctor, he saved his life by providing him right treatment and helped him escape in the darkness of the night.

Question 9.
Why did Hana wash the wounded soldier herself?
Answer:
Hana, wife of Dr Sadao, washed the wounds of the American prisoner of war herself because the domestic servants refused to do it as he was from an enemy country. They all left the doctor’s house.

Question 10.
How does the writer indicate that Dr Sadao’s father was a very traditional and conventional man?
Answer:
Dr Sadao’s father was a very traditional and conventional man. He believed that the islands in the distance were the stepping stones to Japan’s future. He was a quiet man. He never joked or played with his son. His father was stern but cared a lot for his future. He believed in traditional and arranged marriages. He was proud of his nation and never used foreign goods. Everything in his room was made in Japan. He did not sit on a chair or sleep on a bed and rather slept on a mat.

Question 11.
What help did Dr Sadao seek from Hana while operating the wounded white man?
Answer:
Dr Sadao asked Hana to fetch towels. He asked her to help him turn the wounded soldier. Sadao asked Hana to administer an anaesthetic to the wounded white man, if required. He also asked her to soak cotton with the anaesthetic and hold it near his nostrils.

Question 12.
What forced Dr Sadao to be impatient and irritable with his patient?
Answer:
Sadao heard Hana vomiting in the garden. The distress and inability to go out to her at once made him impatient and irritable with his patient. He was faced with the dilemma of whether he was doing the right thing in treating the patient who had caused so much inconvenience.

Question 13.
How did Hana react when she saw a messenger at the door in official uniform?
Answer:
The servants of the household had left in protest. Hana was working hard to do things at home, more because she was not used to working at home. When she saw the messenger in official uniform, her hands became weak and she could not breathe freely. She thought the servants must have already told the Japanese army about the enemy sheltered in their house. She felt helpless and afraid.

Question 14.
Was Dr Sadao arrested on the charge of harbouring an enemy?
Answer:
No, Dr Sadao was not arrested on the charge of harbouring an enemy, since the old General himself required the services of Dr Sadao. ft was the only reason for not sending Dr Sadao abroad with the troops.

Question 15.
Why does Dr Sadao mutter the words ‘My friend’ while treating the American prisoner of war? What is ironical about his words?
Answer:
Dr Sadao was trained to address patients as friends. Therefore, he utters the words ‘My friend’ while treating the American prisoner of war. However, it was ironical, since the patient was from an enemy nation.

Question 16.
What role did the American professor play in bringing Hana and Sadao together?
Answer:
The American professor and his wife were kind people. They were anxious to do something for their few foreign students. But their rooms were quite small, the food was very bad, the professor was a dull person and his wife was a silly talkative woman. At the professor’s house, he met Hana, fell in love with her and eventually married her.

Question 17.
What was Sadao’s father’s dream for him? How did Sadao realise it?
OR
What was his father’s chief concern about Dr Sadao?
Answer:
Sadao’s education was his father’s chief concern. Dr Sadao realised it when he was sent to America at the age of 22 to learn all he could of surgery and medicine. Finally, he became an eminent surgeon and scientist. His father wanted him to serve Japan.

Question 18.
“But Sadao searching the spot of black in the twilight sea that night, had his reward”. What was the reward?
Answer:
‘The reward’ was the escape of the enemy. Despite all moral dilemma, Dr Sadao listens to his heart every time and takes the right decision and his wife, Hana gently follows him. At last, the General forgets to keep his promise, which gives Sadao an opportunity ‘ to reconsider his decision. He gives the soldier a boat, food, bottled water and quilts, and asks him to wait for a Korean fishing boat to escape. Dr Sadao searched the spot of black in the twilight sea that night to see if the man was still there, but there was no light. Obviously the man had gone.

Question 19.
Why was Dr Sadao not sent abroad along with the troops?
Answer:
The General considered Dr Sadao indispensable. He felt that his life could be saved only by him as he was very skilled. He also does not trust anyone except Dr Sadao. So Dr Sadao was not sent with troops.

Question 20.
Where, when and how did Dr Sadao meet Hana?
Answer:
Dr Sadao met Hana in America at a party hosted by Professor Harley for foreign students.

Question 21.
In what condition did Dr Sadao find the American soldier at the seashore?
Answer:
While standing outside their house, Dr Sadao and his wife saw something crawl out of the sea. They rushed and found that he was a wounded prisoner of war. He was motionless with his face in the sand. He had suffered a gun wound on the right side of his lower back which had reopened.

Question 22.
Why did Dr Sadao take the man in and save him?
Answer:
Dr Sadao was a patriot to the core. The man, an American, was his enemy. Obviously, he did not want to save him. However, the man was wounded. Being a doctor, it was Sadao’s sacred duty to save his life, if he could. He was trained not to let a man die, if he could help him. Obviously, Dr Sadao had to choose between his role as a private individual and as a citizen with a sense of national commitment. Dr Sadao took the man in and operated on him. He took care of the man and kept him in his house till the prisoner was on the path of recovery.

Question 23.
Where had Dr Sadao first met his wife? What had been his initial reaction?
Answer:
Dr Sadao met his wife for the first time in America in professor Harley’s house. He waited to fall in love with her as he wanted to be sure whether she was a Japanese or not.

The Enemy Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Dr Sadao was a patriotic Japanese as well as a dedicated surgeon. How could he honour both the values?
OR
What impression do you form about Dr Sadao as a man and as a surgeon on your reading the chapter, ‘The Enemy’?
Answer:
Dr Sadao was a true Japanese. He was obedient and loved the Japanese tradition and culture. He waited for his father’s approval for marrying Hana, a girl he loved. He loved his family a lot. Dr Sadao was an eminent surgeon as well as a scientist. He was the on-call doctor for the General. Sadao truly believed in his professional ethics and hence, harbours an injured prisoner of war. He faces a lot of difficulties at home from his wife and servants but still decides not to forgo his professional duties.

With great risk to his life and his position in the society, he nurses him and cares for him very well. He could not let personal prejudice override his duties as a doctor. However, out of patriotism, he tells the general about the American P.O.W. in his house. He could not destroy a human creation and therefore, asks for the General’s help. When the plan of the General did not materialise, he helped the prisoner escape.

Question 2.
The fog in the story, ‘The Enemy’ is symbolic. Elucidate.
Answer:
The fog which appears soon before the American soldier shows up, symbolises Sadao and Hana’s predicament and the lack of clarity concerning what they should do with the man on the beach. It might also symbolise secrecy. Considerations of safety compel them to keep the man’s presence in their home a secret. They’re faced with the dilemma of whether or not to save the man’s life. On the one hand, sheltering an enemy in their home, especially an enemy prisoner, could endanger the entire family. On the other . hand, they feel incapable of throwing a wounded man back into the sea, where he would certainly die. For the same reason, they hesitate to turn him over to the police.

Question 3.
How did Dr Sadao overcome the difficulty that came in his way to save the wounded soldier? How did Hana help her husband?
OR
Dr Sadao faced a dilemma. Should he use his surgical skills to save the life of a wounded person or hand an escaped American RO.W. over to the Japanese police? How did he resolve this clash of values? [CBSE (AI) 2015]
Answer:
Dr Sadao was an expert surgeon. He was living in a house near the beach with his family. He was very generous and loyal to his country. His wife was also a sympathetic, kind, obedient and loving woman. While standing outside their house, they saw something crawl on the beach. They rushed and found that he was a wounded prisoner of war. Initially, the couple contemplated throwing the prisoner of war back into sea. But both of them did not have the heart for it. Also the prisoner would have died, if he was handed over to the police. As a doctor, Sadao was trained to save a life, if he could. Seeing him badly wounded, the doctor and his wife brought him home for treatment.

It was a big risk. Even the servants were against them. Dr Sadao performed the operation and his wife stood by him and helped him every moment. There was a great risk of Dr Sadao being arrested for harbouring a prisoner of war. Being loyal to his nation, he declared everything to the General and was ready to face the consequences. The General assured to help him get rid of the man but forgot to send his men. At last, Dr Sadao arranged for a boat, food and clothing to send him to the nearby island. He suggested to the American to board a Korean fishing boat, and get away to safety.

Question 4.
What explains the attitude of the General in the matter of the enemy soldier? Was it human consideration, lack of national loyalty, dereliction of duty or simply self-absorption?
Answer:
Dr Sadao knew that the General needed his medical assistance as he was undergoing medical treatment. So Sadao thought of taking advantage of the situation. He told the General what had happened and how he saved the enemy. He tried to make the General understand that the General is not dependent on him as a doctor, if he needed services for his treatment. But the General trusted no one but Sadao to treat him. Thinking about his personal well-being, the General now assured Sadao that no one will know of . the incident about the enemy and he will arrange for the enemy to be killed in a way no one will know. But the General didn’t seem to send his men to Sadao’s house, so Sadao helped in the enemy’s escape.

Sadao now narrated everything that happened to the General, who apologised for having failed to keep up his promise. He explained Sadao that he had taken ill so badly that he could not think of anything else. But the General now assured Sadao that in case the authorities question him in connection with the enemy, he would stand in support of him, and his action would not be considered as lack of national loyalty or dereliction of duty but as human consideration.

Question 5.
Why did Sadao help the American soldier to escape? How did he do it?
Answer:
Dr Sadao was sheltering an enemy in his house. This was no more a secret. It was the cause of great deal of tension to his wife and him. Dr Sadao worked upon an idea to get rid of the man and discussed it with the prisoner. He decided to put his boat on shore that night, with food, bottled water and clothing plus two quilts. The man was to row to the little island not far from the coast.

The island was uninhabited. The man would be safe there till a Korean fishing boat passed by. In the night, the boat was pulled down with all the provisions in it, which he had secretly purchased during the day. He even gave him a flashlight along with some instructions. If his food ran out before catching a boat, he had to signal twice, at sunset. If everything was all right and he was still there, he was to signal once.
The man escaped and Sadao had a peaceful sleep.

Question 6.
Dr Sadao was compelled by his duty as a doctor to help the enemy soldier. What made Hana, his wife, sympathise with him in the face of open defiance from the domestic staff?
Answer:
Dr Sadao was a Japanese surgeon. One day, he found a wounded prisoner of war of . American origin on the seashore. He and his wife brought him home and tended his wounds. He came to his senses and recovered fully. But Dr Sadao faced problems and dilemma. If he treated him, he would be marked as a traitor who helped a P.O.W. who belonged to an enemy country.

The domestic staff refused to nurse the soldier. Therefore, Hana, wife of Sadao, being an obedient wife, helped her husband. She helped and sympathised with the soldier in the name of humanity. The attitude of maid servants was laced with anger and prejudice towards the enemy, but Dr Sadao and his wife’s attitude and feelings were of a very high level.

Question 7.
Draw a character sketch of the old General in the lesson, ‘The Enemy’.
Answer:
General Takima, being the head of the Japanese army, was more concerned about himself than the general people of his country. Dr Sadao was a surgeon. He could be a boon for the wounded soldiers during the world war. But the General asked him to stay back for himself only because he may require an operation any time. Thus, he was a selfish man. It was said that he used to hit his wife. But he was a kind man also. Though the General promised to get the P.O.W. killed, but he desisted from his plan. It is also hoped that he forgot to send the assassins to wipe out the American soldier or he was concerned with the security of the doctor and his family as the public knowledge of P.O.W. could harm them. For the General, it was very important that no harm comes to his surgeon.

Question 8.
Why did Sadao Hoki go to America? Narrate his experiences there.
Answer:
Sadao’s education was his father’s chief concern. So he had been sent at twenty-two to America to learn all that could be learnt of surgery and medicine. He studied there for eight years and returned to Japan at thirty. Before his father died, Sadao had become famous not only as a surgeon, but also as a scientist.

He had great difficulty in finding a place to live in America because he was a Japanese. The Americans were full of prejudice and it had been bitter to live in it, knowing himself to be superior than them. An ignorant and dirty old woman at last consented to house ftim in her miserable home. He found her repulsive to him even in her kindness. One of his American Professors and his wife were kind people. They were anxious to do something for their few foreign students. But their rooms were quite small, the food was very bad, the professor was a dull person and his wife was a silly talkative woman.

Question 9.
Good human values are far above any other value system. How did Dr Sadao succeed as a doctor as well as a patriot?
Answer:
Dr Sadao had a harmonious blending of his profession and patriotism in him though he suffered from a dilemma and acted more as a doctor, after he encountered Tom, the American prisoner of war. Nationalism was ingrained in Dr Sadao and that made him return home to serve his country and marry a Japanese as his father wished him to. His own experience in America had been unpleasant because of a racial bias. However, when he found the prisoner of war and waited for a couple of days for the General’s assassin to get rid of Tom, his profession had taught him to save his life and not to kill a patient.

Dr Sadao withstood the discomfiture at hoe when all his servants left him, regarding him as unpatriotic. He finally decided to put Tom on a boat, with food and clothing, to row to a little island nearby and wait patiently to board a Korean fishing boat to escape. Things happened as planned, leaving Dr Sadao in a state of bewilderment as to why he saved the life of an American enemy. Perhaps, it is the doctor who dominated the patriot in him.

Question 10.
In marriage one expects complete trust and cooperation between husband and wife. How did Hana help Dr Sadao when he was in trouble?
Answer:
Hana was an impeccable wife and stood by her husband in all his decisions. She helped Dr Sadao when he was operating upon the American. Even though she was repulsed by the wounds of the American, she stayed with her husband and played the role of a nurse. Afterwards, she nursed the American till he was healthier. They could not call for a nurse because keeping an American alive was against the law. When all the servants left them, she washed the prisoner herself.

Question 11.
Dr Sadao planned and helped the enemy soldier to escape. Comment.
Answer:
Dr Sadao told General about the American prisoner of war and he promised to send his assassins to kill him. Dr Sadao waited for three nights. When no one turned, then he decided to help him. He gave him his Japanese clothes, boat and food. He instructed him that he would row his boat to the little island. There he would have a Korean fishing boat. He arranged everything for the prisoner. He told him that if he ran short of food, he would flash two signals when the sun sets. If he was alright and was on the island, he would flash one. So, the white soldier safely boarded the Korean fishing boat. This way, Dr Sadao planned and helped the enemy soldier to escape safely.

Question 12.
The servants of Sadao and Hana reflect a particular mindset of the general public in society towards the thinking and broad-minded human beings. Elaborate with the help of the story, ‘The Enemy’.
Answer:
The servants of Sadao and Hana reflected a particular mindset of the general public in society towards the thinking and broad-minded human beings. They were openly defiant to the fact that Dr Sadao had decided to give shelter to an enemy. They suspected Dr Sadao as he lived in America so he might have sympathy for all Americans.

The servants, especially the gardener quoted that Dr Sadao had acted against the nature. ‘Idiey decided to quit, and leave. The cook too was most contemptuous of the fact that their master was so proud of his skills to save life that he could save any person’s life even though he was their enemy. They acted like any normal patriot and like the general public of the society.