Author name: Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 International Organisations Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

International Organisations NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6

International Organisations Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6

Question 1.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below about the Veto power :
(A) Only the permanent members of the Security Council possess the Veto power.
(B) It is a kind of negative power.
(C) The Secretary-General uses this power when not satisfied with any decision.
(D) One Veto can stall a Security Council resolution.
Answer:
(A) Correct
(B) Correct
(C) Wrong
(D) Correct.

Question 2.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below that describe the way the UN functions.
(A) All security and peace related issues are dealt within the Security Council.
(B) Humanitarian policies are implemented by the main organs and specialised agencies spread across the globe.
(C) Having consenses among the five permanent member on security issues is vital for its implementation.
(D) The members of the General Assembly are automatically the members of all other principal organs and specialised agencies of the U.N.
Answer:
(A) Correct
(B) Correct
(C) Correct
(D) Wrong.

Question 3.
Which among the following would give more weightage to India’s proposal for permanent member in the Security Council.
(A) Nuclear Capability.
(B) It has been a member of the UN since its inception
(C) It is located in Asia
(D) India growing economic power and stable political system.
Answer:
All the above.

Question 4.
The U.N. agency concerned with the safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology is:
(A) The UN Committee on Disarmament
(B) International Atomic Energy Agency
(C) UN International Safeguard Committee
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
International Atomic Energy Agency.

Question 5.
WTO is serving as the successor to which of the following organisations :
(A) General Agreement on Trade and Tariff
(B) General Arrangement on Trade and Tariff
(C) World Health Organisation
(D) UN Development Programme.
Answer:
General Agreement on Trade and Tariff.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The prime objective of the UN is ……………..
(b) The highest functionary of the UN is called ……………..
(c) The UN Security Council has …………… permanent and …………… non-permanent members.
(d) …………… is the present UN Secretary-General.
Answer:
(a) Maintenance of International peace and security
(b) Secretary General
(c) Five and Ten
(d) Antonio Guterres.

Question 7.
Match the principal organs and agencies of the UN with their functions.

Answer:
1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (f) 6. (h) 7. (a) 8. (g)

Question 8.
What are the functions of the Security Council ?
Answer:
Security Council is the most important and most powerful organ of the U.N. The following are the main functions of Security Council :

• The admission of new states to the organization and the expulsion therefrom can only be done on the recommendation of the Security Council.
• It makes recommendations to the General Assembly for the appointment of the General Secretary.
• It can take any measure necessary to maintain or restore international peace.
• It can ask the contesting parties to solve their conflicts by peaceful means, like negotiation, enquiry and mediation.
• The Security Council may decide measures, not involving the use of armed force, to be employed to give effect to its decisions.
• The Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land force, as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.
• It shares with the General Assembly the function of electing judges to the International Court of Justice and right or request the court for advisory opinion on legal matters.

Question 9.
As a citizen of India, how would you support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of the Security Council ? Justify your proposal. (Imp.)
Or
Why should India be made a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council? Give any three arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
India has raised the question of restructuring the Security Council. Addressing the General Assembly on Sept. 26, 1998. Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee put India’s claim for a permanent seat in the Security Council. As a citizen of India I am of the view that India should be made permanent member of the Security Council. India rightly deserves a permanent seat in the Security Council because it fulfils almost all the criteria laid down by the U.N.

• India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost one-fifths of the world population.
• India is the largest democratic country in the world.
• India has full faith in the U.N. and it has actively participated in all initiatives of the United Nations.
• India has played an important role in the peace¬keeping efforts of the U.N.
• India has made regular financial contributions to the U.N.
• India’s economy is increasing rapidly. India is now a developing country. Its economy is on sound footing.
• India has always helped the dependent countries in the attainment of freedom.
• India has played a very important role in furthering the efforts of the non-aligned movement for peace, security and development.
• India has conducted nuclear tests successfully to safeguard the security of India.

Question 10.
Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the U.N.
Answer:
Now-a-days a demand for reform in the United Nation is being made. Two kinds of reforms are being demanded in the U.N. i.e.

• Structural functional
• Jurisdiction of the U.N.

Both these reforms are needed to make U.N. successful. But the various reforms which are suggested are not implemented due to following difficulties :

• There is no agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council on the composition of Security Council. Several basis are being considered for permanent seat but there is no consensus among the big powers.
• Former Secretary General Kofi Anan has suggested some reforms in the jurisdiction of the U.N. but these reforms are not put into practice. In fact, it is very difficult to implement the various reforms due to difference among big powers.

Question 11.
Though the U.N. has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continuation. What makes the U.N. an indispensable organisation ?
Answer:
The United Nations is outcome of man’s effort to save the world from the scourage of wars. The U.N. came into being on 24 October, 1945. The basic aim of the U.N. is to maintain international peace and security. Although U.N. is trying hard for the all round progress of the world but it has failed on many platform. It has failed to solve Kashmir problem. The dispute between the Israel and Arab countries has not been solved so far. The U.N. has also failed to meet the situation of Civil war in Angola.

Though the U.N. has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continue because U.N. is an indispensable organisation. The works it has done in past years are undoubtedly appreciable and these works are the marks U.N.’s sincerity, dedication and commitment to the cause of World’s peace and progress.

The greatest achievement of the U.N. is the prevention of third world war. The wars in Korea, Israel and Indonesia have been stoped with the efforts of U.N. The war between India and Pakistan on Kashmir issue was brought to an end. It brought about a cease fire in Kashmir and it deserves credit for that. It has removed foreign troops from Syria, Lebanon, Burma and Iran.

The U.N. has attained success in the areas of international cooperation and friendship. It has done appreciable work for the economic and social development. The U.N. is giving technical assistance to develop less industrialised countries. Specialised agencies such as I.L.O; UNESCO; W.H.O. etc. have played a very important role in solving, economic, social, health and labour problems of the world. No doubt, U.N. is an indispensable organisation. Though U.N. has failed on many fronts but it does not lesson its importance.

Question 12.
‘Reforming the U.N. means restructuring of the Security Council.’ Do you agree with this statement ? Give arguments for or against this position.
Or
Reforming the UN means restructuring of the security council. Suggest measures to reform UNSC. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
United Nations was established in 1945 and now it needs reforms in structure and working. Some scholars are of the opinion that reforming the United Nations means restructuring of the Security Council. I fully agree with this view. In fact if we are really interested in reforming the U.N. then we must reform the Security Council.

Security Council is one of the most important organs of the United Nations. Security Council is mainly responsible for maintaining international peace and security. The Security Council may decide measures not involving the use of armed forces, to be employed to give effect to its decision. The Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land force, as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.

The Security Council consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent members of the Security Council. The permanent members enjoy Veto power. If we want to reform the U.N. then reforms should be made in the Security Council because it is one of the most powerful organs of the U.N.

The Security Council reflects the global power structure of 1945, when many nations of the world were still under colonial rule. Security Council is geographically unbalanced and not properly represented. For more than a decade, the U.N. General Assembly has debated to reform the Security Council but no reform has been made due to lack of agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Alternative Centres of Power NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4

Alternative Centres of Power Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4

Question 1.
Arrange the following in chronological order:
(a) China’s accession to WTO 2001
(b) Establishment of the E.E.C. 1957
(c) Establishment of the E.U. 1992
(d) Birth of A.R.F. 1994
Answer:
(b) 1957
(c) 1992
(d) 1994
(a) 2001.

Question 2.
The ‘ASEAN Way’
(a) Reflects the lifestyle of ASEAN members
(b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co-operative.
(c) The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members.
(d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members.
Answer:
(b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co-operative.

Question 3.
Who among the following adopted ‘Open door’ policy ?
(a) China
(b) E.U.
(c) Japan
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(a) China

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over …………. and …………. region.
(b) ARF was established in the year ………….
(c) China entered into bilateral relations with …………. (a major country) in 1972.
(d) …………. plan influenced the establishment of the organisation for European Economic Co-operation in 1948.
(e) ……………. is an organisation of ASEAN that
deals with security.
Answer:
(a) Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin
(b) 1994
(c) U.S.A.
(d) Marshall
(e) Security Community.

Question 5.
What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations ?
Answer:
The main aims of establishing regional organ¬isations are as follow :

• The main aim of regional organisation is the development of regional cooperation amongst the member countries of a region.
• The aim is to create the feeling of brotherhood amongst the member states.
• Regional organisations boost the economic de¬velopment of their members.
• Regional organisations aim to create a balance of power in international politics, so that super powers do not play their ‘dadagiri’.
• Regional organisations increase the foreign trade of their members. Foreign trade brings foreign exchange as well as prosperity.
• Regional organisation aims to create collective security for their member states. Collective security is more effective but less expensive.

Question 6.
How does geographical proximity influ¬ence the formation of regional organisations ?
Answer:
Geographical proximity plays a very important role in the formation of regional organisations. Groom believes that “it is abusing the common sense meaning of the term to envisage it (regionalism) in any other way than primarily as a geographical entity.” Due to geographical proximity feelings of brotherhood and mutual co-operation developed among the neighbouring states, neighbour countries generally develop the bonds of friendship and spirit of co-operation and these are very helpful in the strengthening of regional organisations.

Due to geographical unity the countries possess common customs, common traditions, common culture, common interests, common problems, etc. These common feelings create a feeling of common brotherhood among them. Geographical unity encourages economic cooperation and interstate trade. Thus geographical unity is very helpful in the establishment of regional organisation. But geographical contiguity is not the only criterion in the formation of regional organisations.

Question 7.
What are the components of the ASEAN VISION 2020 ? (Imp)
Answer:
ASEAN was established in 1967 by five coun¬tries of this region. The main objective of ASEAN was to accelerate economic growth. ASEAN is very fastly growing into a very important regional organisation. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community.

In its vision 2020 ASEAN has hoped that it will become very strong in economy that it will be able to play an important role in international affairs. ASEAN would encourage negotiations to solve conflicts in the region. It would encourage the spirit of cooperation and brotherhood. ASEAN would encourage respect for sovereign rights of the member states. It would play the role of mediator to solve disputes among the states. The ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor Crisis, etc.

Question 8.
Name the pillars and the objectives of the ASEAN Community.
Answer:
In the Summit of 2003, ASEAN decided to establish an ASEAN Community on the line of European Union. ASEAN Community consists of three pillars, namely:

• The ASEAN Security Community
• The ASEAN Economic Community and
• The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

Objectives of the ASEAN Community. Main objectives of the ASEAN Community are as follows :

• The main objective is to accelerate economic growth.
• Development of Culture and Social progress.
• To create a common market and production base for ASEAN countries.
• To safeguard the economic interests of the member states.
• To promote regional peace and stability.
• To promote mutual cooperation and assistance in providing training and research facilities to their people.

Question 9.
In what ways does the present Chinese Economy differ from its Command Economy ?
Answer:
In following ways the present Chinese Economy differs from its Command Economy:
(1) After the inception of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 Soviet model of economy was followed. Planned and state controlled economy was followed whereas present Chinese economy is based on priva¬tisation and free trade.

(2) In Command Economy agriculture and industry were completely under the control of the state, but at present there is privatisation of agriculture and industry.

(3) In the State Controlled Economy there was no room for private enterprise and private property. But in the present economic system private enterprise and private property are integral part of Chinese economic system.

(4) In the Command Economy there was no room for foreign investment. But at present China is considered to be the most attractive nation for foreign investment.

(5) In the Command Economy there was no free market and open competition. But the present economy of China is based on free competition. China is a mem¬ber of World Trade Organisation.

Question 10.
How did the European countries resolve their post-second war problems ? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.
Answer:
European Union is a very strong regional organisation of European countries. It plays a very  important role in the world politics. European Union is also called European Common Market or European Common Community. The two World Wars within a very short duration inflicted very heavy losses upon European countries. During six years of the Second World War, Euro-pean countries suffered heavy economic, material and manpower losses.

The Second World War shattered many of the assumptions and structures on which the European states had based their relations. After the Second World War majority of the European leaders were convinced that their relations should be reconstructed. They were compelled to find out solutions from European perspective and ultimately formed an organisation known as European Union.

Attempts that led to the formation of the European Union may be discussed as follows :

(1) After Second World War, European integration was aided by Cold War. To revive Europe’s economy America extended financial aid to European countries under Marshall Plan.

(2) Under Marshall plan an organisation of European Economic Co-operation was established in 1948 to channel aid to the West European states.

(3) In 1949 the Council of Europe was established for coordinating the policies of the member states.

(4) In 1951 six countries of Western Europe (Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, West Germany and Luxumberg) signed a treaty called Treaty of Paris and formed European Coal and Steel Community.

(5) In 1957 six countries, who had established European Coal and Steel Community, signed a treaty called Treaty of Rome and established European Economic Community. They also established another forum called European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).

(6) In 1979 a parliament of European Economic Community was established. Members of European parliament are directly elected.

(7) Disintegration of Soviet Union in December 1991 encouraged Western European countries to move further for regional co-operation. They signed a treaty at Maastricht (Netherland) and European Union was established. After the historic Maastricht (Netherland) treaty, the European Communities got united with the European Union and adopted the objectives of securing a real and effective Monetary Union and Political Union.

Question 11.
What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organisation ? (Imp)
Or
How did the European Union exercise its political and diplomatic influence ?
Answer:
The European Union has also political and diplomatic influence. One of the European member, France is permanent members of the Security Council of United Nations. Besides permanent members many members of the European Union are non-permanent members of the Security Council.

In this way European Union has influenced the policies and various resolutions of the United Nations. It has also exercised some influence on U.S. policies such as current U.S. position on Iran Nuclear programme. Its use of diplomacy, economic investments and negotiations has been effective as in the case of its dialogue with China on human right and environmental degradation.

Question 12.
The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement ? Substantiate your arguments.
Or
Why did India and China both view themselves as rising powers in the global politics in spite of tensions between them? Substantiate your answer by giving any four areas that have brought cordiality in their relationship. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
After the disintegration of Soviet Union Unipolar World Order emerged. After 1990 U.S.A. became the sole super power in the world politics. No opposition or no challenge to her authority. America started behaving as a hegemonous actor. Due to dominance of U.S.A. in world affairs leaders of the world have started thinking how to control the hegemony of America.

Some thinkers and leaders of the world are of the view that the emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. There is a great truth in this view due to following facts and reasons :
(1) Both China and India are the biggest countries of the world. On population basic China is No. 1 and India is No. 2 in the world. China’s population is more than 122 crores, while that of India is more than 100 crores.

(2) The economies of both the countries are fast developing. Past-Mao China established an all-time global record in doubling per capita output between 1977 and 1987. According to the World Bank’s purchasing power parity (ppp) estimated, China with 1994 G.D.P. of just under 8.3 trillion, has become the second largest economy in the world, after the United States.

(3) According to Rand study, China’s GDP will reach $ 11.3 trillion by year 2010 compared to $ 10.7 trillion for the United States. It is estimated that China’s economy would become the largest economy of the world by the end of 2040. India’s economy is also rising very fast.

(4) In the present time United States is improving its relations with India and China. U.S.A. is more interested in maintaining close relations with India and China.

(5) Both China and India are nuclear powers. China is a permanent member of the Security Council while India is in a race for permanent member seat in the Security Council.

(6) Both China and India have adopted privatisation and free trade policy.

(7) India’s foreign policy is based on the principle of non-alignment and India has always adopted independent foreign policy. India has criticised many times policies and activities of U.S.A.

India did not agree to send her forces to Iraq inspite of many requests made by America. India refused to participate in any operation which is not having the sanctions of United Nations.

(8) India conducted five nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998 in order to develop a full-fledged nuclear deterrent to safeguard India’s security. President Bill Clinton ordered tough sanctions against India in retaliation for its underground nuclear tests. However, India did not bother about American sanctions and ultimately on 23rd September, 2001 America lifted the sanctions.

(9) Both China and India have large foreign exchange reserves and both are in a position to make big investment in other countries.
We can safely conclude that in the near future unipolar world order would be replaced by multi-polar world order.

Following are the area that have brought coordiality between the two Nation.

• India and China having good Economic relations.
• Both countries becoming more familiar with each other, increasing transportation.
• Both countries having similar views on clean energy.
• India and China having similar views of climate change.

Question 13.
The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisation. Justify this statement.
Answer:
It is rightly said that the peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional organisations. This statement is also supported by the History of the world. Regional economic organisations always promote peace and prosperity whereas military regional alliances generally promote war and destruction.

After Second World War U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. emerged as super powers. Super powers developed two Blocs i.e. Soviet bloc and American bloc. There was atmosphere of Cold War. Due to military alliances and military regional organisations there were many conflicts in different parts of the world.

But, on the other hand regional economic organisation brought peace and prosperity in many parts of the world. For example European Economic Community was established in 1957 with a view to reconstructing the economy of European countries. Within a short period it became a very powerful economic and political regional organisation because its economy is next to that of U.S.A. New European Union has its own parliament, own flag and its own currency. European Union has succeeded in bringing peace and prosperity in the Europe on the basis of its economic strength.

Another example of regional economic organisation is that of ASEAN. ASEAN was established in 1967. ASEAN has played a very important role in bringing peace and prosperity in the region. The following facts also support the statement that peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisation :

• Regional economic organisation promotes the feelings of mutual co-operation amongst the members.
• It accelerates economic growth and it improves the standard of living of the people.
• It promotes and strengthens cooperation with other countries of the world.
• It contributes to the development of atmosphere of peace in the region and ultimately in the world.
• It maintains balance of power which is very essential for world peace.
• Regional economic organisation encourages free trade and common currency amongst the member states.
• It encourages members to solve their conflicts peacefully.

Question 14.
Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation ? Give your suggestions.
Answer:
The relations between India and China are very ancient. Till 1962 the relations between the two countries were very cordial. China attacked India on 20th Oct. 1962. China declared Unilateral Ceasefire on 21st November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession. Given ahead are the main contentious issues between India and China :
1. India and China have a controversy over the McMohan line, the border line between India and China.

2. China entered into military alliances with Paki-stan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. These agreements pose a great threat to the security of India.

3. Tibet issue is another issue of contentions be-tween India and China. India considers Tibet as an autonomous region of China, However, China considers Tibetan exile government in India an act of hostility.

4. China by its action has not recognised Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory. It has shown Arunachal Pradesh in Chinese maps.
While boundary problem is still unresolved, both countries have come forward to strengthen their relations in the field of trade and commerce. Trade relations began in 1978 itself.

In 2007 trade volume between the two countries rose to $40 b. Official and political leaders are exchanged. Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited China in Jan. 15, 2008. Indian Prime Minister and Chinese Prime Minister signed a joint declaration titled ‘A Shared Vision for the 21st Century.’ They also signed 11 Agreements for cooperation in rail, housing, geo-sciences, land resources management and other sectors.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

US Hegemony in World Politics NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3

US Hegemony in World Politics Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3

Question 1.
Which among the following statements about hegemony is incorrect ?
(а) The word implies the leadership or predomi-nance of one state.
(b) It was used to denote the predominance of Athens in the ancient Greece.
(c) The country having hegemonic position will possess unchallenged military power.
(d) Hegemonic position is fixed. Once a hegemon, always a hegemon.
Answer:
(d) Hegemonic position is fixed. Once a hegemon, always a hegemon.

Question 2.
Which among the following statements is wrong about the Contemporary World Order ?
Or
Which of the following statements are incorrect about the contemporary world order? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
(a) There is an absence of world government, which could regulate the state’s behaviour.
(b) The U.S. is the predominant player in world affairs.
(c) States are using force against one another.
(d) States which violate international law, are se-verely punished by the U.N.
Answer:
(d) States which violate international law, are severely punished by the U.N.

Question 3.
Which among the following statements is wrong with regard to ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’ ?
(a) More than forty countries joined in the U.S. led coalition of the willing to invade Iraq.
(b) The reason given for invading Iraq was to pre¬vent it from developing weapons of mass destruction.
(c) The action was taken within the prior approval of the U.N.
(d) The US-led coalition did not face major resistance from Iraqi forces.
Answer:
(c) The action was taken within the prior approval of the U.N.

Question 4.
Give an example each of the three kinds of hegemony that are dealt within the chapter. Do not cite examples that are in the chapter. (Imp.)
Answer:
After the end of Cold War there was no serious rival to United States. United States became a hegemony state and only super power in the world politics. Anita was doing very well in her studies at a high school in the outskirts of Baghdad. Her aim was to become a doctor, but she lost a leg in 2003 when a missile slammed into an air raid shelter in which she was hiding. Now her treatment is going on and she is trying to walk with the help of walker.

Vikrant is a young artist and he lives in Durban, South Africa. He is interested in going to Art School and later wants to open his own Studio. But his father is interested in sending him to U.S.A. for doing MBA so that he can look after family business in a better way.

Rocky is a young man who is living in Perth, Australia. His parents are immigrants from Soviet Union. Rocky generally wears blue jean while going to Church which is not like by her mother. She wants him to look respectable in Church. Rocky tells his mother that jeans are ‘Cool’ and gave sense of freedom. His father reminds his wife how they used to wear jeans when they were living in Leningrad. Infact, these three individuals are affected in different ways by United States hegemony.

Question 5.
Mention three ways in which US dominance since the Cold War is different from its position as a super power during Cold War.
Answer:
U.S.A. is dominating in many fields. Main fields of dominance are as follow :

• U.S.A. is dominating in military field. U.S.A. is supplying arms to the majority countries of the world.
• U.S.A is dominating in the field of science, technology and space research.
• U.S.A. is dominating in economy and finance. Majority countries of the world depend on U.S.A. for financial aid.
• U.S.A. has been enjoying dominance in the field of global public goods.

Question 6.
Match the following :
1. Operation Infinite – (a) War against Al-Qaeda
2. Operation Enduring Freedom – (b) Coalition of the willing.
3. Operation Desert – (c) Missile attack in Sudan.
4. Operation Iraqi – (d) First Gulf War.
Answer:
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b).

Question 7.
What are the constraints on American hegemony today ? Which one of these do you expect to get more importance in the future ?
Or
Explain any three constraints on the American Power. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Or
Analyse the biggest three contraints that operate on American hegemony. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
At the beginning of the 21st Century, the United States was a superpower. But History tells us that empires decline because they decay from within. Similarly, the biggest constraint to American hegemony is from within. Broadly, there are three constraints on American power.

• The first constraint is the institutional architec-ture of the American state itself. American system is based on division of powers between the three organs of government i.e. legislature, executive and judiciary. These organs put many restrictions on military powers.
• The second constraint on American power is open nature of American society.
• The third constraint on American power is the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
  Out of these three constraints, third constraint on American power is the most important in the future. NATO is the only one organisation in the world which can put some check on the American power. NATO will be successful in moderating the U.S. Hegemony.

Question 8.
Read the three extracts in the Chapter for the Lok Sabha debate on the Indo-U.S. deal. Develop anyone of these into a full speech de-fending a certain position on Indo-U.S. relations.
Answer:
India’s relations with America were not friendly in the beginning. During Cold War India ad-opted a policy of non-alignment, but due to many factors India had very close relations with Soviet Union. However, the position changed after the end of Cold War. After the disintegration of Soviet Union the relations between India and U.S.A. also changed. India and U.S.A. became close to each other. In January 2004 both the countries agreed to increase cooperation on three issues Civilian Nuclear Programme, Civilian Space Programme and High Technology.

During the debate in Lok Sabha on the Indo-US agreement on nuclear energy the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh says that in recent years India’s impressive economic growth rate has made the country an attractive economic partner for a number of countries including the U.S.

It is important that we do not lose sight of the fact that two new factors have emerged in Indo-U.S. rela-tions in recent years. These factors relate to the technological dimension and the role of the Indian-American diaspora. In fact these two factors are interrelated.

The following facts prove the imortance of close relations between India and U.S. :

• The U.S.A. absorbs about 65 percent of India’s total exports in the software section.
• 35 percent of the technical staff of Boeing is estimated to be of Indian origin.
• 3,00,000 Indians work in Silicon Valley.
• 15 percent of all high-tech starts up are by Indian Americans.

Question 9.
“If big and resourceful states cannot resist the U.S. hegemony, it is unrealistic to expect much smaller and weaker non-state actors to offer any resistance.” Examine the proposition and give your opinion.
Answer:
In the world politics, U.S.A. has the position of hegemon. After the disintegration of Soviet Union no other country is in a position to challenge America’s authority and military power. Big and resourceful states like China, Russia, India and European Union are not in a position to challenge U.S. hegemony and these countries are not unduly antagonizing the U.S.A.

It is unrealistic to expect much smaller states to offer any resistance to U.S. But it is possible that the resistance may come from a combination of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), social movements and public opinion. Resistance can also start by intellectuals, writers, artists and mass media.

Due to globalisation whole world has become a ‘Global village’. Thus we are all neighbours of the village headman. If the behaviour of the headman becomes intolerable then we have no other alternative except to resist against the headman because there is only one village or world where we have to live. In other words, resistance against U.S. hegemony will be only option available.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

The End of Bipolarity NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2

The End of Bipolarity Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2

Question 1.
Which among the following statements that describe the nature of Soviet economy is wrong ?
(a) Socialism was the dominant ideology
(b) State ownership/ control existed over the factors of production
(c) People enjoyed economic freedom
(d) Every aspect of the economy was planned and controlled by the State.
Answer:
(c) People enjoyed economic freedom.

Question 2.
Arrange the following in chronological order :
(a) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
(b) Fall of the Berlin Wall
(c) Disintegration of the Soviet Union
(d) Russian Revolution.
Answer:
(d) Russian Revolution
(a) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
(b) Fall of the Berlin Wall
(c) Disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Question 3.
Which among the following is NOT an outcome of the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. ?
(a) End of the ideological war between the U.S and U.S.S.R.
(b) Birth of CIS
(c) Change in the balance of power in the world order
(d) Crises in the Middle East.
Answer:
(d) Crises in the Middle East.

Question 4.
Match the following :
(i) Mikhail Gorbachev
(a) Successor of U.S.S.R.
(b) Military pact.
(c) Introduced reforms
(d) Economic model
(e) President of Russia.
Answer:
(i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (e) (v) (b)

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) The Soviet political system was based on …………. ideology.
(b) …………. was the military alliance started by
(c) …………. party dominated the Soviet Union’s political system.
(d) …………. initiated the reforms in the USSR in 1985.
(e) The fall of the …………. symbolised the end of the Cold War.
Answer:
(a) Socialist
(b) Warsaw Pact
(c) Communist
(d) Mikhail Gorbachev
(e) Berlin Wall

Question 6.
Mention any three features that dis-tinguish the Soviet economy from that of a capitalist countries like the U.S.A.
Answer:
Soviet economy was basically different from American economy in the following ways :
(1) The Soviet economy was opposed to capitalism because the essence of capitalism is the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few and the consequent exploitation of the rest. But American economy is based on capitalism. U.S.A. is the biggest capitalist country in the world.

(2) Soviet economy was fully controlled by the state. In U.S.S.R. all means of production were owned and controlled by the state.
Soviet system of Economy was based on planned economy. The economy was managed on the basis of state plans for economic and social development. There was integrated planning for the whole of the country.

Industries, Banks, financial institutions, trade and commerce and even farming was controlled by the state. In U.S.S.R. there were no private industry. But in U.S.A. means of production are mostly in private hands. There is free economy and economy of U.S.A. is controlled and guided by market forces.

(3) In Soviet economy there was no existence of private property and no multi millionaire. However, in U.S.S.R. the citizens were allowed to own small houses for living and small shops for earnings. But in U.S.A. private ownership and private property is the basic element of American economy.

Question 7.
What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the U.S.S.R.? (Imp.)
Or
Explain any six factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reform in the Soviet Union. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of U.S.S.R. in 1985.
He introduced political and economic reforms in the political and economic system of Soviet Union.
Following factors forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in U.S.S.R. :
(1) The Soviet Union became a great power after a Second World War. In the arms race, the Soviet Union managed to match the American Bloc but at great cost. To maintain the position of super-power, U.S.S.R. required a lot of expenditure to keep big forces and giving financial and military aid to allies. But the economy of U.S.S.R. was not sound. The Soviet Economy was at very low level in 1980 and became stagnant.

(2) The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology, infrastructure, etc.

(3) The Soviet System was very bureaucratic and authoritarian and citizens were not happy with the political system. Absence of freedom of speech and political rights created frustration among the people.

(4) Communist Party controlled the government and all institutions and was not responsible to the people. There was no opposition party and no democratic values.

(5) The Soviet Union failed in fulfilling the political and economic aspiration of the citizens.

(6) Invasion of Afghanistan weakened the Soviet Union economically and politically.

Question 8.
What were the major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India ? (Imp.)
Or
Exmine any six consequences of the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
In what three way did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect the world politics? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Or
Assess the major consequences of disintegration of USSR on India. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Highlight any three major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Disintegration of U.S.S.R. had profound consequences on world politics.
Main consequences of disintegration of U.S.S.R. were as follow :
(1) End of Cold War. Major consequence of disintegration of Soviet Union was the end of Cold War. It ended the atmosphere of fear, terror, insecurity and apprehension of outbreak of nuclear war.

(2) End of Bi-polarity and Emergence of Uni-Polarity. The disintegration of Soviet Union ended Bi-polarity of world politics and there emerged Uni-polarity in world politics. The U.S.A. became the sole super-power and no other country was in position to challenge the supremacy of U.S.A. Even the United Nations is dominated by U.S.A. and generally decisions are taken in the United Nations according to her whims.

(3) End of Arms Race. Another consequence of the disintegration of Soviet Union was the end of Arms Race. Elimination of Soviet bloc also put restrictions on military alliances and encouraged disarmament.

(4) Superiority of Democracy and Capitalist System. Disintegration of Soviet Union ended the controversy of superiority between capitalist system and socialist system. Disintegration of Soviet Union established the superiority of capitalist system and open market. Majority of the Union Republics of Soviet Union who became independent countries had adopted democratic and capitalist system.

Even China has adopted many principles of private economy and capitalist system. Following U.S.S.R. India adopted planned economy in the beginning. But since 1990 policy of liberalisation has been followed in India. Supported by U.S.A. the capitalist economy has become now the dominant economic system internationally. The importance of World Bank and International Monetary Fund has increased because they give loans to these countries.

(5) Emergence of Many New Countries. Disintegration of Soviet Union means emergence of many new independent countries. All the 15 Union Republics of U.S.S.R. have become independent states. Each country has its own political aspirations. Some of them, especially the Baltic and East European States, wanted to join the European Union and become members of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. The Central Asian countries were interested in taking advantage of their geographical location and thus these countries wanted close relations with Russia, U.S.A., China and others. Thus many new players (states) enter in international politics with independent identity.

Question 9.
What was Shock Therapy ? Was this the best way to make a transition from Communism to Capitalism ?
Or
What is meant by ‘Shock Therapy’ ? Explain any four consequences of shock Therapy. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
With the disintegration of Soviet Union there was collapse of Communism. After the collapse of Communism the process of change in these countries started from an authoritarian socialist system to democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe that was influenced by World Bank and the International Monetary Fund came to be known as ‘Shock Therapy’.
Though the ‘Shock Therapy’ differs in intensity and speed amongst former Communist countries, but its direction and features were quite common. Each of these countries was required to make a complete shift from socialist system to capitalist economy.

In this system, private property and private ownership was the dominant concept. In place of collective farming private farming and ownership was to be adopted immediately. These countries were required to break all trade alliances with the countries of Soviet bloc. Free trade and open competition was to be followed by these countries for development. In simple words, these countries were required to follow economic and political system of western countries.

These countries were not allowed to follow mixed economy. They had to follow western capitalist system in full way. The western countries now became their leaders, guided and controlled the economy of these countries through various agencies and institutions.

Was this the Best Way to make a transition from Communism to Capitalism ? This was definitely not the best way to make a transition from Communism to Capitalism. It did not lead the people into the promised utopia of mass consumption. In these countries change from state ownership to private ownership brought the industries to stand still for the time being and the production came down very heavily. There was great shortage of consumer goods. Even daily necessities of lives were not available. Black marketers and stockists took full advantage of the situation and they began thriving. Prices were very high and it was beyond the capacity of masses.

Almost all these countries faced the problems of poverty, unemployment and miserable condition. Politically also people were not gainers. Different political systems were adopted by these countries but their constitutions were drafted in a hurry. In majority countries presidents were given extraordinary powers.

In many countries democratic set up was changed into authoritarian system. In majority of these countries judiciary was not independent to protect the rights and liberties of the citizens. Thus, we can conclude that this was not the best way to make a transition from Communism to Capitalism.

Most of the Communist countries changed from authoritarian system to democratic capitalist system. The process of transition from authoritarian socialist system to democratic capitalist system is called Shock Therapy.

Following were the main features of Shock Therapy:

• Each of these countries had to make a total change from socialist economy to capitalist economy.
• Each of these countries had to adopt private ownership as a dominant pattern of ownership of property.
• All these countries had to privatise of all state assets and establish corporate ownership patterns.
• Collective farming was replaced by capitalist (private) farming.

Question 10.
Write an essay for or against the following proposition : “With the disintegration of the second world, India should change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with the U.S. rather than with traditional friends like Russia.”
Answer:
After the disintegration of Soviet Union (Second World) many scholars and statesmen are of the view that India should change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with the U.S. rather than with traditional friends like Russia.

Arguments in Favour :
(1) India and U.S.A. are two biggest democratic countries of the world. Democratic system in both the countries is working successfully. Both India and America share a love of human rights, liberty, equality, justice and peace. Both are committed to the cause of world peace.

(2) When China attacked India on 20th Oct. 1962, then America helped India by supplying latest arms.

(3) The leaders of both the countries have been visiting each other country time to time. With these visits relations between the two countries have improved.

(4) Tarapur atomic power plant has been set with the help of U.S.A.

(5) After the Cold War America and India adopted the policy of making good relationship in the field of economic, political and military strategic spheres.

(6) Both India and America have firm faiths in the notion of world peace and they stand against terrorism. After the terrorist attack on America, America has joined India in her fight against terrorism.

(7) U.S.A. extended full support to India in Economic reforms.

(8) In January 2004 taking a step ahead towards cooperation India and U.S. has agreed to increase cooperation in three issues—Civilian nuclear programme, Civilian space programmes and high technology.

(9) In July 2005 India and U.S.A. signed 10 years defence agreement.

(10) United states had agreed to the Nuclear deal with India because both sides stood to benefit from it.

(11) U.S.A. and India sign Nuclear Pact in 2006.

Arguments in Against :

(1) U.S.A.’s attitude on Kashmir was never appreciated by India. In the United Nations America fully supported Pakistan.

(2) On Bangladesh issue America supported Pakistan. On 9th August, 1971 America presented anti-India resolution before the Security Council during Indo-Pak war but Russia exercised Veto power.

(3) When America sent its Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal to pressurise India, it was Russia who warned America by declaring that it would not tolerate any action against India.

(4) When India conducted five nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, American President Clinton ordered tough sanctions against India in retaliation for its underground nuclear tests. It was in 2001 President Bush lifted sanctions imposed on India.

(5) America is constantly pressing India to sign Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty but India is not ready to sign these treaties. Conclusion. We can safely conclude that India should have close and cordial relations with U.S.A. but not at the cost of Russia. Russia has always helped India in the hours of need.

Here we are providing The Selfish Giant Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 English It So Happened, Extra Questions for Class 8 English was designed by subject expert teachers.

The Selfish Giant Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 English It So Happened

The Selfish Giant Extra Questions and Answers Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Where did the children play while coming from school ?
Answer:
They used to play in the giant’s garden.

Question 2.
Why did the children like to play in the giant’s garden ?
Answer:
They liked to play there because it was a lovely garden with soft green grass, beautiful flowers, peech trees and singing birds.

Question 3.
Where did the giant go for seven years ?
Answer:
He had gone to visit his friend Cornish Ogre.

Question 4.
Why was the giant angry when he returned back after seven years ?
Answer:
When the giant saw children playing in his garden, he became angry because he thought it was his garden and only he should use it.

Question 5.
How did the giant stop children playing in his garden ?
Answer:
He built a high wall all around his garden and put up a notice-board saying, ‘Trespassers will be prosecuted”.

Question 6.
Why is the giant called’ ‘selfish’ ?
Answer:
The giant wanted to use the garden only for himself. He did not care about the happiness of children who enjoyed playing there, so he is called selfish.

Question 7.
Why did spring not come in the giant’s garden that year ?
Answer:
Because children – the most beautiful flowers of nature were not allowed in the garden so, the spring also did not come there.

Question 8.
Who came to stay in the giant’s garden in the absence of spring ?
Answer:
Snow and Frost came to stay in the garden. They invited North Wind and Hail to visit there.

Question 9.
What did the singing of linnet bird indicate ?
Answer:
It indicated that the spring had come.

Question 10.
How did the children enter the high walled garden ?
Answer:
The children entered the garden through a hole in the wall.

Question 11.
What wonderful sight did the giant see one morning?
Answer:
He saw all the trees blossomed, children in the branches of trees, flowers laughing through the grass and birds singing happily.

Question 12.
Why was there still winter on a tree in the corner of the garden ?
Answer:
It was still winter there because no child was there on its branches.

Question 13.
Why was the child under the unblossomed tree crying bitterly ?
Answer:
Because the child was too small to reach the branches of the tree. He was going round and round the tree but could not climb or reach it.

Question 14.
How did the giant help the little boy ? What was its effect ?
Answer:
The giant put the little boy on the tree. At once it blossomed and birds came and sang on it.

Question 15.
How did the little boy thank the giant ?
Answer:
He hugged and kissed the giant.

Question 16.
What did the giant do to bring the children again in his garden ?
Answer:
He knocked down the wall around his garden and put away the notice-board.

Question 17.
What marvellous sight did the giant see one winter morning?
Answer:
He saw in the farthest comer of his garden a tree with golden branches, white blossoms and silvery fruit and under it stood the little boy he loved the most.

Question 18.
Who was the little boy whom the giant loved the most ?
Answer:
He was the Christ himself as He had the marks of two nails on His palms and feet.

Question 19.
Why had Christ come to the giant’s garden second time ?
Answer:
Christ had come Himself to take the giant to His garden which is paradise. In fact, God himself comes to take good souls to His paradise.

The Selfish Giant Extra Questions and Answers Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How could you say that the Giant was selfish ?
Answer:
When on his return, the giant saw children playing in his garden he became furious. He thought it was his garden, why should anyone else use it. He built a high wall around his garden and put up the notice – board – ‘Tresspassers will be prosecuted.’ This act of his shows he was selfish.

Question 2.
When children could not play in ‘ the giant’s garden, where did they play ? How did they feel ?
Answer:
They had no plape to play. They tried to play on the road but it was dusty and full of hard stones. They wandered around the high walls of the garden and remembered how happy they were in the garden.

Question 3.
Why did spring not come in the giant’s garden when everywhere else in the country was spring ?
Answer:
When spring came, flowers blossomed and little birds sang all over the country except the giant’s garden, spring did not enter his garden since he had stopped the children the most beautiful flowers to enter his garden.

Question 4.
Who lived the Selfish Giant’s garden in the absence of spring ?
Answer:
Frost and snow lived in the Selfish Giant’s garden in the absence of spring. They also invited North wind to stay with them. Hail came everyday to visit them for three hours.

Question 5.
When did spring come to the . giant’s garden, again ?
Answer:
When the children re-entered the Giant’s garden through a hole in the wall – the flowers blossomed, trees became green and birds sang sweet songs – all indicating (showing) that the spring had come.

Question 6.
How did the Giant come to know that spring had come in his garden ? What did he do ?
Answer:
One morning when the Giant was lying awake in his bed, he heard little linnet singing. A sweet perfume came to him through the open window. He jumped out of the bed and looked out of window “Yes, the spring had come.’

Question 7.
What change did the Giant see in his garden with the coming of spring ?
Answer:
The branches of the trees were covered with blossoms. Children were sitting on the branches. The birds were flying about and twittering with delight. The flowers were looking up through the green grass and laughing.

Question 8.
Why did the spring not come on a tree in the corner of the Giant’s garden ?
Answer:
All other trees had children on their branches but that tree had none. A little boy was wandering round it crying bitterly and trying to reach its branches but was too tiny to reach them. So, the spring did not come on that tree.

Question 9.
How did the Giant realise that he had been selfish ?
(Or)
What change of heart did the Giant have when he saw spring on all the trees except one?
Answer:
He realised that spring only came with the children on the trees as was clear from the fact that spring did not come on the tree that had no child on its branches. He had been selfish ‘in not allowing the children to play in his garden.

Question 10.
What did the Giant do to make up for his mistake ?
Answer:
He knocked down the wall and let the children play in his garden. He told them that it was their garden. He also played with them.

Question 11.
Who was the child whom the Giant loved the most? Why?
Answer:
He was the child whom he had put on the tree when he was bitterly crying since he could not climb the tree. He loved him the most because he had hugged and kissed him.

Question 12.
What marvellous sight did the Giant see one winter morning when he had grown old ?
Answer:
In the farthest corner of the garden he saw a tree covered with white blossoms. Its branches were golden and silver fruit hung from them. Under the tree was standing the little boy he had loved the most.

Question 13.
Why did the Giant get angry when he went near the child he loved the most ? What did he want to do ?
Answer:
He saw that the child was wounded. There were prints of two nails on his palms and feet. He was furious and wanted to kill the person who had wounded his beloved child.

Question 14.
What did the child say about his wounds ? Who was he ?
Answer:
He said that those wounds were the ‘wounds of love’. He did not want any revenge. In fact, He was Christ who gave His message of love and forgiveness to all.

Question 15.
The child said to the Giant, “Today, you shall come to my garden, which is paradise.” What made the Giant worthy of being taken to the paradise ?
Answer:
God loves those who loves His children. Since the Giant loved the children and allowed them to play in his garden which he said was their garden then, God wanted to reward the Giant by taking him to His garden which is paradise.

Here we are providing Children at Work Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 English It So Happened, Extra Questions for Class 8 English was designed by subject expert teachers.

Children at Work Extra Questions and Answers Class 8 English It So Happened

Children at Work Extra Questions and Answers Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Who was Velu ?
Answer:
Velu was a boy of eleven years who had run away from his village home.

Question 2.
How did Velu feel when he got down the train at Chennai ?
Answer:
He felt exhausted, miserable, puzzled to see so many people around him and lost not knowing where to go.

Question 3.
Why and when did Velu leave his house ?
Answer:
He left his house two days back as he could no longer tolerate his father beating him.

Question 4.
What shows that Velu’s father was a bad/cruel man ?
Answer:
He used to beat Velu, snatch all the money he and his sister earned and spent it in drinking wine.

Question 5.
Who welcomed Velu at the Chennai station ?
Answer:
An eleven years old girl, a rag-picker welcomed him.

Question 6.
What was the girl doing at the station ?
Answer:
The girl was picking up dirty plastic cups from the floor and stuffing them into her bag.

Question 7.
Give one example from the text to prove that the girl was intelligent.
Answer:
She could guess from.the condition of Velu and his bundle that he had left his house and come to the city for a better life.

Question 8.
How could the girl make out that Velu was hungry?
Answer:
When Velu pressed his stomach and made a face, she guessed that he was hungry.

Question 9.
“What do you think you’re doing ? Grazing cows ?” Who said this to whom ? When ?
Answer:
The girl said this to Velu who hesitated and stopped in between the traffic while crossing the road.

Question 10.
Where did the girl find food for Velu?
Answer:
She found it in a garbage bin behind a marriage-hall.

Question 11.
How did the girl convince Velu to eat the leftover food ?
Answer:
She told him that till they get‘money to buy their own food, they should eat whatever they get instead of starving.

Question 12.
Why did Velu stick to the girl and not leave her ?
Answer:
The girl seemed to know the ways in the city so he stuck to her so that he was not lost in that unknown big city.

Question 13.
Where did the girl live ?
Answer:
She lived in one of the strange huts at the bank of dried Buckingham Canal.

Question 14.
What shows that the girl was sympathetic and kind hearted ?
Answer:
The girl first procured food for the hungry Velu, then gave him a pair of old shoes and a sack and offered him to be a rag-picker.

Question 15.
Who are rag-pickers ?
Answer:
Those who collect things like plastic, glass, paper, etc., from the rubbish bins, sell them to the junk dealer and earn some money to live.

Question 16.
What work did Jaya do ?
Answer:
Rag picking.

Children at Work Extra Questions and Answers Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What baffled Velu in Chennai?
Answer:
Velu lived in a small village. He saw a large crowd of people at the Chennai Central. He was baffled. He had never seen such a crowd of people except in the village fair.

Question 2.
What was Velu’s condition when he reached Chennai Central Station ?
Answer:
He was feeling weak and exhausted as he had eaten almost nothing since he left home two days back. He was lonely, miserable and lost. He did not know where to go in that unknown place among unknown people.

Question 3.
Why did Velu leave his home ? Where did he go ? Why ?
Answer: H
is father used to snatch the money he earned and beat him everyday. He could not bear this treatment any longer so he left his home and came to Chennai in search of a job and to start a new life.

Question 4.
Who welcomed Velu at the Chennai station ?
Answer:
An eleven year girl, Jaya, a ragpicker who was picking up dirty plastic cups from the floor and stuffing them into her sack, welcomed him in her rough tone and rough way.

Question 5.
Give any one instance from the text which show that Jaya was mature for her age and an understanding girl.
Answer:
The following instances reflect the above statement. When Velu was sitting with his bundle on the bench-baffled and lost she could make out that he had run away from home. When Velu pressed his stomach with a grimace she understood that he was hungry.

Question 6.
How did Jaya help Velu ?
(Or)
What shows that Jaya was a sympathetic, helpful girl ?
Answer:
Jaya was a poor ragpicker but she- had a large, sympathetic heart. When Velu was starving with hunger she procured a banana and a vada for him from the garbage bin. She also gave him old shoes and a sack and told him to work as a ragpicker if he did not want to starve or caught by the police.

Question 7.
‘Jaya “had a great sense of humour.’ Give an example from the text to prove it.
Answer:
There is no doubt that Jaya had a great sense of humour. The following incident proves it. When Velu was hesitating to cross the road, and stopped in between, she dragged him and said, “What do you think you’re doing ? Grazing cows?”
(Or)
She told Velu to be careful otherwise he would be counting bars suggesting he could go to jail if caught loitering idly.
(Or)
When Velu asked Jaya what her name was she said, “So you were following me without even knowing my name.”

Question 8.
At first Velu was not willing to eat the leftovers. How did Jaya convince him to eat them ?
Answer:
She told him that there was no choice as they had no money to buy food. They should eat what they get and save themselves from starving till they earn money to buy their own food.

Question 9.
“Is this where you live ? These houses are strange.” What was strange about the houses where Jaya lived ? How were they different from Velu’s village houses ?
Answer:
They were built out of all sorts of things – metal sheets, tyres, bricks, wood, plastic. They stood crookedly and looked as if they would fall any moment. Velu’s village huts were made of mud and palm leaves.

Question 10.
What was the job offered by Jaya to Velu ? Did he accept it willingly ?
Answer:
She offered him to do the job of a ragpicker. Though Velu did not like it, yet there was no other option for him at that time. So, he accepted it with a heavy heart hoping to get a better job in the near future.