Author name: Veer

These NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings Questions and Answers are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts to help students while preparing for their exams.

Matter in Our Surroundings NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold drink, smell of perfume.
Answer:
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter. Matter can exist in three physical states—solid, liquid, and gaseous.

Chair and almond are forms of matter in the solid state.
Cold drink is a liquid state of matter.
Air is a gaseous state of matter.

Note: The sense of smell is not matter. However, the smell or odour of a substance is classified as matter. The smell of any substance (say, perfume) can be classified as matter. This is because, perfume is in liquid state inside the bottle.

It comes out in the form of tiny droplets. These droplets of perfume are matter and spread out in the atmosphere to create a sense of smell. This smell can be detected by our olfactory system.

Question 2.
Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Answer:
Solids diffuse at a very slow rate. But, if the temperature of the solid is increased, then the rate of diffusion of the solid particles into air increases. This is due to an increase in the kinetic energy of solid particles. Hence, the smell of hot sizzling food reaches us even at a distance, but to get the smell from cold food we have to go close.

Question 3.
A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show?
Answer:
The ability of a diver to cut through water in a swimming pool shows that the particles of matter have intermolecular spaces. The intermolecular spaces in liquids is fair enough to let the diver pass through it.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of particles of matter?
Answer:
The characteristics of particles of mat¬ter are:

• Particles of matter have spaces between them.
• Particles of matter are continuously moving.
• Particles of matter attract each other.

Question 5.
The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density (density = mass/volume). Arrange the following in order of increasing density – air, exhaust from chimney, honey, water, chalk, cotton, and iron.
Answer:
The given substances in the increasing order of their densities can be represented as:
Air < Exhaust from chimney < Cotton < Water < Honey < Chalk < Iron

Question 6.
(a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy, and density.
Ans. (a) The differences in the characteristic states of matter are given in the following table.

(b) Rigidity can be expressed as the tendency of matter to resist a change in shape. Compressibility is the ability to be reduced to a lower volume when force is applied.

• Fluidity is the ability to flow.
• By filling a gas container we mean the attainment of shape of the container by gas.
• Shape defines a definite boundary.
• Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a particle due to its motion.
• Density is mass per unit volume.

Question 7.
Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air, but to do the same through a solid block of wood, we need a karate expert.
Answer:
(a) There is little attraction between particles of gas. Thus, gas particles move freely in all directions. Therefore, gas completely fills the vessel in which it is kept.

(b) Particles of gas move randomly in all directions at high speed. As a result, the particles hit each other and also hit the walls of the container with a force. Therefore, gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.

(c) A wooden table has a definite shape and volume. It is very rigid and cannot be compressed i.e., it has the characteristics of a solid. Hence, a wooden table should be called a solid.

(d) Particles of air have large spaces between them. On the other hand, wood has little space between its particles. Also, it is rigid. For this reason, we can easily move our hands in air, but to do the same through a solid block of wood, we need a karate expert.

Question 8.
Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Answer:
The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density (density = mass/volume). As the volume of a substance increases, its density decreases.

Though ice is a solid, it has large number of empty spaces between its particles. These spaces are larger as compared to the spaces present between the particles of water. Thus, the volume of ice is greater than that of water. Hence, the density of ice is less than that of water. A substance with lower density than water can float on water. Therefore, ice floats on water.

Question 9.
Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Answer:
(a) 300 K = (300 – 273)°C = 27°C
(b) 573 K = (573 – 273)°C = 300°C

Question 10.
What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C
(b) 100°C
Answer:
(a) Water at 250°C exists in gaseous state.
(b) At 100°C, water can exist in both liquid and gaseous form. At this temperature, after getting the heat equal to the latent heat of vaporization, water starts changing from liquid state to gaseous state.

Question 11.
For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?
Answer:
During a change of state, the temperature remains constant. This is because all the heat supplied to increase the temperature is utilised in changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. Therefore, this heat does not contribute in increasing the temperature of the substance.

Question 12.
Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Answer:
By applying pressure and reducing the temperature, atmospheric gases can be liquefied.

Question 13.
Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Answer:
When a liquid evaporates, the particles of the liquid absorb energy from the surroundings to compensate the loss of energy during evaporation. This makes the surroundings cool.

In a desert cooler, the water inside it is made to evaporate. This leads to absorption of energy from the surroundings, thereby cooling the sur¬roundings. Again, we know that evaporation depends on the amount of water vapour present in air (humidity). If the amount of water vapour present in air is less, then evaporation is more. On a hot dry day, the amount of water vapour present in air is less. Thus, water present inside the desert cooler evaporates more, thereby cooling the surroundings more. That is why a desert cooler cools better on a hot dry day.

Question 14.
How does water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summers?
Answer:
There are some pores in an earthen pot through which the liquid inside the pot evaporates. This evaporation makes the water inside the pot cool. In this way, water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool during summers.

Question 15.
Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Answer:
When we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on our palm, it evaporates. During evaporation, particles of die liquid absorb energy from the surrounding or the surface of the palm to compensate for the loss of energy, making the surroundings cool. Hence, our palm feels cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it.

Question 16.
Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than a cup?
Answer:
A liquid has a larger surface area in a saucer than in a cup. Thus, it evaporates faster and cools faster in a saucer than in a cup. For this reason, we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than a cup.

Question 17.
What type of clothes should we wear in summers?
Answer:
We should wear cotton clothes in summers. During summers, we sweat more. On the other hand, cotton is a good absorber of water. Thus, it absorbs sweat from our body and exposes the liquid to the atmosphere, making evaporation faster. During this evaporation, particles on the surface of the liquid gain energy from our body surface, making the body cool.

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Convert the following temperatures to Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K
(b) 470 K
Answer:
Kelvin is an SI unit of temperature, where 0°C = 273.16 K (approximately 273 K)
(a) 293 K = (293 – 273) °C = 20 °C
(b) 470 K = (470 – 273) °C= 197 °C

Question 2.
Convert the following temperatures to Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C
(b) 373°C
Answer:
Kelvin is an SI unit of temperature, where 0°C = 273.16 K (approximately 273 K)
(a) 25 °C = (25 + 273) K = 298 K
(b) 373 °C = (373 + 273) K = 646 K

Question 3.
Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Answer:
(a) Naphthalene undergoes sublimation easily i.e., the change of state of naphthalene from solid to gas takes place easily. Thus, naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.

(b) Gaseous particles possess high speed and large spaces between them. Particles of perfume diffuse into these gaseous particles at a very fast rate and reach our nostrils. This enables us to smell the perfume from a distance.

Question 4.
Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction between particles-water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer:
Sugar is a solid; the forces of attraction between the particles of sugar are strong. Water is a liquid; the forces of attraction here are weaker than sugar. Oxygen is a gas; the forces of attraction are the weakest in gases.

Thus, the increasing order of forces of attraction between the particles of water, sugar and oxygen is
Oxygen < Water < Sugar

Question 5.
What is the physical state of water at
(a) 25°C
(b) 0°C
(c) 100°C
Answer:
(a) Water at 25°C is present in the liquid state.

(b) At 0°C, water can exist as both solid and liquid. At this temperature, after getting the heat equal to the latent heat of fusion, the solid form of water i.e., ice starts changing into its liquid form i. e., water.

(c) At 100 °C, water can exist as both liquid and gas. At this temperature, after getting the heat equal to the latent heat of vaporization, water starts changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state, i.e., water vapours.

Question 6.
Give two reasons to justify that
(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer:
(a) At room temperature (25 °C), water is a liquid because it has the following characteristic of liquid:

• At room temperature, water has no shape but has a fixed volume that is, it occupies the shape of the container in which it is kept.
• At room temperature, water flows.

(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature (25 °C) because:

• it has a definite shape and volume like a solid at room temperature.
• it is rigid as solid at room temperature.

Question 7.
Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Answer:
Ice at 273 K has less energy than water (although both are at the same temperature). Water possesses the additional latent heat of fusion. Hence, at 273 K, ice is more effective in cooling than water.

Question 8.
What produces more severe bums, boiling water or steam?
Answer:
Steam has more energy than boiling water. It possesses the additional latent heat of vaporization. Therefore, bums produced by steam are more severe than those produced by boiling water.

Question 9.
Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state.

Answer:

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings Additional Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Which one of the following sets of phenomena would increase on raising the temperature?
(a) Diffusion, evaporation, compression of gases
(b) Evaporation, compression of gases, solubility
(c) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases
(d) Evaporation, solubility, diffusion, compression of gases
Answer:
(c) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases

Question 2.
Seema visited a Natural Gas Compressing Unit and found that the gas can be liquefied under specific conditions of temperature and pressure. While sharing her experience with friends she got confused. Help her to identify the correct set of conditions
(a) Low temperature, low pressure
(b) High temperature, low pressure
(c) Low temperature, high pressure
(d) High temperature, high pressure
Answer:
(c) Low temperature, high pressure

Question 3.
The property to flow is unique to fluids. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Only gases behave like fluids
(b) Gases and solids behave like fluids
(c) Gases and liquids behave like fluids
(d) Only liquids are fluids
Answer:
(c) Gases and liquids behave like fluids

Question 4.
During summer, water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool because of the phenomenon of
(a) diffusion
(b) transpiration
(c) osmosis
(d) evaporation
Answer:
(d) evaporation

Question 5.
A few substances are arranged in the increasing order of forces of attraction between their particles. Which one of the following represents a correct arrangement?
(a) Water, air, wind
(b) Air, sugar, oil.
(c) Oxygen, water, sugar
(d) Salt, juice, air
Answer:
(c) Oxygen, water, sugar

Question 6.
On converting 25°C, 38°C and 66°C to kelvin scale, the correct sequence of temperature will be
(a) 298 K, 311 K and 339 K
(b) 298 K, 300 K and 338 K
(c) 273 K, 278 K and 543 K
(d) 298 K, 310 K and 338 K
Answer:
(a) 298 K, 311 K and 339 K

Question 7.
Choose the correct statement of the following
(a) conversion of solid into vapours without passing through the liquid state is called vapourisation.
(b) conversion of vapours into solid without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation.
(c) conversion of vapours into solid without passing through the liquid state is called freezing.
(d) conversion of solid into liquid is called sublimation.
Answer:
(b) conversion of vapours into solid without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation.

Question 8.
The boiling points of diethyl ether, acetone and n-butyl alcohol are 35°C, 56°C and 118°C respectively. Which one of the following correctly represents their boiling points in kelvin scale?
(a) 306 K, 329 K, 391K
(b) 308 K, 329 K, 392 K
(c) 308 K, 329 K, 391 K
(d) 329 K, 392 K, 308 K
Answer:
(c) 308 K, 329 K, 391 K

Question 9.
Which condition out of the following will increase the evaporation of water?
(a) Increase in temperature of water
(b) Decrease in temperature of water
(c) Less exposed surface area of water
(d) Adding common salt to water
Answer:
(a) Increase in temperature of water

Question 10.
In which of the following conditions, the distance between the molecules of hydrogen gas would increase?
(i) Increasing pressure on hydrogen contained in a closed container
(ii) Some hydrogen gas leaking out of the container
(iii) Increasing the volume of the container of hydrogen gas
(iv) Adding more hydrogen gas to the container without increasing the volume of the container
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
Answer:
(c) (ii) and (iii)

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Name any two things that are not the state of matter.
Answer:
The feelings of love and hate are not the state of matter.

Question 2.
Name any two substances which exist in all the three states of matter at low range of temperature.
Answer:
Water and wax.

Question 3.
Define the specific heat of a substance.
Answer:
It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gram of substance by 1°C.

Question 4.
How is the boiling point of a liquid affected with the increasing or decreasing pressure?
Answer:
The boiling of a liquid is proportional to the pressure i.e. with the increasing pressure, boiling point will increase and with the decreasing pressure, it will decrease.

Question 5.
What is the advantage of boiling the acids under low pressure conditions?
Answer:
It helps to concentrate them without them undergoing any decomposition.

Question 6.
What is the S.I. unit for expressing the specific heat of a substance?
Answer:
Cal/g/°C

Question 7.
The calorie and joule are the units used to measure the heat energy. How are they interrelated?
Answer:
1 Joule = 1 / 4.18 calorie or 1 calorie = 4.18 Joules

Question 8.
What happens when a body warms up?
Answer:
When a body warms up showing the rise in temperature, it absorbs the heat from its surroundings.

Question 9.
What happens when a hot body is left at room temperature to cool?
Answer:
When a hot body is left at room temperature to cool, it looses the heat to the surroundings.

Question 10.
What effect does the evaporation of a liquid has on the liquid?
Answer:
Evaporation of a liquid has cooling effect i.e., the temperature of a liquid falls with increasing evaporation.

Question 11.
Why are the earthen pots more effective in Cooling water in rural areas?
Answer:
In rural areas where there is no electricity, the earthen pots are effective means for cooling water because they allow the evaporation of water from the surface.

Question 12.
When will the clothes spread on a cloth line will dry faster, on a hot humid day or hot dry day?
Answer:
On hot dry day as the relative atmospheric humidity is less, the rate of evaporation will be more and hence the domes will dry faster.

Question 13.
Alcohol and water are two liquids. Alcohol has lower boiling point than water. Which of the two would evaporate faster at a given temperature?
Answer:
Alcohol, it has low boiling point as compared to the water.

Question 14.
State the two precautions you will observe when measuring the volume of a liquid using a measuring cylinder?
Answer:
The two precautions include placing the measuring cylinder on the flat surface and reading the lower meniscus if water, with eyes in line of the meniscus.

Question 15.
What is dry ice?
Answer:
It is the solidified form of carbon dioxide at low temperature and high pressure conditions.

Question 16.
What are the three properties of the state of matter?
Answer:
Mass, volume and inertia are the three properties of states of matter.

Question 17.
What happens to the particles of a matter when it is heated?
Answer:
The particles of matter gain the thermal energy and use it to increase their kinetic energy.

Question 18.
Why do we feel our palm cool after placing an ice cube on it?
Answer:
Ice cube placed on palm extracts the heat from the palm surface to melt. This extraction of heat cools the palm.

Question 19.
What is a pure substance?
Answer:
A substance which has its specific melting point, boiling point and density is called a pure substance. All the elements and compounds are examples of pure substance.

Question 20.
What are volatile liquids?
Answer:
Liquids which vapourise even at the room temperature are called volatile liquids for example alcohol, acetone, etc.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is matter? State its different forms.
Answer:
Anything in our surroundings that occupies space and has its own mass is called matter. All forms of the matter are made of the small particles that are invisible to naked eyes.

Question 2.
What happens when 10g of table salt is dissolved in the 100 ml of water? Does it bring any change in the volume of the solution?
Answer:
When salt is added to water, the particles of the salt occupies the spaces present in between the particles of the water hence, their occur no evident change in its volume.

Question 3.
A student mixed 100 ml alcohol and 100 ml of water together in a container. What would be the net volume of mixture in the container? Why?
Answer:
The net volume of the mixture in the container would be slightly less than 200 ml because the particles of the water and alcohol would occupy the spaces present between each other.

Question 4.
How will you experimentally prove that matter is made up of small particles?
Answer:
Take a known volume of water in a container and dissolve a small amount of table salt in water by continuous stirring. When the volume of the solution is measured, it shows no difference to show that the matter is made of small particles with spaces among them that can be occupied by the others.

Question 5.
(a) What is diffusion?
(b) State the different factors which affect the diffusion.
Answer:
(a) Diffusion refers to the phenomenon of the intermixing of particles of the two or more substances on their own based on the concentration differences.
(b) Diffusion is affected by the concentration differences, mass of the diffusing particles, the medium in which the particles have to diffuse and the distance in between the source and sink.

Question 6.
Why do you smell a lighted incense stick put away in the house temple on ground floor when studying in your study room on the first floor?
Answer:
The particles of perfume in incense stick mix with the air and freely move in all directions from the area of their higher concentration in the temple room to the other rooms. The incoming of these perfume particles because of their diffusion, makes you smell the sweet smell of incense.

Question 7.
What are the different states of matter? Give examples.
Answer:
There are three states of matter, solid, liquid and gases.

• Solid: Stone, brick, salt, sugar, a metal block, etc.
• Liquid: liquid water, alcohol, milk, oil, petrol, etc.
• Gases: Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.

Question 8.
Classify the constituents of body into the different states of matter.
Answer:
Solid: Bones, teeth and muscles.
Liquid: Water, blood and lymph Gases: Inhaled air and exhaled air.

Question 9.
A rubber band can be stretched unlike solids then why shall it be considered a solid?
Answer:
A rubber band is a solid despite of the fact that it can be stretched because it does not change its shape at its own. An external force needs to be applied on it to force it change its shape and after the removal of the force, it mostly regains its shape.

Question 10.
A handful of salt or sugar take the shape of the container like liquids then why are they considered solids than liquids?
Answer:
A handful of salt or sugar does take the shape of the container like liquids yet they are considered solids because the individual crystal they contain, has a fixed shape.

Question 11.
Why is a sponge considered a solid when it can be compressed like gases or liquids?
Answer:
A sponge is considered solid even when it can be compressed like gases or liquids because its compression is because of the presence of minute air holes or cavities filled with air rather than the solid matter it has in its structure.

Question 12.
Define volume? Write its S.I. unit.
Answer:
Volume is the space occupied by a substance. All the solids and liquids have definite volume. It’s S.I. unit cubic metre (m3) but commonly used in cm³ when, 1 cm³ = 1000 ml = 1 litre.

Question 13.
Define density. State its S.I. unit.
Answer:
Density refers to the mass per unit
volume of a substance. It is measured in kg/m³ or g/cm³.
Density = \(\frac{\text { Mass }}{\text { Volume }}\)

Question 14.
Which have more density, solids or liquids? Why?
Answer:
Solids have more density than liquids because with particles placed close together, they have more mass per unit volume as compared to liquids in which the particles are loosely packed.

Question 15.
Why gases can be compressed but not solids?
Answer:
The gases can be compressed because their particles have very less force of attraction in between them so that they are in random motion with large distance among one another. Hence, when external pressure is applied, the particles come close to each other and the gas compresses but in solids the particles have large force of attraction hence, the distance is very less such that even upon applying the external pressure, they fail to be compressed.

Question 16.
Can particles of a solid diffuse into another solid? If yes, give example.
Answer:
Yes, the particles of a solid can diffuse into another solid but the diffusion takes a long time. For example if two metal blocks are tied together and left undisturbed for a long time i.e. for years, the particles of one diffuse into another as it become difficult to separate mem from each other.

Question 17.
What do you understand by the compression of a gas? Give examples of the use of compressed gas in daily life.
Answer:
The compression of a gas refers to reducing of the volume of a gas in a container on applying external pressure. The different compressed gases are used in daily life such as LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) used for cooking, oxygen gas used in hospitals and CNG (Compressed natural gas) used as fuel in vehicles.

Question 18.
Why liquids have definite volume but not shape?
Answer:
Liquids have definite volume but not shape because they have moderate force of attraction between particles such that the distance between the particles is also moderate giving them a definite volume but not shape.

Question 19.
What do you understand by the anomalous behaviour of water? What is its advantage to living organisms?
Answer:
Water has anomalous behaviour because unlike other substances, on freezing its density decreases and therefore the ice floats on the water surface. The floating of ice is important for aquatic living organisms as they can survive in water below the surface of thick ice in oceans such as Arctic ocean and polar regions.

Question 20.
What happens when a crystal of potassium permanganate is gently placed at the bottom of the water rilled beaker?
Answer:
The crystal of potassium permanganate gets dissolved in water. The dissolution involves the diffusion of its particles in water. This diffusion continues until the particles of potassium permanganate get evenly distributed in water.

Question 21.
State the relation in between the density and diffusion of a given substance into another substance.
Answer:
Diffusion involves the free intermixing of a substance into another. It is inversely proportional to the under root of the density of the substance. Therefore, an ink with low density dissolves or diffuses faster in water than a drop of honey which is denser than ink.

Question 22.
How will you test the purity of honey bought from a shop?
Answer:
A drop of the honey to be tested is poured in a glass of water. If it forms a streak going down the water than its pure, otherwise not.

Question 23.
How do the aquatic plants and animals manage to survive in water?
Answer:
All aquatic plants and animals require carbon dioxide or oxygen or both for their successful survival. These gases are soluble in water. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water forming carbonic acid which is a very acid weak and oxygen is sparingly soluble in water, about 0.7% per litre of water.

Question 24.
Arrange the following
Liquid, solid, gas
in the increasing order of the rate of diffusion of their particles with reason.
Answer:
In solids the force of attraction are very strong hence, the particles are” bound close to each other but in gases, the force of attraction between the particles is very less, hence, they are free to move randomly. Therefore, in gases the rate of the diffusion is maximum than in solids.

The liquids have moderate force of attraction, therefore they lie in between solids and liquids for the rate of diffusion.
Solids < Liquids < Gases

Question 25.
Why does a gas stored in the container exerts pressure on its walls?
Answer:
A gas stored in a container exerts pressure on its walls because the gas particles are in free random motion. Whenever, they hit the wall of the container, they exert pressure which is proportional to the motion of the particles and their density.

Question 26.
Why does an inflated balloon when kept in sun expands in size and when kept in deep freezer, it shrinks?
Answer:
A balloon kept in sun expands because at high temperature, the Heat energy gained by the particles is transformed into their increased kinetic energy and therefore, they hit the walls of the balloon with greater force exerting more pressure.

When the same balloon is kept in deep freezer because of the low. temperature conditions, the particles lose their kinetic energy and hit the balloon walls with low pressure, making it to contract in size.

Question 27.
Define pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Answer:
Pressure is denned as the thrust acting per emit area. It’s S.I. unit is Pascal but it can also be measured in terms of atmospheric pressure.

The normal atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air at sea level. It is 760 mm of Hg.
1 Atmospheric pressure (atm) = 1 × 10s Pascal.

Question 28.
How is a vapour different from a gas? Give example.
Answer:
Vapour refers to the gaseous state of a substance that at room temperature exists in its liquid form such as the water vapours formed after the evaporation of liquid water whereas the gas refers to an element or compound that exits in gaseous state even at the room temperature such as oxygen and nitrogen present in air.

Question 29.
What happens when a solid cube of ice is heated in a beaker?
Answer:
When a solid cube of ice is heated, the heat supplied is used up in increasing the vibrations of the particles of the solid but soon the force of attraction reduces enough to allow the particles become free and flow, making the ice to melt.

When the water is continued to be heated, there comes a time when the force of attraction reduces enough to allow particles to leave the water surface and fly free in the atmospheric air in form of vapours.

Question 30.
Define the folio wings:
(i) Latent heat of fusion
(ii) Latent heat of vapourisation
Answer:
(i) Latent heat of fusion: It refers to the heat required to change 1 kg of solid substance into its liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure without any change in temperature at its melting point.

(ii) Latent heat of vapourisation: It refers to the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of liquid substance into its vapours at atmospheric pressure without any change in temperature at normal on its boiling point.

Question 31.
Is the boiling point of water is same in Rajasthan, Shimla, Nanital and Srinagar? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
No, the boiling point varies with altitude. With the increasing altitude, the boiling point decreases because boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. Hence, as we go at the higher altitudes, the boiling point will decrease with decreasing atmospheric pressure.

Question 32.
On which day, you expect the wet clothes spread on a line to dry faster and why?
(i) Cloudy day or dry day.
(ii) Calm dry day or windy dry day.
Answer:
(i) The wet clothes will dry faster on a dry day as the percentage of water vapours are less in atmospheric air. The atmospheric pressure would be less to oppose the release of vapours from clothes than on a cloudy in which because of the presence of the water vapours, the atmospheric pressure would be more to prevent the release of water vapours.

(ii) On a windy dry day, the clothes will dry faster as the blowing wind would maintain a low pressure over the clothes forcing the wafer vapours to leave the clothes surface.

Question 33.
Why does evaporation cause the cooling of the surface?
Answer:
Evaporation involves the leaving of the particles of a liquid in gaseous state in air. A particle to leave the surface of the liquid has to have some extra energy. The evaporating particles absorb this required extra energy from the surface producing the cooling effect.

Question 34.
A student kept equal volume of water in same shape and size of the two containers, A of clay and B of plastic at same place for 2 hours. After two hours, water in which container will have lower temperature? Why?
Answer:
In container A, the temperature of water would be less because the clay surface is more porous than plastic hence, from its surface there will be more evaporation of water. The cooling effect of evaporation will reduce more temperature in container A than in container B.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
How will you prove that the particles are very-very small beyond our imagination.
Answer:
The matter is made up of very-very tiny particles that are invisible to naked eyes and are even invisible under a microscope but their existence can be proved by the activities like:

• Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and dissolve 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate.
• Take 10 ml of the above solution and add it to 100 ml of clear water in other beaker.
• Keep diluting the solution like above for 6-8 times.

We only observe that the colour only fades with each dilution but does not disappear i.e. the 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate added to the water initially had millions of the particles that kept distributing themselves with each dilution.

Question 2.
How will you show that gases are more compressible than liquids?
Answer:
To show that the gases undergo compression more easily than liquids, take two 100 ml syringes.

Close their nozzle by inserting them in a rubber cork. Remove the piston, fill the air in one syringe and some water in the other syringe. Place the piston back in its position and apply the pressure.

In syringe filled with air, pressure is applied more easily than in syringe filled with water because, the air, a mixture of gases is more compressible than water.

Question 3.
A student takes a metallic kettle pot partially filled with water and places it over a burner as shown in the figure. What observations will he make when

(a) places the kettle pot on the flame.
(b) after some time of heating over the flame.
(c) he brings a plate filled with ice cubes near the mouth of the kettle’s nozzle. Why?
Answer:
(a) When the kettle is placed over the burner, first kettle body gains heat that is further gained by the water and hence, its temperature starts increasing with increasing time.
(b) After some time, he would see the water vapours in form of steam coming out of the mouth of nozzle.
(c) When he brings a plate filled with ice cubes over the mouth of the nozzle the water vapours present in steam would condense back in liquid water droplets.

Question 4.
What is evaporation? State some its advantages.
Answer:
Evaporation is the loss of water in form of water vapours from the surface of water in a container or a surface at room temperature. The advantage of evaporation include:

• The cooling effect it creates on the surface which is used in rural areas to cool the water and by plants to keep their leaf surface cool.
• The addition of water vapours to atmosphere to regulate the water cycle.
• In loss of solvent in process of crystallization such as extraction of salt from the saline water.

Question 5.
Describe the different factors which affect the rate of evaporation.
Answer:
A number of factors affect the rate of evaporation. These factors include

• Surface area available for evaporation. The rate of evaporation increases with increasing surface area.
• Temperature affects the rate of evaporation as with increasing temperature, the rate of evaporation also increases simultaneously.
• Wind speed, with increasing wind speed, the rate of evaporation also increases. Therefore, the wet clothes dry faster on a hot, dry and windy day.
• Relative humidity, with increasing relative humidity, the rate of evaporation decreases. Therefore, wet clothes dry slower on a humid day than on a dry day.
• Mass of the solvent particles, with the increasing mass, their evaporation decreases.

Question 6.
Graphically describe the heating curve which a student will plot on heating an ice cube until it gets transformed in state of water vapours.
Answer:
The graph shows that when ice cube is heated, there is no rise in the temperature as the given heat is used up in melting the ice into water. Once in form of water, the temperature starts rising until it reaches 100°C or so. From this temperature onward, he would find no further rise in temperature despite continuous heating as the heat supplied would be used up in transforming the liquid water into its vapours.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 1 अनुशासनम् Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Sanskrit Class 12 Solutions Chapter 1 अनुशासनम्

अभ्यासः

एकपदेन उत्तरत

प्रश्न 1.
(क) अयं पाठः कस्माद् ग्रन्थात् संकलितः?
उत्तर
तैत्तिरीय- उपनिषदः

(ख) सत्यात् किं न कर्तव्यम् ?
उत्तर
प्रमादः।

(ग) आचार्यः कम् अनुशास्ति?
उत्तर
अन्तेवासिनम्।

(घ) स्वाध्याय-प्रवचनाभ्यां किं न कर्तव्यम् ?
उत्तर
प्रमादः।

(ङ) अस्माकं कानि उपास्यानि?
उत्तर
सुचरितानि।

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत.

(क) आचार्यस्य कीदृशानि कर्माणि सेवितव्यानि?
उत्तर
आचार्यस्य अनवद्यानि कर्माणि सेवितव्यानि।

(ख) शिष्यः किं कृत्वा प्रजातन्तुं न व्यवच्छेत्सीः?
उत्तर
शिष्यः प्रियं धनमाहृत्य प्रजातन्तुं न व्यवच्छेत्सीः।

(ग) शिष्याः कर्मविचिकित्सा विषये कथं वर्तेरन् ?
उत्तर-
शिप्याः कर्मविचिकित्सा विषये यथा ब्राह्मणाः सम्मर्शिनः युक्ताः, आयुक्ताः, अलूक्षा धर्मकामाः तथा वर्तेरन्।

(घ) काभ्यां न प्रमदितव्यम् ?
उत्तर
स्वाध्यायप्रवचनाभ्यां न प्रभदितव्यम्।

(ङ) ब्राह्मणाः कीदृशाः स्युः?
उत्तर
ब्राह्मणाः सम्मर्शिनः स्युः ।

प्रश्न 3.
रिक्त स्थानपूर्तिं कुरुत
उत्तर
(क) वेदमनूच्याचार्यों ऽन्तेवासिनम् अनुशास्ति।
(ख) सत्यं वद धर्मं चर।
(ग) यान्यनवद्यानि कर्माणि तानि सेवितव्यानि।.
(घ) यथा ते तत्र वर्तेरन् तथा तत्र वर्तेथाः।
(ड) एषा वेदोपनिषत्।।

प्रश्न 4.
मातृभाषया व्याख्यायेताम्

(क) देवपितृकार्याभ्यां न प्रभदितव्यम् ।
उत्तर
अर्थ-देवताओं तथा पितरों के कार्यों को करने में प्रमाद या आलस्य नहीं करना चाहिए।
व्याख्या-प्रस्तुत पंक्ति में आचार्य अपने शिष्य को उपदेश देते हुए कहते हैं कि देवताओं के अर्थात् पूजा, अर्चना आदि कार्यो में बिल्कुल भी आलस्य नहीं करना चाहिए। इसी प्रकार पितरों के कार्य अर्थात् श्राद्ध, तर्पण आदि कार्यों में भी बिलकूल असावधानी नहीं होनी चाहिए। इस प्रकार आचार्य शिष्य को देवताओं तथा पितरों के कार्यों को सम्पन्न करने का उपदेश दे रहे हैं यहाँ।

(ख) यान्यनवद्यानि कर्माणि तानि सेवितव्यानि।
उत्तर
अर्थ-जो कार्य दोषरहित हैं उनका आचरण करना चाहिए।
व्याख्या-प्रस्तुत पंक्ति में आचार्य अपने शिष्य को उन कार्यों को करने का उपदेश दे रहे हैं जो दोषरहित हैं, पवित्र हैं। मनुष्य में कुछ न कुछ दोष स्वभाव से ही होते हैं, अतः उन दोषपूर्ण कार्यों का परित्याग तथा शुभ एवं पवित्र कार्यों का आचरण किया जाना चाहिए-यही आचार्य का अपने शिष्य के लिए उपदेश है।

प्रश्न 5.
अधोनिर्दिष्टपदानां समानार्थकपदानि कोष्ठकात चित्वा लिखत
उत्तर
(क) अनूच्य = सन्बोध्य।
(ख) संविदा = सद्भावनया।
(ग) झिया = लज्जया।
(ड) उपास्यम् = अनुपालनीयम्।
(सदभावनया, सम्बोध्य, लज्जया. अनपालनीयम. अरूक्षा)

प्रश्न 6.
विरीतार्थकपदैः योजयत-
उत्तर
(क) सत्यम् = असत्यम्।
(ख) धर्मम् = अधर्मम्।
(ग) श्रद्धया = अश्रद्धया।
(घ) अवद्यानि = अनवद्यानि
(ड) लूक्षा = अलूक्षा।

प्रश्न 7.
अघोनिर्दिष्टेषु पदेषु प्रकृति-प्रत्यय-विभागं कुरुत
उत्तर
(क) प्रमदितव्यम् = प्र उपसर्ग, मद धातु + तव्यत् प्रत्यय ।
(ख) अनवयम् = न + अवद्यम्, नञ् तत्पुरूष समास, प्रथमा वि. एकवचन।
(ग) उपास्यम् = उप उपसर्ग, आस् धातु + यत् प्रत्यय।
(घ) अनुशासनम् = अनु उपसर्ग, शास् धातु, ल्युट् प्रत्यय ।

Bhaswati Class 12 Solutions Chapter 1 अनुशासनम् Summary Translation in Hindi and English

संकेत-वेदमनूच्याचार्यः ……………………. चैतदुपास्यम्।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
वेद पढ़ाकर आचार्य शिष्य को शिक्षा देते हैं-सत्य बोलो। धर्म का आचरण करो। स्वाध्याय के बारे में लापरवाही मत करो। आचार्य के लिए प्रिय धन लाकर वंश परम्परा को मत तोड़ो। सत्यपालन से प्रमाद नहीं करना चाहिए। धर्म में लापरवाही नहीं करनी चाहिए। मंगलकारी बातों की अवहेलना नहीं करनी चाहिए । ऐश्वर्य की प्राप्ति में आलस्य नहीं करना चाहिए। स्वाध्याय तथा अध्यापन में लापरवाही नहीं करनी चाहिए। देवताओं तथा पितरों के कार्यों को करने में आलस्य नहीं करना चाहिए। माता को देवता मानने वाले बनो। पिता को देवता मानने वाले बनो। आचार्य को देवता मानने वलो बनो।

अतिथि को देवता मानने वाले बनो। जो दोषरहित कर्तव्य हैं उनका सेवन करना चाहिए, अन्य (दोषपूर्ण) का नहीं। जो हमारे अच्छे कार्य हैं तुम्हें उनका सेवन करना चाहिए, अन्य नहीं। यदि तुम्हें कर्म के सम्बन्ध में या आचरण के विषय में संदेह हो तो वहाँ जो ब्राह्मण विवेकशील, कर्म में तत्पर, स्वेच्छापूर्वक कर्मपरायण, सरल हृदय तथा धर्मपरायण हों और जैसा वे वहाँ व्यवहार करें वैसा तुम वहाँ व्यवहार करना। यह आदेश है, यह उपदेश है। यह वेदों का रहस्य ज्ञान है। यह शिक्षा है। इस प्रकार उपासना करनी चाहिए। यह ही उपासना करने योग्य है।

English-Translation:
Having taught Veda, the teacher instructs the disciple-speak the truth, practise the righteousness. Don’t be careless in the matter of self-study. Having brought the wealth to the preceptor which is dear to him, do not snap the link of the progeny (or the laws of creation) Do not be careless regarding truth. Do not ignore Dharma (righteousness). Do not be careless in the matter of well-being.

Do not be careless in the matter of riches. Do not be careless in the matter of self-study and teaching. Do not be careless in performing the duties towards the gods and manes. Worship your mother as a goddess. Worship your father as a god. Worship your preceptor as a god. Worship your guest as a god. You should perform only those deeds which are faultless and should not perform others.

You should practise our good deeds only and not others. And if, after this, there arises a doubt about action or about behaviour, then you should act in those matters as the brahmans do who are conscientious, engaged in performing their duties, who fulfill their duties willingly, who are kind hearted and dutiful.

This is order. This is the instruction. This is the mystical knowledge of the vedas. This is the teaching. You should follow this and this should be followed in this manner only.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 1 भारतीवसन्तगीतिः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Shemushi Sanskrit Class 9 Solutions Chapter 1 भारतीवसन्तगीतिः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत–

(क) कविः वीणापाणिं किं कथयति?
उत्तर:
कविः वीणापाणि नवीनां वीणां निनादयितुं कथयति।

(ख) वसन्ते किं भवति?
उत्तर:
वसन्ते सरसाः रसालाः लसन्ति, काकलीनां कलापाः च विलसन्ति।

(ग) सरस्वत्याः वीणां श्रुत्वा किं परिवर्तनं भवतु इति कवेः इच्छां लिखत।
उत्तर:
सरस्वत्याः वीणां श्रुत्वा लतानां शान्तिशीलं सुमं चलेत् नदीनां कान्तसलिलं च सलीलम् उच्छलेत्।

(घ) कविः भगवतीं भारती कस्याः नद्याः तटे (कुत्र) मधुमाधवीनां नता पङ्क्तिम् अवलोक्य वीणां वादयितुं कथयति?
उत्तर:
कविः भगवतीं भारती यमुनायाः नद्याः तटे मधुमाधवीनां नतां पङ्क्तिम् अवलोक्य वीणां वादयितुं कथयति।

प्रश्न 2.
‘क’ स्तम्भे पदानि ‘ख’ स्तम्भे तेषां पर्यायपदानि दत्तानि। तानि चित्वा पदानां समक्षे लिखत
‘क’ स्तम्भः – ‘ख’ स्तम्भः
(क) सरस्वती – (1) वाणी
(ख) आम्रम – (2) रसालः
(ग) पवनः – (3) समीरः
(घ) तटे – (4) तीरे
(ङ) भ्रमराणाम् – (5) अलीनाम्

प्रश्न 3.
अधोलिखितानि पदानि प्रयुज्य संस्कृतभाषया वाक्यरचनां कुरुत
उत्तर:
(क) निनादय = हे सरस्वती! नवीनां वीणां निनादय।
(ख) मन्दमन्दम् = अद्य वायुः मन्दमन्दं वहति।
(ग) मारुतः = अद्य मारुतः वेगेन वहति।
(घ) सलिलम् = अद्य नद्याः सलिलं शान्तं विद्यते।
(ङ) सुमनः = सुमनः सुगन्धितं भवति।

प्रश्न 4.
प्रथमश्लोकस्य आशयं हिन्दीभाषया आङ्ग्लभाषया वा लिखत
उत्तर:
प्रथम श्लोक का भाव
हिन्दी में अनुवाद–वसन्त ऋतु में कोयल तथा आम के वृक्ष आदि सारी प्रकृति नवीन उल्लास से परिपूर्ण है, अतः हे सरस्वती! तुम अपना नया तथा मधुर गीत गाओ, साथ ही नवीन वीणा को भी बजाओ।।

Meaning in English: The nature in its entirety consisting of cuckoos, mango–trees etc. is full of new vigour in spring–season. So, oh Saraswati! You also should sing new and sweet song and play upon new Veena. So, Saraswati is requested to sing new and sweet song matching with the tune of the nature.

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखितापदानां विलोमपदानि लिखत
उत्तर:
(क) कठोरम् – मृदुम्
(ख) कटु – मधुर
(ग) शीघ्रम् – मन्दमन्दम्
(घ) प्राचीनम् – नवीनम्
(ङ) नीरसः – सरसः

परियोजनाकार्यम्

पाठेऽस्मिन् वीणायाः चर्चा अस्ति। अन्येषां पञ्चवाद्ययन्त्राणां चित्रं रचयित्वा संकलय्य वा तेषां नामानि लिखत।
उत्तर:
वीणा के अतिरिक्त पाँच वाद्ययन्त्रों के नाम–
1. ढोलक = लघुपटहः।
2. मंजीरा = मजूरम्।
3. हारमोनियम् = मधुरध्वनिकम्।
4. तबला = तबलः।
5. ढोल = पटहः, ढक्का।

Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 1 भारतीवसन्तगीतिः Summary Translation in Hindi and English

1. निनादय नवीनामये वाणि! वीणाम्
मृदुं गाय गीति ललित–नीति–लीनाम्।
मधुर–मञ्जरी–पिञ्जरी–भूत–मालाः
वसन्ते लसन्तीह सरसा रसालाः
कलापाः ललित–कोकिला–काकलीना।। निनादय…………………।।

शब्दार्थ (Word–meanings)

हिन्दी सरलार्थ–हे सरस्वती! नवीन वीणा को बजाओ, सुन्दर नीतियों से पूर्ण गीत का मधुर गान करो। इस वसन्त ऋतु में मधुर मञ्जरियों से पीली तथा सरस आम के वृक्षों की पंक्तियाँ सुशोभित हो रही हैं। आकर्षक कूक वाले कोयलों के समूह सुन्दर लग रहे हैं। हे वाणी! नवीन वीणा को बजाओ।

Meaning in English: Oh Saraswati! Please play upon new Veena (musical instrument) and sing sweet song full of beautiful ideas. The rows of mango–trees which are full of soft–clusters of flowers with yellow colour, look beautiful in this spring–season. The cuckoos chirping in sweet–tone, also enhance the beauty of the spring. So, oh Saraswati! you also should instantly play upon the new Veena.

2. वहति मन्दमन्दं सनीरे समीरे
कलिन्दात्मजायास्सवानीरतीरे,
नतां पङ्क्तिमालोक्य मधुमाधवीनाम् ।। निनादय………….।।

शब्दार्थ (Word–meanings)

हिन्दी सरलार्थ: यमुना के वेतस–लताओं से घिरे हुए तट पर, जलबिन्दुओं से युक्त वायु के मन्द–मन्द बहने पर फूलों से झुकी हुई मधु–माधवी लता को देखकर हे सरस्वती! नवीन वीणा को बजाओ।

Meaning in English: Oh Saraswati! play upon new Veena on seeing the beautiful Madhavi–creeper, full of flowers bent down due to the pressure of wind containing water–drops and blowing slowly on the bank of river Yamuna which is covered by the vetas creepers.

3. ललित–पल्लवे पादपे पुष्पपुजे
मलयमारुतोच्चुम्बिते मञ्जुकुजे,
स्वनन्तीन्ततिम्प्रेक्ष्य मलिनामलीनाम् ।। निनादय………।।

शब्दार्थ (Word–meanings)

हिन्दी सरलार्थ: मलयपवन से स्पर्श किए हुए कोमल पत्तों वाले वृक्षों, पुष्पों आदि पर काले वर्ण वाले भौरों की गुजार करती हुई पंक्ति को देखकर हे सरस्वती! नवीन वीणा को बजाओ।

Meaning in English: Oh Saraswati! Please play upon Veena on seeing the black–bees humming and sitting on the flowers and the soft–leaves of the trees are touched by the wind of the Malaya mountain.

4. लतानां नितान्तं सुमं शान्तिशीलम्
चलेदुच्छलेत्कान्तसलिलं सलीलम्,
तवाकर्ण्य वीणामदीनां नदीनाम् ।। निनादय………।।

शब्दार्थ (Word–meanings)

हिन्दी सरलार्थ: तुम्हारी ओजस्विनी वीणा को सुनकर लताओं के अत्यन्त शान्त सुमन हिल उठे, और नदियों का स्वच्छ जल क्रीड़ा करता हुआ उछल पड़े! हे सरस्वती! नवीन वीणा बजाओ।

Meaning in English: May, the quiet flowers of the creepers start moving, the pure water of the rivers begin to move upward, on hearing the vital rhythm of your Veena. Oh Saraswati! Please play upon the new Veena.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 The Cold War Era Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

The Cold War Era NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1

The Cold War Era Questions and Answers Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1

Question 1.
Which among the following statements about the Cold War is wrong ?
(а) It was a competition between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies.
(б) It was an ideological war between the super powers.
(c) It triggered of an arms race.
(d) The US and U.S.S.R. were engaged in direct wars.
Answer:
(d) The US and U.S.S.R. were engaged in direct wars.

Question 2.
Which among the following statements does not reflect the objectives of NAM ?
(a) Enabling newly decolonised countries to pursue independent policies.
(b) Not to joining any military alliances.
(c) Following a policy of ‘neutrality’ on global issues.
(d) Focus on elimination of global economic inequalities.
Answer:
(c) Following a policy of ‘neutrality’ on global issues.

Question 3.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements that describe the features of the military alliances formed by the super powers.
(a) Member countries of the alliance are to provide bases in their respective lands for the super powers.
(b) Member countries to support the super power both in terms of ideology and military strategy.
(c) When a nation attacks any member country, it is considered as an attack on all the member countries.
(d) Super powers assist all the member countries to develop their own under weapons.
Answer:
(a) Right
(b) Right
(c) Right
(d) Wrong.

Question 4.
Here is a list of countries. Write against each of these the bloc they belonged to during the Cold War.
(a) Poland
(b) France
(c) Japan
(d) Nigeria
(e) North Korea
(f) Sri Lanka.
Answer:
(a) Poland ………….. Soviet Bloc
(b) France ………….. American Bloc
(c) Japan ………….. American Bloc
(d) Nigeria ………….. Non-aligned
(e) North Korea ………….. Soviet Bloc
(f) Sri Lanka ………….. Non-aligned.

Question 5.
The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control. What were the reasons for both these developments ?
Answer:
It is a hard fact that the Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control. Mutual suspicions between the two super powers led them to arm themselves to the tests and to constantly prepare for war. Both the super powers considered huge stocks of arms necessary to prevent wars from taking place. However, both the super powers understood that war might occur in spite of restraint. Either side might miscalculate the stock of arms in the possession of the other side. Moreover, super power might misunderstood the intentions of the other side. Besides, there can be a nuclear accident.

Hence both the super powers i.e. U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. decided to collaborate in limiting or eliminating certain kinds of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons. In 1961 Soviet Union and United States made a joint statement in General Assembly. Both the countries agreed for negotiations tow’ards total disarmament. Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963) was signed by the foreign ministers of the U.S.A., U.S.S.R. and U.K. In 1968 the Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed.

But India refused to sign this treaty on the ground that it was discriminatory in nature. The Threshold Test Ban Treaty was signed on 3rd July 1974 by the two super powers. After these treaties many more treaties were signed by the two super powers to limit their arms.

Question 6.
Why did the superpowers have military alliances with smaller countries ? Give three reasons. (Imp.)
Or
“Why did the superpowers need smaller states as their allies ?” Explain with any four reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Describe any three reasons for the superpowers to have military alliances with smaller countries during the Cold War period. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Or
State any four reasons for which the superpowers needed smaller states as allies. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The superpowers i.e. U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. have military alliances with small states for the reasons given below:

• The smaller countries were helpful for the superpowers in gaining access to natural resources such as oil and minerals.
• The smaller states were helpful for the super-powers in gaining access to territory, from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops.
• The superpowers could gain access to locations from where they could spy in each other.
• The smaller states together could help pay for military expenses.

Question 7.
Sometimes it is said that the Cold War was a simple struggle for power and that ideology had nothing to do with it. Do you agree with this ? Give one example to support your position.
Answer:
Cold War was not a simple struggle for power and that ideology had also played an important role in Cold War. Western alhes headed by U.S.A. represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the Soviet bloc represented the ideology of socialism and communism. Cold War was not only for power but it was also conflict of ideology.

Super powers were determined to prove that their ideology is better and superior and it could establish world peace and could bring prosperity in the world. The loyality of allies suggested that the super powers were winning the war of idea as well the liberal democracy is better than communist dictatorship or vice versa.

Question 8.
What was India’s foreign policy towards the US and USSR during the Cold War era ? Do you think that this policy helped India’s interests ?
Answer:
During Cold War era India’s foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment. It was long before India became free that Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, when he was incharge of External Affairs in the Interim government, had declared that independent India would keep away from power blocs. In 1946, he declared again that India would follow an independent foreign policy.

He said, “We propose as for as possible, to keep away from the power politics of groups, aligned against one another, which have led in the past to world wars and which may again lead to disaster on an even wider scale.” It was, however, after the attainment of independence by India with unique historical experience, geographical situation, and two perceptions of its national interest by enlightened leadership that non-alignment as a policy came to occupy an important position in international relations.

Policy of non-alignment protected India’s interests. By adopting the policy of non-alignment India has been able to maintain her individuality. The policy of non-alignment has helped India to play an active part in world politics. The policy of non-alignment has been a source of friendship for India. By this policy India got the economic assistance from the super powers. This policy has been helpful to India for securing her national interests and maintaining its security.

Question 9.
NAM was considered a ‘third option’ by Third World countries. How did this option benefit their growth during the peak of the Cold War ?
Answer:
The Cold War tended to divide the world into two blocs i.e. American bloc and Soviet bloc. It was in this context that non-alignment offered the newly decolonised countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America a third option not to join either blocs. The roots of Non-Aligned Movement went back to the friendship between three leaders India’s Jawahar Lai Nehru, Yugoslavia’ Josip Broz Tito and Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdul Nasser. These three leaders held a meeting in 1956. Indonesia’s Sukarno and Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah supported these leaders. These five leaders are known as the five founders of NAM.

The first non-aligned summit was held at Belgrade in 1961. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru touched on the very philosophy of non-alignment when he said, we call ourselves a conference of non-alignment countries. Now the word ‘Non-aligned’ may be differently interpreted, but basically it was used and coined almost with the meaning of being opposed to the great power blocs of the world.

Non-aligned has negative meaning but if you give it a positive connotation, it means objecting to this living up for war purposes . The first summit was attended by 25 member states. But the 17th summit which was held in Venezuela in 2016 was attended by 120 members. Non-aligned movement benefitted the member states in many ways.

Question 10.
What do you think about the statement that NAM has become irrelevant today ? Give reasons to support your opinion. (Imp.)
Or
Explain the relevance of NAM in the contemporary scenario. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Or
‘Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) has become irrelevant today.’ Do you agree with the statement? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Examine the relevance of the Non-Alignment Movement after the Cold War. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Non-Aligned Movement was originated in 1961. The main aim of the non-aligned countries was to keep distance from politics based upon groupism. At that time the world was divided into capitalist bloc or American bloc and Communist bloc or Russian bloc. The main aim of non-alignment was to keep away from both the blocs. But now the situation is changed, the world has become unipolar after disintegration of Soviet Union.

And the contemporary international system has rapidly changed from a system characterised by Cold War tensions to a system moving towards peace, security, co-operation and development. These changes have given a rest to the issue of relevance of non-aligned movement. The critics of NAM began arguing that NAM would have either to wind up or to get transformed into a new movement.

On the contrary to these arguments NAM still continues to be a fully relevant movement. Non¬alignment was designed as a principle of independent foreign policy in the era of Cold War and biopolarism. It’s main objective—independence in interpersonal relations, still continues to be valid. The new emphasis upon peaceful co-existence, co-operation and peaceful resolution of conflict doubly vindicates the principle of NAM. The NAM continues to be the need of time.

The Tenth and the Eleventh NAM summits of 1992 and 1995 exhibited the resolve of the member countries to keep up and strengthen one NAM as a group of countries united to oppose the forces of neocolonialism and intervention.

The Non-aligned movement asserted its continued relevance and its determination to up hold the objective to oppose and struggle against injustice, inequality and underdevelopment. NAM is committed to work for the removal of economic inequalities between the developed and the developing countries. It is necessary

• for securing a place of dignity, honour and equality for the developing countries
• for the establishment of the New International economic order
• for the democratisation of the international system and its functioning
• for the progress of disarmament and denuclearisation.

These objectives are of long term nature, hence NAM is destined to remain alive, active and relevant. Summing up we can say that the emergence of unipolarism both in the power structure and ideology has not reduced the relevance of NAM in international relations. The Non-aligned countries continue to follow it and are keen to strengthen it. Thus it continues to be fully relevant even today.

NCERT Class 8 Social Science Extra Questions and Answers

NCERT Class 8 History Extra Questions

Extra Questions for Class 8 SST History: Our Pasts – III

1. How, When and Where Class 8 Extra Questions
2. From Trade to Territory Class 8 Extra Questions
3. Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Extra Questions
4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Class 8 Extra Questions
5. When People Rebel Class 8 Extra Questions
6. Colonialism and the City Class 8 Extra Questions
7. Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Class 8 Extra Questions
8. Civilising the Native, Educating the Nation Class 8 Extra Questions
9. Women, Caste and Reform Class 8 Extra Questions
10. The Changing World of Visual Arts Class 8 Extra Questions
11. The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947 Class 8 Extra Questions
12. India After Independence Class 8 Extra Questions

NCERT Class 8 Geography Extra Questions

Extra Questions for Class 8 SST Geography: Resources and Development

1. Resources Class 8 Extra Questions
2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Class 8 Extra Questions
3. Mineral and Power Resources Class 8 Extra Questions
4. Agriculture Class 8 Extra Questions
5. Industries Class 8 Extra Questions
6. Human Resource Class 8 Extra Questions

NCERT Class 8 Civics Extra Questions

Extra Questions for Class 8 SST Civics: Social and Political Life – III

1. The Indian Constitution Class 8 Extra Questions
2. Understanding Secularism Class 8 Extra Questions
3. Why Do We Need a Parliament Class 8 Extra Questions
4. Understanding Laws Class 8 Extra Questions
5. Judiciary Class 8 Extra Questions
6. Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8 Extra Questions
7. Understanding Marginalisation Class 8 Extra Questions
8. Confronting Marginalisation Class 8 Extra Questions
9. Public Facilities Class 8 Extra Questions
10. Law and Social Justice Class 8 Extra Questions