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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World

These NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World Questions and Answers are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts to help students while preparing for their exams.

The Human Eye and the Colourful World NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11

Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World InText Questions and Answers

In-text Questions (Page 190)

Question 1.
What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?
Answer:
The property of the eye lens to change its focal length is called its power of accomodation.

Question 2.
A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should be the nature of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision ?
Answer:
Given v = -1.2 m
u = ∞

So, if the far point of myopic eye is 1.2 m, focal length of corrective lens is -1.2 m. And it will be concave.

Question 3.
What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision?
Answer:
The near point is 25 cm far point is infinity of the human eye with normal vision.

Question 4.
A student has difficulty in reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could be the defect the child is suffering from? How can it be corrected?
Answer:
Myopia : It can be corrected by using concave lens. A concave lens of suitable power will bring the image back on to the retina and thus defect is corrected.

Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World Textbook Questions and Answers

Page no. 197 & 198

Question 1.
The human eye can focus on objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens. This is due to
(a) presbyopia.
(b) accommodation.
(c) near-sightedness.
(d) far-sightedness.
Answer:
(b) accommodation

Question 2.
The human eye forms the image of an object at its
(a) cornea
(b) iris
(c) pupil
(d) retina.
Answer:
(d) Retina

Question 3.
The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about
(a) 25 m
(b) 2.5 cm
(c) 25 cm
(d) 2.5 m
Answer:
(c) 25 cm

Question 4.
The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the
(a) pupil
(b) retina
(c) ciliary muscles
(d) iris
Answer:
(c) Ciliary muscles.

Question 5.
A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?
Answer:
Given p = -5.5 dioptres

Question 6.
The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?
Answer:
When object is at 80 cm, focal length of eye lens of f and image distance i.e., distance between eye lens and retina is v., By using lens formula :
\(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
\(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{-80 \mathrm{~cm}}\) ………(i)
When the object is at infinity, the object is not distinctly visible to short sighted person so he will use corrective lens of focal length f’ in front of eye lens. By applying lens formula, we have

So the lens will be concave because its focal length is negative.

Question 7.
Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect? Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.
Answer:
Let the focal length of eye lens is ‘f’
Given u = – 1m
By lens formula, we get

When the object is placed at normal eye point, then the focal length of corrective lens be f’. By using lens formula we get

By substituting (i) and (ii) we get

Question 8.
Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm?
Answer:
The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material. Its curvature can be modified to some extent by the ciliary muscles. The change in the curvature of the eye lens can thus chage its focal length. When the muscles are released the lens becomes thin. Thus, its focal length increases This enables us to see distant object clearly. When we are looking at objects closer to the eye lens decreases. However, the focal length of eye lens cannot be decreased below a cetain limit, minimum limit i.e., below 25 cm. In this situation image is formed behind the retina so a normal eye is not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm.

Question 9.
What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye ?
Answer:
Image distance in the eye also increases when we increase The distance of an object from the eye.

Question 10.
Why do stars twinkle ?
Answer:
Light emitted by star passes through the atmosphere of the earth before reaching our eyes. The atmosphere of the earth is not uniform but consists of many layers of different densities.

The layers close to the surface of the earth are denser. As we go higher the density of layers and refractive index decreases progressively. As the light from a star enters the upper-most layer of the atmosphere, it bends towards the normal as it enters the next layer. This process continues till the light enters our eyes. So due to refraction of light, the apparent position of the star is different from the actual position of the star.

Moreover, the different layers of the atmosphere are mobile and the temperature and the density of layers of atmosphere changes continuously. Hence the apparent position of the star changes continuously. This change in the apparent position of the star continuously leads to the twinkling of a star.

Question 11.
Explain why the planets do not twinkle.
Answer:
Planets are very dose to the earth as compared to the stars. So they appear bigger due to their comparatively smaller distances and stars appear smaller due to their very large distances. Because of this difference planet is considered as a collection of many point sources of light while a star is considered as a point source of light. So, a planet is made up of a number of point sources of light, each twinkling in a random fashion.

Random twinkling of each individual point light source, nullify the twinkling effect of other source and as a result, there is null twinkling effect as a whole. Due to this, the variations in the atmospheric conditions are unable to produce twinkling effect of the planet in the eye of the observer.

Question 12.
Why does the sun appear reddish early is the morning?
Answer:
Light of lower frequencies such as yellow, orange, red is scattered the least by oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the atmosphere. Thus, the red, orange and yellow lights are transmitted through the atmosphere much more than violet and blue. Red which is scattered the least due to long wavelength, passes through more atmosphere than other colours. Therefore, most of the light with high frequencies, violet, indigo, blue, green are scattered away in the atmosphere at sunrise. Only red and a little orange light which are least scattered enter our eyes, and appear reddish early in the morning.

Question 13.
Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut ?
Answer:
At very high altitude earth has no atmosphere, so the astronaut would not have been any scattering of light. Then the sky would look dark. The sky appear dark to astronaut flying at very high altitudes, as scattering is not prominent at such heights.

Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World Textbook Activities

Activity 11.1 (Page 192)

Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using drawing pins.
Place a glass prism on it in such a way that it rests on its triangular base. Trace the outline of the prism using a pencil.
Draw a straight line PE inclined to one of the refracting surfaces, say AB, of the prism.
Fix two pins, say at points P and Q, on the line PE as shown in Fig.
Look for the images of the pins, fixed at P and Q, through the other face AC.
Fix two more pins, at points R and S, such that the pins at R and S and the images of the pins at P and Q lie on the same straight line.
Remove the pins and the glass prism.
The line PE meets the boundary of the prism at point E (see Fig.). Similarly, join and produce the points R and S. Let these lines meet the boundary of the prism at E and F, respectively, join E and F.
Draw perpendiculars to the refracting surfaces AB and AC of the prism at points E and F, respectively.
Mark the angle of incidence (∠i), the angle of refraction (∠r) and the angle of emergence (∠e) as shown in Fig.

PE – Incident ray, ∠i – Angle of incidence
EF – Refracted ray, ∠r – Angle of refraction
FS – Emergent ray, ∠e – Angle of emergence
∠A – Angle of the prism, ∠D-Angle of deviation

Here PE is the incident ray, EF is the refracted ray and FS is the emergent ray. You may note that a ray of light is entering from air to glass at the first surface AB. The light rayon refraction has bent towards the normal. At the second surface AC, the light ray has entered from glass to air. Hence it has bent away from normal. Compare the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction at each refracting surface of the prism. Is this similar to the kind of bending that occurs in a glass slab? The peculiar shape of the prism makes the emergent ray bend at an angle to the direction of the incident ray. This angle is called the angle of deviation. In this case ∠D is the angle of deviation.

Activity 11.2 (Page 193)

Take a thick sheet of cardboard and make a small hole or narrow slit in its middle.
Allow sunlight to fall on the narrow slit. This gives a narrow beam of white light,
Now, take a glass prism and allow the light from the slit to fall on one of its faces as shown in Fig..
Turn the prism slowly until the light that comes out of it appears on a nearby screen.

Question 1.
What do you observe? You will find a beautiful band of colours. Why does this happen?
Answer:
Observations : The prism has probably split the incident white light into a band of colours.

Note the colours that appear at the two ends of the colour band. What is the sequence of colours that you see on the screen? The various colours seen are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red, as shown in Fig. The acronym VIBGYOR will help you to remember the sequence of colours. The band of the coloured components of a light beam is called its spectrum. You might not be able to see all the colours separately. Yet something makes each colour distinct from the other. The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion.

Different colours of light bend through a prism. The red light bends the least while the violet the most. Thus the rays of each colour emerge along different paths and thus become distinct. It is the band of distinct colours that we see in a spectrum.

Activity 11.3 (Page 196)

Place a strong source (S) of white light at the focus of a converging lens (Ly. This lens provides a parallel beam of light.
Allow the light beam to pass through a transparent glass tank (T) containing clear water.
Allow the beam of light to pass through a circular hole (c) made in a cardboard. Obtain a sharp image of the circular hole on a screen (MN) using a second converging lens (L₂), as shown in Fig.

Question 1.
Dissolve about 200 g of sodium thiosulphate (hypo) in about 2L of clean water taken in the tank. Add about 1 to 2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to the water. What do you observe?
Answer:
Observation : We will find fine microscopic sulphur particles precipitating in about 2 to 3 minutes. As the sulphur particles begin to form, you can observe the blue light from the three sides of the glass tank. This is due to scattering of short wavelengths by minute colloidal sulphur particles. Observe the colour of the transmitted light from the fourth side of the glass tank facing the circular hole. It is interesting to observe at first the orange-red colour and then bright crimson red colour on the screen.

Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World Additional Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the near point off a normal eye ?
Answer:
25 cm.

Question 2.
What is Datonism ?
Answer:
The defect of vision due to which a person is not able to distinguish between the red and green colours is called datonism.

Question 3.
What is dispersion of white light ?
Answer:
The phenomenon of splitting white light into seven colours when it passes through a glass prism is called dispersion.

Question 4.
What is white light spectrum ?
Answer:
A band of seven colours of white light arranged according to the increasing wavelength is called spectrum of white light spectrum.

Question 5.
Name the constituent colours of white light.
Answer:
VIBGYOR i.e., Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange Red.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does it take some time to see objects in a dimly Lightroom when you enter the room from outside which is bright?
Answer:
When we are in bright light, the size of our pupil becomes very small and the rod shaped cells on retina also comes in excited state. Thus, when we enter in a dimly light room the pupil of our eye tries some time to expand and rod shaped cells also take sometime to come back normal state and we are not able to see the objects immediately.

Question 2.
Why colours of an object are not visible in dim light?
Answer:
We are able to see the colours of an object with the help of cone shaped cells. But these cells are not sensitive to dim light due to which colours of an object are not visible in dim light.

Question 3.
What are rods and cones cells ? Give their functions.
Answer:
The retina of our eye contains larger number of cells which are either rod-shaped or cone-shaped. The rod-shaped cells are known as rods and cone-shaped cells are known as cones. The rod-shaped cells respond to the intensity of light while cone shaped cells respond to colours.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the formation of a rainbow.
Answer:
Rainbow is one of the most A highly example of spectrum formed due to the dispersion of light raindrop in nature. The is produced due to the dispersion of sunlight by tiny droplets of water suspended in air, just after the rain.

The suspended tiny droplets of water act as innumerable small prisms. When the sunlight is incident on the side ‘A of the tiny droplet of water, it gets refracted as well as dispersed. The dispersed rays on striking the surface ‘B’ of the tiny waterdrop suffer total internal reflection and hence moves on towards surface ‘A’. At the surface ‘A’, the rays further suffer refraction and emerge out in the form of band of colours in the form of a circular arc along the horizon. The red colour appears on the upper arc of rainbow and violet colour on the innermost arc. We can also see rainbow on a bright sunny day, in the mist created by a water fall or water fountain.

Question 2.
Draw a labelled diagram of eye and give brief description of its different parts with function.
Answer:
Parts of an eye:
1. Sclerotic : It is the outermost covering of the eye. It consists of white tough fibrous tissue. Its function is to protect and contain the vital internal parts of the eye.

2. Cornea: It is the front bulging portion of the eye. It allow the light to enter the eye ball.

3. Choroid: It is a grey membrane attached to the sclerotic from the inner side. Its function is to darken the eye from inside, and hence, prevent any internal reflection.

4. Optic nerve: It is a bundle of approximately 70000 nerves originating from the brain and entering the eye ball from posterior side. Its function is to carry the optical messages to the brain.

5. Retina: The optic nerve on entering the eyeball, spreads like a canopy and each nerve attaches itself to the choroids. The nerve ending from a kind of hemispherical screen called retina. The function of the retina is to receive the optical image of an object and then convert it into electrical pulses which are finally sent to the brain through the optic nerve.

6. Yellow spot: It is situated at the Centre of the retina and is slightly raised. It has a little depression called Fovea-Centralist, which is extremely sensitive to light. Its function is to form an extremely clear image.

7. Blindspot: The region on the retina, where the optic nerve enters the eyeball is called the blind spot. Apparently it has no function. Any image formed at this spot is not visible.

8. Crystalline lens: It is a double convex lens, more bulging the posterior side. It is made of transparent, flexible in position by a ring of muscles, commonly called ciliary muscles. Its function is to focus the image of the objects at different distances, clearly on the retina.

9. Ciliary muscle: It is a ring of muscles, which along with the suspensory ligament, holds the crystalline lens in position when these muscles contract, they decrease the focal length of the which along with crystalline lens. When these muscles are relaxed they increase the focal length of the crystalline lens.

10. Iris: It is a circular contractile diaphragm suspended in front of the crystalline lens. It has a tiny hole in the middle, commonly called the pupil Its function is to control the amount of light entering the eye.

11. Viterous humour: It is a dense, jelly like fluid, slightly grey in colour, filling the posterior part of the eye ball. It prevents the eye ball from collapsing, due to the changes in the atmospheric pressure.

12. Aqueous humour : It is a watery, saline fluid, filling the anterior portion of the eye. It prevents the anterior portion of the eye from collapsing, due to the changes in the atmospheric pressure.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Splitting of white light into seven colours is known as:
(a) refraction
(b) reflaction
(c) interference
(d) dispersion
Answer:
(d) dispersion

Question 2.
Which of the following colours has the least wavelength ?
(a) Red
(b) Orange
(c) Violet
(d) Blue
Answer:
(c) Violet

Question 3.
A white light falls on the glass prism. The least deviated Colour is
(a) Violet
(b) Orange
(c) Yellow
(d) Red
Answer:
(d) Red

Question 4.
Persistence of vision is
(a) 1/10 sec
(b) 1/16 sec
(c) 1/20 sec
(d) 1/32 sec
Answer:
(b) 1/16 sec

Question 5.
The colour having maximum wavelength is:
(a) Violet
(b) Yellow
(c) Red
(d) blue
Answer:
(c) Red

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Ex 8.1

CBSE Class 10 / Prasanna

These NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Ex 8.1 Questions and Answers are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Exercise 8.1

Question 1.
In ∆ABC right angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine:
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
Solution:
We have given that,
∆ABC is a right angle ∆, right angled at B and AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm
∴ By Pythagoras theorem

Question 2.
In given figure, find tan P – cot R.
Solution:
We have given that ∆PQR is a right angled A, right angle at Q. and PQ = 12 cm, PR = 13 cm
∴ By Pythagoras theorem, we know that

Question 3.
If sin A = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\), calculate cos A and tan A.
Solution:
Given

Question 4.
Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.
Solution:

Question 5.
Given sec θ = \(\frac { 13 }{ 12 }\) , calculate all other trigonometric ratios.
Solution:

Question 6.
If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that ∠A = ∠B.
Solution:

Question 7.
If cot θ = \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\), evaluate:
(i) \(\frac { \left( 1+sin\theta \right) \left( 1-sin\theta \right) }{ \left( 1+cos\theta \right) \left( 1-cos\theta \right)}\)
(ii) cot²θ
Solution:

Question 8.
If 3 cot A = 4, check whether \(\frac { 1-tan^{ 2 }A }{ 1+tan^{ 2 }A }\) = cos² A – sin² A or not.
Solution:

Question 9.
In triangle ABC, right angled at B, if tan A = \(\frac { 1 }{ \surd 3 }\), find the value of:
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
Solution:

Question 10.
In ΔPQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P, cos P and tan P.
Solution:

Question 11.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.
(ii) sec A = \(\frac { 12 }{ 5 }\) for some value of angle A.
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.
(v) sin θ = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) for some angle.
Solution:
(i) tan 60° = √3 , Since √3 > 1. (False)
(ii) sec A is always ≥ 1. (True)
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation for cosine A. (False)
(iv) cot without ∠A is meaningless. (False)
(v) sin θ can never be greater than 1.
∴ sin θ = \(\frac { P }{ H }\), hypotenuse is always greater than other two sides. (False)

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Ex 8.1 Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Ex 8.2

CBSE Class 10 / Prasanna

These NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Ex 8.2 Questions and Answers are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Exercise 8.2

Question 1.
Evaluate the following:

Solution:

Question 2.
Choose the correct option and justify your choice:
(i) \(\frac{2 \tan 30^{\circ}}{1+\tan ^{2} 30^{\circ}}\) =
(A) sin 600 (B) cos 60°
(C) tan 60° (D) sin 300

(ii) \(\frac{1-\tan ^{2} 45^{\circ}}{1+\tan ^{2} 45^{\circ}}\) =
(A) tan 90° (B) 1
(C) sin 450 (D) O

(iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A =
(A) 00 (B) 30°
(C) 45° (D) 60°

(iv) \(\frac{2 \tan 30^{\circ}}{1-\tan ^{2} 30^{\circ}}\) =
(A) cos 60° (B) cos 60°
(C) tan 60° (D) sin 300
Solution:
(i) We have given,

(ii) We have given,

(iii) We have given,

Therefore,
sin 2 A = 2 sin A is true only when A = 0°
∴ correct option is (A)

(iv) We have given,

Question 3.
If tan (A + B) = √3 and tan (A – B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ \surd 3 }\); 0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B.
Solution:
We have given
tan (A + B) = √3
⇒ tan (A + B) = tan 60°
⇒ A + B = 60° … (i)
tan (A – B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ \surd 3 }\)
⇒ tan (A – B) = tan 30°
⇒ A – B = 30° … (ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
2A = 90° ⇒ A = 45°
Putting the velue of A in equation (i), we get
45° + B = 60° ⇒ B = 60° – 45° = 15°
Therefore A = 45° and B = 15°

Question 4.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.
(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.
Solution:
(i) False, because if A = 60° and B = 30° then
sin (A + B) = sin (60° – 30°)
= sin 90° = 1
sin A + sin B = sin 60° + sin 30°
= \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\) = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}+1}{2}\)
∴ sin (A + B) ≠ sin A + sin B, when A = 60° and B = 30°

(ii) True, because the value of sin θ increases as θ increases from θ to 90°, but when θ increases from 90° to 180° then the value of sin 0 decreases.

(iii) False, because the value of cos θ decreases as θ increases from 0 to 90°.

(iv) False, because sin θ = cos θ is true only when θ = 45°. It is not true for all values of θ,

(iv) True, because cot 0° = \(\frac { 1 }{ 0 }\) = not defined.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Sanchayan Chapter 1 हरिहर काका

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Sanchayan Chapter 1 हरिहर काका.

बोध-प्रश्न

(पाठ्यपुस्तक से)

प्रश्न 1.
कथावाचक और हरिहर काका के बीच क्या संबंध है और इसके क्या कारण हैं?
उत्तर
हरिहर काका और कथावाचक के बीच में गहरा संबंध था। दोनों एक ही गाँव के निवासी थे। कथावाचक हरिहर काका का बहुत सम्मान करता था। कथावाचक के हरिहर काका के प्रति लगाव के दो मुख्य कारण थे

हरिहर काका का घर कथावाचक के पड़ोस में था। पड़ोसी होने के कारण सुख-दुख में उनका साथ रहा।
लेखक की माँ के कथन के अनुसार हरिहर काका बचपन से उसे बहुत दुलार करते थे। वे एक पिता की भाँति उसे
अपने कंधों पर बैठाकर घुमाया करते थे। वही दुलार बड़ा होने पर दोस्ती में बदल गया।

प्रश्न 2.
हरिहर काका को महंत और अपने भाई एक ही श्रेणी में क्यों लगने लगे?
उत्तर
हरिहर काका को महंत और अपने भाई एक ही श्रेणी में इसलिए लगने लगे, क्योंकि

दोनों ही स्वार्थ में आकंठ डूबे हैं। वे हरिहर काका से नहीं बल्कि उनकी जमीन-जायदाद चाहते हैं।
उनकी ज़मीन पाने के लिए वे किसी भी हद तक गिर सकते थे। यहाँ तक कि काका की जान लेने पर भी उतर आए थे।
दोनों ही काका के हितैषी होने का दावा करते हैं पर यह दिखावे के सिवा कुछ भी नहीं है। काका दोनों की ही सच्चाई देख चुके थे।

प्रश्न 3.
ठाकुरबारी के प्रति गाँववालों के मन में अपार श्रद्धा के जो भाव हैं उससे उनकी किस मनोवृत्ति का पता चलता है?
उत्तर
ठाकुरबारी गाँव में एक प्राचीन धार्मिक स्थल है। ठाकुरबारी के संबंध में जो कहानी प्रचलित है, वह यह है कि वर्षों पहले जब यह गाँव पूरी तरह बसा भी नहीं था; कहीं से एक संत आकर इस स्थान पर झोंपड़ी बनाकर रहने लगे थे। वह सुबह-शाम यहाँ ठाकुरजी की पूजा करते थे। गाँववालों ने चंदा जमा करके ठाकुर जी का एक छोटा-सा मंदिर बनवा दिया। आबादी बढ़ने के साथ-साथ ठाकुरबारी का विकास होता गया। गाँव के लोगों का मानना था कि उनके सभी काम ठाकुरजी की कृपा से पूरे होते हैं। पुत्र के जन्म पर, मुकदमें की जीत पर, लड़की की शादी अच्छी जगह तय होने पर, लड़के को नौकरी मिलने पर, वे अपनी खुशी से ठाकुर जी पर रुपये, जेवर, अनाज आदि चढ़ाते थे। अधिक खुशी होती तो ठाकुरजी के नाम अपने खेत का एक छोटा-सा टुकड़ा लिख देते। इससे पता चलता है कि गाँव वालों में ठाकुरजी के प्रति अपार श्रद्धा थी। वे धार्मिक प्रवृत्ति के थे। वे अपनी हर सफलता का श्रेय ठाकुर जी को देकर अपनी श्रद्धा और विनम्रता व्यक्त करते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
अनपढ़ होते हुए भी हरिहर काका दुनिया की बेहतर समझ रखते हैं- कहानी के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
हरिहर काका अच्छी तरह जान चुके थे कि महंत और उनके भाई जो आदर-सम्मान और सुरक्षा दे रहे हैं उसका कारण उनके साथ घनिष्ठ और सगे भाई का संबंध न होकर जायदाद है अन्यथा इसी गाँव में जायदादहीन को कौन पूछता है। ठाकुरबारी के महंत चिकनी-चुपड़ी बातें इसलिए करते थे ताकि काका की ज़मीन-जायदाद ठाकुरबारी के नाम वसीयत करा सकें। उनके भाइयों ने जो भी आदर-सत्कार और देखभाल बढ़ा दिया है वह भी उनकी जायदाद के कारण है। काका के सामने ऐसे अनेक उदाहरण थे जिन्होंने किसी बहकावे में आकर अपनी जायदाद दूसरों के नाम लिख दिया और वे उपेक्षापूर्ण कष्टमय जीवन जीने को विवश हुए।

प्रश्न 5.
हरिहर काका को जबरन उठा ले जाने वाले कौन थे? उन्होंने उनके साथ कैसा बर्ताव किया?
उत्तर
हरिहर काकी को जबरन उठा ले जानेवाले ठाकुरबारी के महंत के भेजे हुए आदमी थे। वे ठाकुरबारी के साधु-संत और महंत के पक्षधर थे। वे लोग भाला, आँड़ासा और डंडे से लैस होकर आधी रात के समय हरिहर काका के घर आए और उन्हें जबरदस्ती अपनी पीठ पर लादकर चंपत हो गए। महंत और उनके साथियों ने हरिहर काका के साथ बुरा व्यवहार किया। उन्होंने काका के हाथ-पाँव बाँधकर मुँह में कपड़ा ठूसकर जबरन जमीन के कागज़ों पर अँगूठे के निशान लगवाए। उसके बाद उन्होंने काका को अनाज के गोदाम में बंद कर दिया।

प्रश्न 6.
हरिहर काका के मामले में गाँव वालों की क्या राय थी? और उसके क्या कारण थे?
उत्तर
हरिहर काका के मामले में गाँववालों के दो अलग-अलग वर्ग थे। इस कारण उनकी राय भी अलग-अलग थी। हरिहर काकी के बारे में एक वर्ग जो ठाकुरबारी के महंत और साधु-संतों के साथ था, वह सोचता था कि काकी को अपनी जमीन-जायदाद ठाकुरबारी के नाम लिख देना चाहिए तथा अपना नाम अमर कर लेना चाहिए। ऐसा धार्मिक कार्य करके काका सीधे स्वर्ग को जाएँगे। हरिहर काका के बारे में प्रगतिशील विचारों वाले लोगों (किसानों) की राय यह थी कि काका को अपनी जमीन अपने भाइयों के नाम लिख देनी चाहिए, क्योंकि वे किसान थे। वे किसान के लिए जमीन का महत्त्व जानते थे।

प्रश्न 7.
कहानी के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए कि लेखक ने यह क्यों कहा, “अज्ञान की स्थिति में ही मनुष्य मृत्यु से डरते हैं। ज्ञान होने के बाद तो आदमी आवश्यकता पड़ने पर मृत्यु को वरण करने के लिए तैयार हो जाता है।”
उत्तर
लेखक ने ऐसा इसलिए कहा है क्योंकि हरिहर काका दोनों ही स्थितियों से गुजरते हैं। पहले जब वे अज्ञान की स्थिति में थे तो मृत्यु से डरते थे परंतु बाद में ज्ञान होने पर वे मृत्यु का वरण करने का तैयार हो जाते हैं। ज्ञान होने पर काका को वे सब लोग याद आ जाते हैं, जिन्होंने परिवार वालों की मोहमाया में फँसकर अपनी ज़मीन उनके नाम कर दी। बाद में वे लोग दाने-दाने को मोहताज़ हो गए। काका सोचने लगे कि ऐसी दुर्गति होने से तो अच्छा है कि लोग उन्हें एक ही बार मार दें। कहानी में महंत एवं काका के भाई उनकी ज़मीन अपने नाम करवाने के लिए कई युक्तियाँ अपनाते हैं। महंत काका का अपहरण करवाता है। उसके आदमी काका को उठा ले जाते हैं, उन्हें डराते-धमकाते हैं। काका के भाई भी उन्हें डरा-धमकाकर ज़मीन अपने नाम करवाना चाहते हैं परंतु हरिहर काका पर उनकी धमकियों का कोई असर नहीं होता। वे मृत्यु का वरण करने के लिए तैयार हो जाते हैं। उन्हें लगता है कि मृत्यु तो एक दिन होना ही है। अतः मृत्यु से डरना व्यर्थ है। हरिहर काका की इसी मनः स्थिति के कारण लेखक ने उक्त कथन कहा।

प्रश्न 8.
समाज में रिश्तों की क्या अहमियत है? इस विषय पर अपने विचार प्रकट कीजिए।
उत्तर
समाज में रिश्तों की विशेष अहमियत होती है। ये रिश्ते ही एक-दूसरे को अदृश्य डोर में बाँधे रहते हैं। ये रिश्ते व्यक्ति को मान-सम्मान दिलाने में सहायक होते हैं। ये रिश्ते ही हैं जिनके कारण व्यक्ति दूसरे के दुख-सुख में काम आता है। यदि रिश्ते न हों तो समाज में एक तरह का जंगलराज और अव्यवस्था का वातावरण होगा, जिसमें कोई किसी को पहचानेगा ही नहीं। इससे स्वार्थपरता, निजता और आत्मकेंद्रितता आदि का बोलबाला हो जाएगा। भाईचारा, पारस्परिक सौहार्द्र, प्रेम किसी अन्य लोक की बातें बनकर रह जाएँगी।

प्रश्न 9.
यदि आपके आसपास हरिहर काका जैसी हालत में कोई हो तो आप उसकी किस प्रकार मदद करेंगे?
उत्तर
यदि हमारे घर के आसपास कोई हरिहर काका जैसी दशा में होगा तो हम उसकी हर संभव मदद करेंगे। पहले तो उसके परिवारवालों को समझाएँगे कि वे उस व्यक्ति के साथ इस तरह का व्यवहार न करें, उसे प्यार, सम्मान और अपनापन दें। फिर भी यदि वे न माने तो पड़ोस के बड़े-बुजुर्गों की सहायता लेंगे कि वे उनकी किसी प्रकार की सहायता करें। यदि पुलिस की मदद लेनी पड़ेगी तो हम पीछे नहीं हटेंगे। हम कोशिश करेंगे कि मीडिया भी सहयोग करे और उस व्यक्ति को इंसाफ़ दिलवाए।

प्रश्न 10.
हरिहर कोका के गाँव में यदि मीडिया की पहुँच होती तो उनकी क्या स्थिति होती? अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर
हरिहर काका के गाँव में यदि मीडिया की पहुँच होती तो स्थिति एकदम विपरीत होती। हरिहर काका के अपहरण की बात अखबार और अन्य संचार माध्यमों की आवाज़ बन जाती। इससे पुलिस तत्काल महंत, साधुजन और उनके पक्षधरों पर कार्यवाही करती। इसी प्रकार हरिहर काका के भाइयों की अत्याचार की खबर प्रकाशित होते ही उनके विरुद्ध कार्यवाही होती और हरिहर काका की मदद के लिए अनेक समाज सेवी तथा वृद्धाश्रम संचालक तैयार हो जाते। इतना ही नहीं समाज के कुछ सहृदय व्यक्ति उन्हें गोद ले लेते। संभवतः स्वयंसेवियों द्वारा दायर किसी याचिका पर फैसला सुनाते हुए न्यायालय उनके भाइयों को जमीन देने के बदले हरिहर काका के लिए गुजारा भत्ता तय कर देती। ऐसी स्थिति में हरिहर काका को अपने भाइयों और ठाकुरबारी के भय के साये में न जीना पड़ता और उनकी ऐसी दुर्गति न होती और वे मुँगेपन का शिकार न होते।

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Kshitij Chapter 15 स्त्री शिक्षा के विरोधी कुतर्कों का खंडन

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Kshitij Chapter 15 स्त्री शिक्षा के विरोधी कुतर्कों का खंडन.

प्रश्न-अभ्यास

(पाठ्यपुस्तक से)

प्रश्न 1.
कुछ पुरातन पंथी लोग स्त्रियों की शिक्षा के विरोधी थे। दूविवेदी जी ने क्या-क्या तर्क देकर स्त्री-शिक्षा का समर्थन किया?
उत्तर
द्विवेदी जी ने स्त्री शिक्षा का समर्थन करते हुए जो तर्क दिए वे इस प्रकार हैं

संस्कृत के नाटककारों ने जो स्त्रियों द्वारा प्राकृत में बातें करते हुए दिखाया है वह स्त्रियों का अपढ़ होना सिद्ध नहीं करता है, क्योंकि उस समय प्राकृत ही प्रचलित भाषा रही होगी।
द्विवेदी जी ने पुराने ग्रंथों में प्रगल्भ पांडिताओं के नामों का उल्लेख देकर सिद्ध किया कि स्त्रियाँ शिक्षित थीं।
अत्रि-पत्नी, पत्नी धर्म पर घंटों आख्यान देती थी। गार्गी ने बड़े-बड़े ब्रह्मवादियों | को हरा दिया था। मंडन-मिश्र की सहधर्मिणी ने शंकराचार्य के छक्के छुड़ा दिए थे। इन सबका उदाहरण देकर स्त्री-शिक्षा को समर्थन किया है।
रुक्मिणी दूद्वारा श्रीकृष्ण को पत्र लिखना-स्त्रियों के शिक्षित होने का ही प्रमाण है।
यदि लड़कों के लिए शिक्षा अनर्थकारी नहीं है तो लड़कियों के लिए शिक्षा को अनर्थकारी बताना न्याससंगत नहीं है।

प्रश्न 2.
स्त्रियों को पढ़ाने से अनर्थ होते हैं-कुतर्कवादियों की इस दलील का खंडन द्विवेदी जी ने कैसे किया है, अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर
दृविवेदी जी ने कुतर्कवादियों की इस दलील को कि स्त्रियों को पढ़ाने से अनर्थ होते हैं’ खंडन करते हुए विनम्रता से उपहास किया है, खूब छीछालेदर की है, जैसे

अनर्थ स्त्रियों द्वारा होते हैं तो पुरुष भी पीछे नहीं हैं।
स्त्रियों की शिक्षा का विरोध करना समाज का अपकार और अपराध करना है। समाज की उन्नति में बाधा लना है।
पुराने जमाने में स्त्रियाँ नहीं पढ़ती थीं-यह कहना उनका इतिहास की अनभिज्ञता है या जान-बूझकर धोखा देना चाहते हैं।
शकुंतला का दुष्यंत से कुवाक्य कहना या अपने परित्याग पर सीता का राम के प्रति क्रोध करना उनकी शिक्षा का परिणाम न होकर उनकी स्वाभाविकता दी थी।
लड़कियों को अशिक्षित और केवल लड़कों शिक्षित कर देश के गौरव को नहीं बढ़ाया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 3.
विवेदी जी ने स्त्री-शिक्षा विरोधी कुतर्को का खंडन करने के लिए व्यंग्य का सहारा लिया है-जैसे ‘यह सब पापी पढ़ने का अपराध है। न वे पढ़तीं, न वे पूजनीय पुरुषों का मुकाबला करतीं । आप ऐसे अन्य अंशों को निबंध में से छाँटकर समझिए और लिखिए।
उत्तर
दुविवेदी जी के निबंध में व्यंग्यों की भरमार है। व्यंग्यों की भाषा में प्रश्न है और उनके उत्तर भी उसी में छिपे हैं; जैसे-

स्त्रियों के लिए पढ़ना कालकूट और पुरुषों के लिए पीयूष का बँट। ऐसी ही दलीलों और दृष्टांतों के आधार पर कुछ लोग स्त्रियों को अपढ़ रखकर भारतवर्ष , का गौरव बढ़ाना चाहते हैं।
अच्छा तो उत्तररामचरित में ऋषियों की वेदांतवादिनी पत्नियाँ कौन-सी भाषा बोलती थीं? उनकी संस्कृत क्या कोई आँवारी संस्कृत थी?
जिन पंडितों ने गाथा-सप्तशती, सेतुबंध महाकाव्य और कुमारपालित आदि ग्रंथ प्राकृत में बनाए हैं वे यदि अपढ़ और गॅवार थे तो हिंदी के प्रसिद्ध-से-प्रसिद्ध अखबार के संपादक को इस जमाने में अपढ़ और गॅवार कहा जा सकता है; क्योंकि वह अपने जमाने की प्रचलित भाषा में अख़बार लिखता है।
अत्रि की पत्नी, पत्नी-धर्म पर व्याख्यान देते समय घंटों पांडित्य प्रकट करें, गार्गी ब्रह्मवादियों को हरा दे, मंडन मिश्र की सहधर्मचारिणी शंकराचार्य के छक्के छुड़ा दे! गजब!”

प्रश्न 4.
पुराने समय में स्त्रियों द्वारा प्राकृत भाषा में बोलना क्यों उनके अपढ़ होने का सबूत है-पाठ के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
पुराने समय में प्राकृत बोलनो अपढ़ होने का प्रमाण नहीं है, क्योंकि बोल-चाल की प्रचलित भाषा प्राकृत ही थी, जिसे सुशिक्षितों द्वारा भी बोला जाता था। अतः स्त्रियों द्वारा प्राकृत में बोला जाना अपढ़ होने का सबूत नहीं है। जिस तरह समाचार पत्रआदि प्रचलित भाषा में ही लिखे जाते हैं वैसे उस समय में भी प्रचलित भाषा में प्राकृत में लिखने का प्रचलन रहा होगा। प्राकृत भाषा में जैनों ओर बौधों के अनेक ग्रंथों की रचना प्राकृत में ही हुई है तो स्त्रियों के द्वारा प्राकृत बोलने पर कैसे कहा जा सकता है कि वे अशिक्षित थीं।

प्रश्न 5.
परंपरा के उन्हीं पक्षों को स्वीकार किया जाना चाहिए जो स्त्री-पुरुष समानता को बढ़ाते हों-तर्क सहित उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर
प्राचीन काल से चली आ रही अप्रासंगिक परंपराएँ जो आज के समय में अनुकूल नहीं हैं या जिनका कोई महत्व नहीं रह गया है, उन परंपराओं को त्यागना ही उचित है। और जो परंपराएँ प्रासंगिक हैं उन्हें स्वीकार करने में कोई संकोच नहीं होना चाहिए। वर्तमान में प्रत्येक प्रतियोगिता में स्त्री-जाति, पुरुष-जाति से कहीं भी पीछे नहीं है। इसलिए किसी भी क्षेत्र में उनकी अवहेलना करना उचित नहीं है। ऐसे पक्षों को अवश्य ही बिना विवाद और बहस के स्वीकार कर लेना उचित है जो स्त्री-पुरुष समानता के पक्षधर हैं। साथ ही उन पक्षों की सदैव उपेक्षा करनी चाहिए जो स्त्री-पुरुषों में असमानता का भाव पैदा करते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
तब की शिक्षा प्रणाली और अब की शिक्षा प्रणाली में क्या अंतर है? स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर
तब और अब की शिक्षा-प्रणाली में अपेक्षा से अधिक अंतर है। पहले शिक्षा के लिए गुरुकुल और आश्रम परंपरा थी, जहाँ छात्र रहकर वेद-वेदांतों, आदर्शों की शिक्षा ग्रहण करते थे। जीवन-मूल्यों पर आधारित शिक्षा थी। छात्र-छात्राओं को एक साथ पढ़ने की परंपरा नहीं थी। आज विद्यालयों में सह-शिक्षा का प्रचलन है आज की शिक्षा में आदर्श मूल्यों का कोई महत्त्व नहीं है अपितु व्यावहारिक, व्यावसायिक शिक्षा पर बल दिया जाता है। गुरु परंपरा समाप्त हो गई है। शिक्षा के क्षेत्र स्त्री-पुरुष दोनों के लिए समान रूप से खुले हैं। अब सारा भेद समाप्त हो गया है।

रचना और अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 7.
महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी का निबंध उनकी दूरगामी और खुली सोच का परिचायक है, कैसे?
उत्तर
द्विवेदी जी के निबंध से स्पष्ट है कि स्त्री-शिक्षा के प्रति वे कितने र्नक थे। वे जानतेथे स्त्री के सजग होने पर समाज और देश की उन्नति संभव है। जिस प्रकार स्त्री सृष्टि की जननी कही जाती है उसी प्रकार संतान को जागरूक, योग्य बनाने में माँ का महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान होता है। अतः स्त्री ही बच्चों की पहली शिक्षिका है। जो संस्कार माँ (स्त्री) के द्वारा संतान में बचपन में डाल दिए जाते हैं वे ही प्रगाढ़ होकर दृढ़ता में बदलते जाते हैं। बच्चे में अच्छे संस्कारों का निर्माण सुसंस्कारित शिक्षित स्त्री ही कर सकती है। शिक्षा के अभाव में दबी-कुचली स्त्री ने स्वयं को प्रतियोगिता के योग्य बना सकती है न अपनी संतति को ।

यह सब सोच से स्पष्ट है कि द्विवेदी जी की स्त्री-शिक्षा के प्रति सकारात्मक, दूरगामी तथा अच्छे परिणाम देने वाली सोच है, इसमें किंचित संदेह नहीं है। आज उसके परिणाम दिखाई भी दे रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
द्विवेदी जी की भाषा-शैली पर एक अनुच्छेद लिखिए।
उत्तर
विवेदी जी ने हिंदी को सम्मानित करने और उसके गौरव में वृधि के लिए जो प्रयास किए वे सराहनीय हैं। उन्होंने अपने प्रयास से हिंदी को नई दिशा प्रदान की इसलिए भाषा-सुधारकों में उनको स्थान सर्वोच्च माना जाता है।

उन्होंने अपने निबंध में संस्कृतनिष्ठ तत्सम शब्दों का प्रयोग किया है। शैली व्यंग्यात्मक है जिसमें ऐसा लगता है वे प्रश्न पूछ रहे हैं, किंतु उन प्रश्नों में जो कहना चाहते हैं, वह स्पष्ट हो जाता है। इसके अतिरिक्त देशज, तद्भव शब्दों का भी प्रयोग खूब किया है। कहीं-कहीं मुहावरों के प्रयोग से भाषा जीवंत हो उठी है। यद्यपि वे हिंदी भाषा के गौरव के पक्षधर हैं फिर भी बेझिझक उर्दू और अंग्रेज़ी भाषा के शब्दों के प्रयोग में कोई संकोच नहीं किया है।

भाषा-अध्ययन

प्रश्न 9.
निम्नलिखित अनेकार्थी शब्दों को ऐसे वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए जिनमें उनके एकाधिक अर्थ स्पष्ट हों-
चाल, दल, पत्र, हरा, पर, फल, कुल
उत्तर
चाल-मोहन की चाल तेज है।
चाल-मैं उसकी चाल में फंस गया।
दल-वन्य पशुओं के दल के दल चले आ रहे हैं।
दल-तुलसी दल सूख गए।
पत्र-पिता ने पत्र में क्या लिखा है?
पत्र-पेड़ से पत्र धीरे-धीरे गिर रहे हैं।
हरा-मोहिनी को हरा रंग भी अच्छा लगता है।
हरा-आज भी भारत ने पाक को दस रन से हरा दिया।
पर-पेड़ पर बंदर बैठा है।
पर-वह मोटा है पर स्फूर्ति बहुत है।
पर-चिड़िया के बच्चे के पर गीले होने से वह उड़ नहीं पा रही थी।
कुल-आपकी कक्षा में कुल कितने छात्र हैं?
कुल-मैं क्षत्रिय कुल का हूँ।
फल-इस वृक्ष के फल मीठे हैं।
फल-तुम्हें परिश्रम का फल अवश्य मिलेगा।

पाठेतर सक्रियता

• अपनी दादी, नानी और माँ से बातचीत कीजिए और (स्त्री-शिक्षा संबंधी) उस समय की स्थितियों का पता लगाइए और अपनी स्थितियों से तुलना करते हुए निबंध लिखिए। चाहें तो उसके साथ तसवीरें भी चिपकाइए।
• लड़कियों की शिक्षा के प्रति परिवार और समाज में जागरूकता आए-इसके लिए आप क्या-क्या करेंगे ?
• स्त्री शिक्षा पर एक पोस्टर तैयार कीजिए।
• स्त्री-शिक्षा पर एक नुक्कड़ नाटक तैयार कर उसे प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
उत्तर
छात्र स्वयं ही करें। रचनात्मक मूल्यांकन के उद्देश्य से ये प्रश्न महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं।

यह भी जानें

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Kshitij Chapter 15 1

• आजादी के आंदोलन से सक्रिय रूप से जुड़ी पंडिता रमाबाई ने स्त्रियों की शिक्षा एवं उनके शोषण के विरुद्ध जो आवाज़ उठाई उसकी एक झलक यहाँ प्रस्तुत है आप ऐसे अन्य लोगों के योगदान के बारे में पढ़िए और मित्रों से चर्चा कीजिए
पंडिता रमाबाई

भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस का पाँचवाँ अधिवेशन 1889 में मुंबई में आयोजित हुआ था। खचाखच भरे हॉल में देश भर के नेता एकत्र हुए थे।
एक सुंदर युवती अधिवेशन को संबोधित करने के लिए उठी। उसकी आँखों में तेज और उसके कांतिमय चेहरे पर प्रतिभा झलक रही थी। इससे पहले कांग्रेस अधिवेशनों में ऐसा दृश्य देखने में नहीं आया था। हॉल में लाउडस्पीकर न थे। पीछे बैठे हुए लोग उस युवती की आवाज़ नहीं सुन पा रहे थे। वे आगे की ओर बढ़ने लगे। यह देखकर युवती ने कहा, “भाइयो, मुझे क्षमा कीजिए। मेरी आवाज़ आप तक नहीं पहुँच पा रही है। लेकिन इस पर मुझे आश्चर्य नहीं है। क्या आपने शताब्दियों तक कभी किसी महिला की आवाज़ सुनने की कोशिश की? क्या आपने उसे इतनी शक्ति प्रदान की कि वह अपनी आवाज़ को आप तक पहुँचने योग्य बना सके?”
प्रतिनिधियों के पास इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर न थे।

एक साहसी युवती को अभी और बहुत कुछ कहना था। उसका नाम पंडिता रमाबाई था। उस दिन तक स्त्रियों ने कांग्रेस के अधिवेशनों में शायद ही कभी भाग लिया हो। पंडिता रामाबाई के प्रयास से 1889 के उस अधिवेशन में 9 महिला प्रतिनिधि सम्मिलित हुई थीं।
वे एक मूक प्रतिनिधि नहीं बन सकती थीं। विधवाओं को सिर मुंडवाए जाने की प्रथा के विरोध में रखे गए प्रस्ताव पर उन्होंने एक ज़ोरदार भाषण दिया। “आप पुरुष लोग ब्रिटिश संसद में प्रतिनिधित्व की माँग कर रहे हैं जिससे कि आप भारतीय जनता की राय वहाँ पर अभिव्यक्त कर सकें। इस पंडाल में अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता के लिए चीख-चिल्ला रहे हैं, तब आप अपने परिवारों में वैसी ही स्वतंत्रता महिलाओं को क्यों नहीं देते? आप किसी महिला को उसके विधवा होते ही कुरूप और दूसरों पर निर्भर होने के लिए विवश करते हैं? क्या कोई विधुर भी वैसा करता है? उसे अपनी इच्छा के अनुसार जीने की स्वतंत्रता है। तब स्त्रियों को वैसी स्वतंत्रता क्यों नहीं मिलती?” निश्चित रूप से कहा जा सकता है कि पंडिता रमाबाई ने भारत में नारी-मुक्ति आंदोलन की नींव डाली।

वे बचपन से ही अन्याय सहन नहीं कर पाती थीं। एक दिन उन्होंने नौ वर्ष की एक छोटी-सी लड़की को उसके पति के शव के साथ भस्म किए जाने से बचाने की चेष्टा की। “यदि स्त्री के लिए भस्म होकर सती बनना अनिवार्य है तो क्या पुरुष भी पत्नी की मृत्यु के बाद सती होते हैं?” रौबपूर्वक पूछे गए इस प्रश्न का उस लड़की की माँ के पास कोई उत्तर न था। उसने केवल इतना कहा कि “यह पुरुषों की दुनिया है। कानून वे ही बनाते हैं, स्त्रियों को तो उनका पालन भर करना होता है।” रमाबाई ने पलटकर पूछा, “स्त्रियाँ ऐसे कानूनों को सहन क्यों करती हैं? मैं जब बड़ी हो जाऊँगी तो ऐसे कानूनों के विरुद्ध संघर्ष करूँगी ।” सचमुच उन्होंने पुरुषों द्वारा महिलाओं के प्रत्येक प्रकार के शोषण के विरुद्ध संघर्ष किया।

Hope given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Kshitij Chapter 15 are helpful to complete your homework.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Kshitij Chapter 15 स्त्री शिक्षा के विरोधी कुतर्कों का खंडन Read More »

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 10 English Communicative Set 5

These Sample papers are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 10 English Communicative. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 10 English Communicative Set 5

Time allowed: 3 hours
Maximum marks: 80

General Instructions

❖ The question papers divided into three sections :
Section A : Reading 20 marks
Section B : Writing and Grammar 30 marks
Section C : Literature 30 marks
❖ All questions are compulsory.
❖ You may attempt any section at a time.
❖ All questions of that particular section must be attempted in the correct order.

SECTION-A : READING
(Attempt all question from this section)

Question 1.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
1. Paint is a substance, usually a liquid, that is applied to surfaces as a protective coating or decoration. Opaque paints colour and completely hide the material under them. Translucent paints coat the material without hiding its characteristics.
2. Almost all solid materials can be painted. Paints are used as protection against rust, weathering and chemical corrosion. Brightly coloured paints are used as warnings, identifying, for example, pipes that are dangerously hot. Liquid paints have two main parts; a pigment and a vehicle. Pigments are finely ground powders that give the paint colour and opacity.
3. In addition, pigments may also affect the texture, water resistance, penetration and wearing characteristics of a paint. Pigments remain in solid form in a paint; they do not dissolve in the vehicle which is a liquid that act as a base for the pigment. This means the pigment is merely suspended in the vehicle. The vehicle usually consists of a binder and a solvent. The binder is the part of the vehicle that holds the paint film together and makes it adhere to a surface.
4. The solvent, also called thinner, is on the other hand a substance that reduces the consistency of paints so that the paints can be applied or removed easily. Solvents are usually volatile and evaporates completely leaving a solid film of pigment and binder on the surface. Turpentine, mineral spirits, solvent naphtha, grain alcohol and water are common paint solvents. Solid or powder paints differ from other kinds in that they contain no vehicle.
5. Until the late 19th century, pigments and binders had to be mixed by the painter. Ready-mixed paints were developed in the 1860s and gained wide acceptance in the 1880s. Since that time improvements in the quality of ready-mixed paints have been made continuously. By the mid-20th century, the development of synthetic resins and rubbers caused a sudden increase in the numbers and kinds of paints available. The synthetic-based paints often did the job faster, better and more easily than earlier paints. Among the many other types of synthetic-based paints were latex household paints for both interior and exterior use; acrylic automobile enamels; heat-resistant paints; fluorescent paints and powder paints.

1.1. Attempt any eight of the following questions on the basis of the passage you have read: [1 x 8 = 8]
(i) What is used to hide material under them ?
(ii) What are paints used for ?
(iii) What are the main parts of paint ?
(iv) What makes the paint stick to the surface ?
(v) What helps the paint to be applied smoothly ?
(vi) What are some of the common solvents ?
(vii) When were readymade paints made and accepted ?
(viii) Why are powder paints unique ?
(ix) What did synthetic paints do?

Question 2.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow : [12]
1. Having a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care of the animal’s daily needs. A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe environment. Furthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the safety of the people it comes into contact with. If the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities or ignores any of the dog’s needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone or watch TV. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, or one’s job.
2.Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person’s or in this case another creature’s situation and imagine that person’s or creature’s feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. Is the dog frightened, aggressive or sick? The result of learning to read a dog’s behaviour is that the child develops empathy. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.
3.Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference or neglect. The dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child soon realises that his dog will ’ always listen to him, will always be ready to play with him will always protect him, and will always forgive him. A child who has learned to be a good friend of his dog, will have learned to be good friend too.
4. These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last the child’s entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow ’ into a reliable, caring and mature adult.

2.1. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer any four of the following questions in about 30-40 words each: [2 x 4 = 8]
(i) How does having a dog make a child responsible ?
(ii) How does the child learn to prioritise the responsibility ?
(iii) How does the child learn empathy ?
(iv) How does the child learn to become a good friend ?
(v) Sum up the benefits of owning a dog for the child.

2.2. On the basis of your reading of the passage, fill any two of the following blanks with
appropriate words/phrases. [1 x 2 = 2]
(i) A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for……..
(ii) ……..is the ability to put oneself in another person’s or in this case another creature’s, situation and imagine that person’s or creature’s…….
(iii) The dog will……….for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words.

2.3. Attempt any two of the following. Find out the words that mean the same as below:
[1 x 2 = 2]
(i) Accountability (Paragraph 1) :
(ii) Unreserved (Paragraph 3)
(iii) Dependable (Paragraph 4)

SECTION-B : WRITING AND GRAMMAR
(Attempt all question from this section)

Question 3.
(a) You are Rajesh Kumar from Jubilee Hills incharge of an NGO Manna that helps local women in training and employment in sewing and making products and you had purchased 25 sewing machines from Singer Sewing machines and found 10 of them to be defective. Write a letter to the Manager of Singer Sewing Machines,People’s Hospital Road, Pragathi Nagar-Kukatpally, Hyderabad – 500072 complaining of the defects and asking for replacements. [8]

(b) You are Soumya/Sushil of Clarence High School, Richards Town, Bengaluru-5 interested in joining the Association of Bangalore Amatuer Astronomers, Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Sankey Road, Bengaluru-560001 (Karnataka). You wish to join the club. Write a letter to the Director, enquiring about the venue, duration, activities, transportation etc. Invent other necessary details.

Question 4.
Write a short story; in about 200-250 words, with any one set of the cues given below. Give a suitable title to the story.
The dreaded day arrived, Sam was not prepared at all. He was excited that he will experience some freedom… [10]

It was early January, the new year had begun with a blast and soon the Peters were off to a voyage on a cruise ship to…

Question 5.
Fill in any four of the following blanks choosing the most appropriate option from the ones given below. Write the answers in your answer-sheet against the correct blank numbers.
[1 x 4 = 4]
(a) Ben writes quickly. He’s……….finished his essay.
(i) already
(ii) been
(iii) for
(iv) yet

(b) I’ve……….to London. I went there in June.
(i) gone
(ii) been
(iii) just
(iv) yet

(c) You can see all the information………..the screen.
(i) at
(ii) in
(iii) at
(iv) on

(d) Could you let me know…………..Friday at the latest.
(i) by
(ii) at
(iii) on
(v) before

(e) Natasha ………..play the piano when she was four.
(i) could
(ii) can
(iii) should
(iv) may

Question 6.
In the following passage one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word, in any four sentences of the given paragraph, along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after it in the space provided. [1 x 4 = 4]
Cbse sample papers english set 5 Q.6

Question 7.
Rearrange any four of the following word clusters to make meaningful sentences. [1 x 4 = 4]
(a) was/ as/ watching/ I / the/ him/ ran/suddenly/ away/ ran
(b) week/ accident/ last/ the/happened
(c) washing/ 1/ was/ hair/ the/ when/ my/ rang/ phone
(d) person/the/talked/we/was/ to/ friendly/ very
(e) not/ is/ this/ train/ which/ on/ 1/ travel/normally/ the

SECTION-C : LITERATURE
(Attempt all question from this section)

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow. Write the answer in your answer sheets in one or two lines only. [1 x 4 = 4]
(a) ‘Gainst death and all obvious enmity
Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room.
(i) Who is the ‘you’ that is referred to ? –
(ii) What does the poet predict ?
(iii) What does ‘pace forth’ talk about ? .
(iv) What is the figure of speech in ‘your praise shall still find a room ?’

(b) “It would never do for them to find you in colours.”
(i) Identify the speaker and the listener.
(ii) Who is referred to as ‘them’ in the above statement ?
(iii) Explain ‘in colours’.
(iv) What is the context of the above remark ?

Question 9.
Answer any four of the following questions in 30-40 words each: [2 x 4 = 8]
(i) How the wall has become a part of the mirror’s heart ? What separates them ?
(ii) When and why did Ali’s attitude change ?
(iii) What kind of computer fascinated Michael and his dad? Why ?
(iv) What message does the poet want to convey in Ozymandias ?
(v) What did Patol Babu do for a living after having been retrenched ?

Question 10.
Attempt any one out of the two following long answer type questions in 100-120 words. [8]
(a) What are psycho-drive games ? Describe the four games played by Michael.

(b) How did Mark Anthony outdo a great orator like Brutus and turn the mob against him ?

Question 11.
(a) Answer the following question based on prescribed novel text for extended reading in about 200-250 words. [10]

The Diary of a Young Girl

(i) What impression does one get on the manner in which the Gestapo treat the Jews ?

(ii) What are your impressions on Mr. Keesing, Anne’s Math teacher?

(b) Answer the following question based on the prescribed novel text for extended reading in about 200-250 words.
(i) Write a note on Helen Keller’s education.

(ii) Describe Christmas before and after Miss Sullivan came in Helen’s ‘The Story of My Life’.

ANSWERS
SECTION-A

Answer 1.
1.1 (i) Opaque paints are used to completely hide the material under them.
(ii) Paints are used as protection against rust, weathering and chemical corrosion.
(iii) Liquid paints have two main parts; a pigment and a vehicle.
(iv) The binder is the part of the vehicle that holds the paint film together and makes it adhere to a surface.
(v) The solvent, also called thinner, is a substance that reduces the consistency of paints so that the paints can be applied or removed easily and smoothly.
(vi) Turpentine, mineral spirits, solvent naphtha, grain alcohol and water are common paint solvents.
(vii) Ready-mixed paints were developed in the 1860s and gained wide acceptance in the 1880s.
(viii) Powder paints are unique because they have no vehicle in them.
(ix) The synthetic-based paints often do the job faster, better and more easily than other paints.

Answer 2.
2.1. (i) The child becomes responsible as he or she needs to take care of the animal’s every need and it is totally dependent on its owner for its good health and environment.
(ii) If the child forgets or ignores any of the dog’s needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone or watch TV.
(iii) A dog cannot express itself with speech, so the child learns how to interpret its behaviour. Is the dog frightened, aggressive or sick ? The result of learning to read a dog’s behaviour is that the child develops empathy.
(iv) The unconditional love shown by the dog and the fact that it does not react to anger, indifference or neglect helps the child to become a good friend.
(v) The benefits of owning a dog will last for the child’s entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring and mature adult.

2.2. (i) A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe environment.
(ii) Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person’s or in this case another creature’s situation and imagine that person’s or creature’s feelings or problems.
(iii) The dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words

2.3. (i) Responsibility
(ii) Unconditional
(iii) Reliable

SECTION-B

(a)
Rajesh Kumar,
Manna[ NGO]
Jubilee Hills,
Hyderabad-33
5th February, 20 xx
Manager
Singer Sewing Machines,
People’s Hospital Road,
Pragathi Nagar, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad – 500072

Sub.: Complaint of faulty sewing machines

Dear Sir/Madam,

We bought 25 sewing machines from you on 12th January, 20xx and paid ? 30,000/- as advance. I, now, find that ten of the machines have the following faults:
The machine stops working after half an hour and won’t work again for at least an hour. It is commonly understood under the law that the goods you supply must be fit for the purpose. As there was a problem with the goods already when I bought them, I request that you give me a full refund or replace all the ten sewing machines.
I have enclosed a copy of the receipt in support of my claim.
I hope that this issue will be sorted out at your end at the earliest.

Thanking you,

Regards,
Rajesh Kumar.

(b)
Soumya Gopal,
Clarence High School,
Richards Town,
Bengaluru- 5
25th March, 20 x x

Sub.: Application for membership

The Director,
Association of Bengaluru Amatuer Astronomers,
Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium,
Sankey Road, Bengaluru- 560001.
Dear Sir /Madam

I am writing this letter with the intention of becoming a member of your esteemed organisation. I’m a great admirer and lover of astronomy and I believe I could be an extremely productive member of the group if given a chance.
I have been interested in watching the skies and learning about them and to kindle my interest my father had got me a rudimentary telescope to observe the skies and now I would like to take my interest to the next level.
I, therefore, urge you to consider my application for membership and kindly grant me the same.

Yours sincerely,
Regards,
Soumya Gopal.

Answer 4.

How I Became Organised

The dreaded day arrived, Sam was not prepared at all. He was excited that he will experience some freedom but he was a little nervous when he went to the hostel. He was not good in doing chores. He had his mom and dad to do everything for him. He spent his holidays frolicking as he decided to do ‘ arts and not engineering or medicine which needs a lot of work. Some of his friends were busy studying and being anxious about getting into the right college.
None of this affected Rohit for he was fairly intelligent and above all believed in enjoying life. Now > here he was in a hostel as he chose St. Joseph’s College far from home. It meant freedom but also meant doing your own chores and getting things done.
He was not a fan of putting things in order and keep his clothes cleaned and ironed, as I said earlier, , it was done by his parents. The day he landed in the college hostel, he met his roommate Rohan who was a nice cheerful boy.
As college started, Sam realised that unless he managed time he was going to be in a mess, as there ( were assignments and projects to be done. He enjoyed it but it was time consuming and with all that work, he often returned to a messy bed.
Rohan’s side was clean and tidy and Sam wondered how he managed that. He geared himself up one day and decided to make changes, first in himself and then, the room and in all that he did. He found that it was so much better with organisation and he had enough time for fun too.

Bon Voyage

It was early January, the new year had begun with a blast and soon the Peters were off to a voyage on a cruise ship to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Did you immediately think that the family was off to Mauritius or other exotic islands ? Mr. Peter was of the opinion that India has incredible landscapes that need to be explored by all the Indians and hence the trip to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands started.
The family was excited to experience the voyage and the trip to the islands. The day finally arrived and family got abroad and were led to their luxury cabins. The kids Kenneth and Ashirah were thrilled to their own bunk beds with lights and comfy mattresses. The cabin was wonderful. The family settled and put their luggage away and were ready to go on deck. The children and the father got to the deck and soon the siren blew announcing the departure from the port. The mother soon started to experience sea sickness though it was the mildest swaying of the ship on the seas.
The children enjoyed every bit of the cruise, the swimming pools, the library, the mini theatre where they watched their favourite animated movies. They made friends, relished the sea food, the sea breeze, the gaming arena, soap football and many more activities that kept them occupied for two and half days and soon they were at Port Blair, ready to alight and have more fun. Mrs. Peter was glad to be on land again.

Answer 5.
(a) already
(b) been
(c) on
(d) by
(e) could

Answer 6.
Cbse sample papers english set 5 Ans 6

Answer 7.
(a) As I was watching him, the man suddenly ran away.
(b) The accident happened last week.
(c) I was washing my hair when the phone rang. ‘
(d) The person we talked to was very friendly.
(e) This is not the train on which I normally travel.

SECTION-C

Answer 8.
(a) (i) The ‘you’ in the poem refers to the poet’s friend.
(ii) The poet predicts that his friend’s praise live forever through his rhyme.
(iii) ‘Pace forth’ talks about the fame of the friend that will spread all around the world.
(iv) The figure of speech used in these words is personification.

(b) (i) The speaker is Mrs. Slater and the listener is her daughter Victoria.
(ii) ‘Them’ refers to Mrs. and Mr. Jordan.
(iii) Victoria is wearing colourful clothes whereas she should be wearing a simple mourning dress.
(iv) The above remark is made as Victoria’s grandfather is dead.

Answer 9.
(i) The wall has become a part of the mirror’s heart because it will always be there and its reflection on the mirror is also permanent. They are separated either by the faces or the darkness.
(ii) Ali, whose primary goal was hunting with success at all times finds himself in a position to change his attitude when his daughter Miriam gets married and moves to another place. He soon experiences loneliness and pangs of separation. He turns remorseful and realises that the world is made of both love and sorrow. He quits hunting and spends most of his time in waiting for his daughter’s letter.
(iii) Michael had a Pentium 150 MHz processor complete with RAM, CD ROM, speakers, printers modem and scanner. He had all the games: Tornado, Me Babash, Black Belt etc. He and his dad could not resist any of the new gadgets or gizmos that came to the market.
(iv) The poet conveys a definite message that one day or the other, kingdoms and one’s power and glory will be ravaged with time. The poet’s desires that all of humanity understand that even the mighty and the powerful cannot escape. Time does not discriminate between a king and a beggar.
(v) Patol Babu, after being retrenched, opened a variety store which he had to wind up after five years. He further worked in a Bengali firm but had to quit due to the high handedness of the boss. After that he became an insurance salesman for ten years and later became a scrap iron dealer.

Answer 10.
(a) Psycho-drive games are played as an interaction between the man who plays them and the computer with a virtual reality visor and glove that can bring about a change in what we see. Better still, the action can be controlled by our thoughts. In the story, Michael plays four psycho¬drive games, one after the other. We are taken to the imaginary world of the ‘Wildwest’ and get to see the dusty towns, castles, dragons and dungeons. Sebastian plays the second Sheriff in ‘Wildwest’, the second knight in ‘Dragonquest’ a prisoner in ‘Jail-break’ and a victim in ‘Warzone’. The last game is the most interesting, as the actions of the two, Sebastian and Michael are more organised and in coordination with each other. There is a real thrill with the guns booming and the bombs exploding. In time, they make it to the waiting helicopter which soars into the sky. Both are unhurt. Michael gets his reward. His score touches 40,000,000 winning the jackpot. He cracks the game saving Sebastian this time. In the end, they both communicate in reality and become friends forever. Sebastian asks Michael to keep the games as a token of love and gratitude, moreover, he had earned them.

(b) Mark Anthony proves to be a great orator than Brutus by kindling the mob’s passion rather than reason and logic. He evokes basic passions such as pity and sympathy for Caesar among them. He proves that Caesar was not ambitious and ruthless as portrayed by Brutus and the other conspirators. He worked all his life for the welfare of the people rejecting the crown thrice and showed his love for his people. He uses the mob’s passion to flame over Brutus and his conspirators. He diverts their focus away from his true goals by proving that they were liars and murderers. He plays the role perfectly well which benefited him later.

Answer 11.
(a) (i) Gestapo had the power and authority vested in them to treat the Jews in the most inhuman way possible. Anne makes entries in her diary stating that the Jews were taken to a big camp where they got almost nothing to eat and much less to drink as water was available only for one hour a day. Conditions were very hard with only one toilet and a sink for thousands of people. The heads of men and women were often shaved off. Mr. Alfred Dussel told the residents of the Secret Annexe that many Jews were taken to their dreadful fate. Every night, the grey green military vehicle cruised around the streets and knocked at every door asking if Jews were there. If found hiding or residing, they were taken away from that place. It was similar to the slave-hunting of the early days. The Jews they found were taunted, bullied and beaten until they dropped. They did not spare any one, be it babies, children, women, elderly, pregnant or sick. They were often huddled into the vehicles and filled beyond their capacities treated not at all like human beings. They were all supposed to be sent to their death.

(ii) Mr. Keesing was considered as a very strict teacher but he was not rigidly strict. He expected discipline and silence in his class while he was teaching, which is acceptable. We can see from Anne’s entries that she was talkative which disturbed Mr. Keesing. He punished her by giving her extra homework and asks her to write an essay on ‘A Chatterbox.’ Anne responds by writing a convincing essay and continued to talk. He further asked her to write essays on ‘Quack, Quack, Quack’ and ‘An Incorrigible Chatterbox.’ Anne takes it in her stride, takes help from a friend and writes convincingly essays that talking is a trait that is in her just as her mother making it a genetic characteristic for which she cannot be blamed. Mr. Keesing takes her point of view in a lighter vein and does not reprimand her in the class and even allows her to talk in the class. This was unexpected for Anne as she always thought Mr. Keesing to be very strict. He understands that it would be wrong in asking Anne to stop talking and give her punishments. He reads the poem that Anne wrote to the class and acknowledges it. From these instances we can see that Mr. Keesing can be fun- loving too and not as strict as Anne considers him to be.

(b) (i) Helen Keller (1880 -1968) was a great humanitarian who overcame the challenges of being blind and deaf. Keller’s education began on March 3,1887 when she met Anne Sullivan whom her parents hired to teach her. The relationship she formed with her teacher, Anne Sullivan, continued for over 50 years. With the help of Sullivan, by the time she was seven years old, Keller had learned to finger-spell words and use over 60 hands gestures to communicate her thoughts, ideas, wants and desires. She also learned to read braille and print letters in a block style. She read several classical works, including the Bible, Shakespeare’s Lamb’s Tales, Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women among many others. By the time she was nine years old, she was speaking and reading lips.

Keller’s formal education began in 1888, when she enrolled in the Perkins Institute for the Blind, where she studied for four years. Some of the subjects she studied there were arithmetic, geography and French. She attended the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf in New York and in 1896, she studied at The Cambridge School for Young Ladies to prepare for matriculation at Radcliffe College. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1904 and made history by becoming the first deaf and blind person to obtain a Bachelor of Arts degree and also to be a graduate cum laude. While at Radcliffe, her teacher, friend and companion Anne Sullivan had interpreted lectures and course materials for her.

Keller was a lifelong learner and was a voracious reader of braille books. She continued learning about politics, philosophy, poetry, history, economics, German, Latin and French. Throughout her life, she received several honorary degrees. She became the first to receive one from Harvard University. In addition to Harvard, she received honorary degrees from India, Germany; Temple University, Witwatersrand and Johannesburg, South Africa and the Universities of Glasgow, Scotland.

(ii) In ‘The Story of My Life’ Helen Keller recounts her life before and after “the most important day in all my life” that being the day Annie Sullivan arrives. The book is an autobiographical account of Helen’s first twenty-two years in which Helen attempts to provide inspiration to those who find life’s struggles almost unbearable. Before Anne’s arrival and despite her frustrations, Helen describes Christmases as “a delight.” It is the “smells… and tidbits” that Helen enjoys the most rather than the actual event itself and Helen admits that she is never inspired to rise particularly early in the morning to receive presents.

Helen’s life changes dramatically after Anne Sullivan’s arrival. Helen talks about the family’s first Christmas with Miss Sullivan. Having learnt “language,” Helen can now enjoy the subtleties and “mystery” of Christmas. Now, it is Helen who lies awake at night and who wakes the family early in the morning on Christmas day and who delights in the discovery of presents everywhere. It is the canary that Anne gives her that makes her “cup of happiness overflow.” Therefore, even though Helen loved Christmas before she learnt to communicate effectively, how different it became after Anne entered her life.

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