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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 2 सौवर्णो नकुलः

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 2 सौवर्णो नकुलः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Sanskrit Class 11 Solutions Chapter 2 सौवर्णो नकुलः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि –

(क) नकुलः कीदृशः आसीत्?
उत्तर:
नकलः रुक्मपार्श्वः आसीत।

(ख) बिलान्निष्क्रम्य नकुलः किं कथयति?
उत्तर:
बिलान्निष्क्रम्य नकुलः कथयति – अयं वः यज्ञः सक्तुप्रस्थेन तुल्यः न।

(ग) उञ्छवृत्तिर्द्विजः कुत्र न्यवसत्?
उत्तर:
उञ्छवृत्तिर्द्विजः कुरुक्षेत्रे न्यवसत्।

(घ) कपोतधर्मी द्विजः द्रव्यहीनः कथम् अभवत्?
उत्तर:
कपोतधर्मी द्विजः दुर्भिक्षण द्रव्यहीनः अभवत्।

(ङ) यदा तस्य द्विजस्य परिवारः सक्तून् भोक्तुं प्रवृत्तः अभवत् तदा तत्र कः आगतः?
उत्तर:
यदा तस्य द्विजस्य परिवारः सक्तून् भोक्तुं प्रवृत्तः अभवत् तदा तत्र कश्चित् द्विजः आगच्छत्।

(च) द्विजः सक्तून् कस्मै प्रादात्?
उत्तर:
द्विजः सक्तून् अतिथये प्रादात्।

प्रश्न 2.
अधोऽङ्कितेषु सन्धिविच्छेदं दर्शयत –
उत्तर:
(क) महदार्चम् = महत् + आश्चर्यम्।
(ख) बिलान्निष्क्रम्य = बिलात् + निष्क्रम्य।
(ग) उञ्छवृत्तेर्वदान्यस्य = उञ्छवृत्तेः + वदान्यस्य।
(घ) भुङ्क्तेऽन्यस्मिन् = भुङ्क्ते + अन्यस्मिन्।
(ङ) क्षीणौषधिसमवायः = क्षीण + ओषधिसमवायः।

प्रश्न 3.
अधोन्यस्तेषु सन्धिं कुरुत –
उत्तर:
(क) तस्य + आहारः = तस्याहारः।
(ख) यत् + अभूत + विभो = यदभूद्विभो।
(ग) उञ्छवृत्तिः + द्विजः = उञ्छवृत्तिर्द्विजः।
(घ) नियत + इन्द्रियः = नियतेन्द्रियः।
(ङ) ततः + अहम् = ततोऽहम्।
(च) न्याय + उपात्तेन = न्यायोपात्तेन।

प्रश्न 4.
अधोऽङ्कितयोः श्लोकयोः स्वमातृभाषया अनुवादः कार्यः
उत्तर:
(क) सक्तुप्रस्थेन वो नायं यज्ञस्तुल्यो नराधिपाः।
उञ्छवृत्तेर्वदान्यस्य कुरुक्षेत्रनिवासिनः||
अनुवाद – हे राजाओ! तुम्हारा यज्ञ कुरुक्षेत्र में रहने वाले तथा खेत में गिरे हुए अनाज के दानों से जीवन-निर्वाह करने वाले दानी के एक सेर सत्तू के समान भी नहीं है।

(ख) दिव्यपुष्पावभर्दाच्च साधो नलवैश्च तैः।
विप्रस्य तपसा तस्य शिरो मे काञ्चनीकृतम् ||
अनुवाद – हे सज्जन! दिव्य पुष्पों को मसलने से, दान में दिए गए सत्तुओं के उन कणों से.तथा उस ब्राह्मण की तपस्या से मेरा सिर सोने का बना दिया गया।

भास्वती (प्रथमो भागः)

प्रश्न 5.
‘सौवर्णो नकुलः’ इत्यस्य पाठस्य सारांशः मातृभाषया लेखनीयः
उत्तर:
“सौवर्णों नकुलः’ सारांश – एक बार सुवर्णमय बगल वाला, बिल में रहने वाला अत्यन्त शक्तिशाली नेवला बिल से बाहर आकर मनुष्य की आवाज में इस प्रकार कहने लगा – प्राचीन समय में कुरुक्षेत्र में अत्यन्त निर्धन, इधर-उधर गिरे हुए अनाज के दानों से अपना जीवन निर्वाह करने वाला एक वृद्ध धर्मात्मा ब्राह्मण हुआ था। वह अपने पुत्र, पत्नी तथा पुत्रवधू के साथ कठोर तपस्या में लीन हो गया। उसे कभी भोजन के समय भोजन मिल जाता था, कभी नहीं मिल पाता था। एक बार वहाँ भयंकर अकाल पड़ा और उसके पास कुछ भी वस्तु या भोज्य पदार्थ नहीं रहा। तब छठा प्रहर बीत जाने पर उसने एक सेर जौ प्राप्त किए तथा उन तपस्वियों ने उस एक सेर जौ से सत्तू बनाए। नित्य जप कर्म, यज्ञ इत्यादि करने के पश्चात् उन चारों तपस्वियों ने आपस में एक-एक पाव सत्तू बाँट लिए। तभी वहाँ एक ब्राह्मण आ गया। उस अतिथि को देखकर वे अत्यन्त प्रसन्न हुए और उसे कुटिया में अन्दर लाकर, अर्घ्य, जल, आसन आदि देकर उस तपस्वी ने भूख से व्याकुल उस अतिथि को खाने के लिए सत्तू भी दे दिए। इस व्यवहार से अत्यन्त प्रसन्न उस ब्राह्मण ने उन तपस्वियों को स्वर्ग भेज दिया। उन सबके स्वर्ग चले जाने पर अंत में वह नेवला कहने लगा – यह यज्ञ एक सेर भर सत्तू के समान किसी भी प्रकार नहीं है।

प्रश्न 6.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –
उत्तर:
(क) राजशार्दूल! महत् उत्तमम् आश्चर्य श्रूयताम्।
(ख) अयं वः यज्ञः सक्तुप्रस्थेन तुल्यः नास्ति।
(ग) पुरा उञ्छवृत्तिर्द्विजः कश्चित् कापोतिः अभवत।
(घ) तदा क्षुधार्तम् अतिथिं ते कुटी प्रवेशयामासुः।
(ङ) तस्य विप्रस्य तपसा मे शिरः काञ्चनीकृतम्।
(च) सक्तुप्रस्थेनाय यज्ञः सर्वथा सम्मितो नास्ति।

योग्यताविस्तारः
(क) महाभारतम् – महर्षिव्यासप्रणीते ……………. क्वचित्।”
अनुवाद – महर्षि व्यास द्वारा रचित महाभारत नामक इस महाकाव्य में एक लाख से अधिक श्लोक हैं। इस महाकाव्य में 18 पर्व (अध्याय) हैं आदिपर्व, सभापर्व, वनपर्व, विराटपर्व, उद्योगपर्व, भीष्मपर्व, द्रोणपर्व, कर्णपर्व,शल्यपर्व, सौप्तिकपर्व, स्त्रीपर्व, शान्तिपर्व, अनुशासनपर्व, आयवमेधिकपर्व, आश्रमवासिकपर्व, मौसलपर्व, महाप्रस्थानपर्व तथा स्वर्गारोहणपर्व।

Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 2 सौवर्णो नकुलः Summary Translation in Hindi and English

श्रूयतां राजशार्दूल महदाश्चर्यमुत्तमम्।
अश्वमेधे महायज्ञे निवृत्ते यदभूद्विभो!||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे नृपश्रेष्ठ! हे स्वामी! अश्वमेध यज्ञ के सम्पन्न हो जाने पर जो महान् उत्तम आश्चर्य हुआ उसे आप सुनें।

Meaning in English – Oh great king! Oh lord! Please listen to the great wonder which took place at the accomplishment of Ashwamedha’s sacrifice.

2. बिलान्निष्क्रम्य नकुलो रुक्मपार्श्वस्तदानघ!।
मानुषं वचनं प्राह धृष्टो बिलशयो महान्||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे पापरहित! सुवर्णमय बगल वाला, बिल में रहने वाला, अत्यन्त शक्तिशाली एक नेवला बिल से निकलकर मनुष्य की आवाज में इस प्रकार बोलने लगा –

Meaning in English – Oh sinless! Then a very strong mongoose which was having golden sides and which lived in the hole, came out of the hole and started speaking in human voice.

3. सक्तुप्रस्थेन वो नायं यज्ञस्तुल्यो नराधिपाः।
उच्छवृत्तेर्वदान्यस्य कुरुक्षेत्रनिवासिनः||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे राजाओ! तुम्हारा यह यज्ञ कुरुक्षेत्र में रहने वाले तथा खेत में गिरे हुए . अनाज के दानों से जीवन-निर्वाह करने वाले दानी के एक सेर सत्तू के समान भी (मूल्यवान) नहीं है।

Meaning in English – Oh kings! Your this sacrifice (Yajna) is not equal to one kg. of Sattu (meal of parched grains) of the generous man who lives in Kurushetra and leads his life by grains which remain lying in the field.

4. धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे धर्मज्ञैर्बहुभिर्वृते।
उञ्छवृत्तिर्द्विजः कश्चित्कापोतिरभवत्पुरा||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – प्राचीन काल में धार्मिक स्थल कुरुक्षेत्र में अनेक धर्मज्ञों के साथ खेत में गिरे हुए अनाज से तथा कबूतर के समान इधर-उधर पड़े हुए दानों से जीवन निर्वाह करने वाला एक ब्राह्मण हुआ था।

Meaning in English – In ancient time, in the religiouis place of Kurushetra which was crowded with many people who knew religion, there was a Brahman who used to lead his life with the grains that were left in the field and also with the grains which were found lying here. and there (like a pigeon).

5. सभार्यः सह पुत्रेण सस्नुषस्तपसि स्थितः।
वधूचतुर्थो वृद्धः स धर्मात्मा नियतेन्द्रियः||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – वहाँ अपनी पत्नी, पुत्र तथा पुत्र वधू के साथ चौथा वह धर्मात्मा तथा जितेन्द्रिय वृद्ध पुरुष तपस्या में लीन हो गया।

Meaning in English – There with his wife, son and daughter-in law an old man religious and with his senses under control was practising penance.

6. षष्ठे काले कदाचिच्च तस्याहारो न विद्यते।
भुङ्क्तेऽन्यस्मिन्कदाचित्स षष्ठे काले द्विजोत्तमः||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – वह श्रेष्ठ ब्राह्मण कभी भोजन के समय कुछ भी आहार नहीं प्राप्त कर पाता था और कभी-कभी भोजन के समय उसे भोजन मिल भी जाता था।

Meaning in English – That great Brahmana sometimes could not get any food up till sixth prahara (or by the time of having meals) and sometimes he used to get food at proper time.

7. कपोतधर्मिणस्तस्य दुर्भिक्षे सति दारुणे।
क्षीणौषधिसमवायो द्रव्यहीनोऽभवत्तदा||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब वहाँ भयंकर अकाल पड़ जाने से कबूतर के समान वृत्ति वाला वह ब्राह्मण सभी औषधियों से तथा अन्य वस्तुओं से हीन हो गया।

Meaning in English – Then there was a serious famine and that brahmana, who led his life like a pigeon eating grains from here and there, had nothing to eat.

8. अथ षष्ठे गते काले यवप्रस्थमुपार्जयत्।
यवप्रस्थं च ते स तपस्विनः||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब छठा प्रहर बीत जाने पर उसने एक सेर जौ प्राप्त किया और उस एक सेर जौ से उन तपस्वियों ने सत्तू बनाए।

Meaning in English – Then after the sixth prahara (quite late after the time of having meals) those ascetics got one kg. of barley. They then prepared sattu with that one kg, of barley grains.

9. कृतजप्याहिकास्ते तु हुत्वा दहि यथाविधि।
कुडवं कुडवं सर्वे व्यभजन्त तपस्विनः||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब जप एवं नित्यकर्म करके तथा विधिपूर्वक अग्नि में हवन करके उन सब तपस्वियों ने आपस में एक-एक पाव सत्तू बाँट लिया।

Meaning in English – Then all those ascetics practised their daily penance and worship. After that they distributed one quarter kg. of Sattu (meal of parched grains) to each one of them.

10. अयागच्छदिवजः कश्चिदतिथिर्भुजतां तदा।
ते त दृष्ट्वातिथिं तत्र प्रहृष्टमनसोऽभवन् ||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब वहाँ कोई ब्राह्मण आ गया। उस अतिथि को देखकर वे तपस्वी प्रवन्न हो गए और बोले – यह अतिथि पहले खा ले।

Meaning in English – Then some brahmana came there. Those ascetics became happy to see that guest and said – He may eat first.

11. कुटीं प्रवेशयामासुः क्षुधार्तमतिथिं तदा।
इदमयं च पाद्यं च बृसी चेयं तवानघ||
शुचयः सक्तवश्चेमे नियमोपार्जिताः प्रभो!!
प्रतिगृह्णीष्व भद्रं ते मया दत्ता द्विजोत्तम!||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब उस तपस्वी ने भूख से व्याकुल उस अतिथि को कुटिया के अन्दर प्रवेश कराया (और उससे कहा)– हे निर्दोष! यह आपके लिए अर्घ्य, पैर धोने के लिए जल तथा आसन है। ये नियमपूर्वक प्राप्त पवित्र सत्तू हैं। हे द्विजोत्तम! हे भद्रपुरुष! आप इन्हें स्वीकार करें। ये मेरे द्वारा आपको दिए गए हैं।

Meaning in English – Then that ascetic asked that guest who was very hungry to enter the cottage and said to him-Oh sinless one! This is the water for worship, this water is for washing the feet and this is a small carpet for sitting. These Sattus (meal of parched grains) have been achieved after following daily sacrifice. Oh great brahmana! Oh gentleman! Please accept these. These have been offered by me for you.

12. ‘इत्युक्त्वा तानुपादाय सक्तून्प्रादाद्विजातये।
ततस्तुष्टोऽभवद्विप्रस्तस्य साधोर्महात्मनः||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – ऐसा कहकर उसने उन सत्तुओं को उस ब्राह्मण को दे दिया। तब वह ब्राह्मण उस सज्जन महात्मा से प्रसन्न हो गया।

Meaning in English – Having said so he gave away those sattus (meals) to that brahmana. Then that brahmana became happy with that geratle great man.

13. प्रीतात्मा स तु तं वाक्यमिदमाह द्विजर्षभम्।
वाग्मी तदा द्विजश्रेष्ठो धर्मः पुरुषविग्रहः||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब प्रसन्न मन वाले उस अतिथि ने उस ब्राह्मण से यह वाक्य कहा – तुम श्रेष्ठ ब्राह्मण और श्रेष्ठ वक्ता तथा साक्षात धर्म के शरीर को धारण करने वाले हो।

Meaning in English – Then that guest brahmana being happy said to that brahmana – You are a great brahmana and a good speaker also, moreover you possess human body also.

भास्वती (प्रथमो भागः)

14. शुद्धेन तव दानेन न्यायोपात्तेन यत्नतः।
यथाशक्ति विमुक्तेन प्रीतोऽस्मि द्विजसत्तम!||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे श्रेष्ठ ब्राह्मण! तुम्हारे द्वारा धर्मपूर्वक, प्रयत्नपूर्वक तथा शक्ति के अनुसार दिए गए शुद्ध दान से मैं प्रसन्न हूँ।

Meaning in English – Oh great Brahmana! I am happy by the sacred charity given by you which is just, which is given with effort and which is given according to your limits.

15. ब्रह्मचर्येण यज्ञेन दानेन तपसा तथा।
अगह्वरेण धर्मेण तस्माद्गच्छ दिवं द्विज||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – मैं तुम्हारे ब्रह्मचर्य से, यज्ञ से, दान से, तपस्या से तथा उत्तम धर्म से प्रसन्न हूँ अतः तुम स्वर्ग को जाओ।

Meaning in English – I am satisfied wth your brahmacharya, yajna, penance and best dharma; so you go to heaven now.

16. तस्मिन्विप्रे गते स्वर्ग ससुते सस्नुषे तदा।
भार्याचतुर्थे धर्मज्ञे ततोऽहं निःसृतो बिलात्||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब पुत्र, पुत्रवधू तथा पत्नी सहित धर्म के ज्ञाता उस ब्राह्मण के स्वर्ग चले जाने पर मैं बिल से बाहर निकल आया।

Meaning in English – Then when that brahmana who knew dharma very well went to heaven along with his son, daughter-in-law and his wife, I came out of the hole.

17. ततस्तु सक्तुगन्धेन क्लेदेन सलिलस्य च।
दिव्यपुष्पावमर्दाच्च साधोनलवैश्च तैः।
विप्रस्य तपसा तस्य शिरो मे काञ्चनीकृतम्||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब हे सज्जन! सत्तुओं की गन्ध से, पसीने से, जल से, दिव्य पुष्पों को मसलने से, दान दिए गए सत्तुओं के उन कणों से तथा उस ब्राह्मण की तपस्या से मेरा सिर सोने का बना दिया गया।

Meaning in English – Then oh gentleman! My head was made of gold by the penance of that brahmana, by the sweet smell of sattus (meal of parched-grains), by the sweet smell of crushing the divine flowers and by the grains which were given as charity.

18. ततो मयोक्तं तद्वाक्यं प्रहस्य द्विजसत्तमाः!!
सक्तुप्रस्थेन यज्ञोऽयं सम्मितो नेति सर्वथा||

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तब हँसकर मैंने वह वाक्य कहा – हे श्रेष्ठ ब्राह्मणो! यह यज्ञ एक सेर भर सत्तू के समान किसी भी प्रकार नहीं है।

Meaning in English – Then while laughing I said that sentence Oh great brahmanas! This yajna is not at all equl to one kg. of sattu (meals of parched grains).

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 9 वस्त्रविक्रयः

CBSE Class 11 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 9 वस्त्रविक्रयः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Class 11 Solutions Chapter 9 वस्त्रविक्रयः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि-

(क) अयं पाठः कस्मात् ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः कश्च तस्य प्रणेता?
उत्तर:
अयं पाठः भारतविजयनाटकस्य प्रथमाङ्कात् सङ्कलितः, पं० मथुराप्रसाद दीक्षितः चास्य प्रणेता।

(ख) वैदेशिको गौराङ्गः किं संदर्य श्रेष्ठिनौ तन्तुवायञ्च भर्त्सयति?
उत्तर:
वैदेशिको गौरागः राजमुद्राङ्कित प्रमाणपत्र संदर्घ्य श्रेष्ठिनौ तन्तुवायञ्च भर्त्सयति।

(ग) तन्तुवायेन कथं पटः निष्पादितः?
उत्तर:
तन्तुवायेन षड्भिः मासैः रात्रिन्दिवं परिश्रम्य पटः निष्पादितः।

(घ) यन्मया निश्चिीयते दीयते च तदेव मूल्यमिति कथनं कस्यास्ति?
उत्तर:
यन्मया निश्चीयते दीयते च तदेव मूल्यमिति कथनं वैदेशिकगौरागस्य अस्ति।

(ङ) तन्तुवायाः कीदृशस्य पटस्य निर्माणमकुर्वन्?
उत्तर:
तन्तुवायाः अतिसूक्ष्मतरस्य अतीव सुन्दरस्य च पटस्य निर्माणमकुर्वन्।

(च) यूयं निर्मितान् पटान् मह्यं दत्त इति कः कान् प्रति कथयति?
उत्तर:
यूयं निर्मितान् पटान् महां दत्त इति वैदेशिकगौराङ्गः तन्तुवायान् प्रति कथयति।

(छ) गौराङ्गः तन्तुवायान् कथं निष्काशयति?
उत्तर:
गौरागः तन्तुवायान् गलहस्तेन निष्काशयति।

(ज) वैदेशिको गौराङ्गः तन्तुवायान् कया ताडयितुं भर्त्सयति?
उत्तर:
वैदेशिको गौराङ्गः तन्तुवायान् कशया ताडयितुं भर्त्सयति।

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
उत्तर:

कथमेतेन मम कुटुम्बस्य भरणपोषणे भविष्यतः।
अनिर्वचनीयम् एतत्पटयोः सौन्दर्यम्।
कथमेत्समक्षमस्मद्देशीयानां पटानां विक्रयो भविष्यति।
शोभनं पट निर्माय मह्यं दत्त, योग्यं मूल्यं भविष्यति।
यूयं पटान् निर्माय श्रेष्ठिना सविधे विक्रीणीध्वे।

प्रश्न 3.
सप्रसङ्गं व्याख्यायन्ताम्-

(क) युष्मत्कुटुम्बरक्षायै ………………. जानीहि व्रजाधुना।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘भास्वती – प्रथमो भागः’ के अध्याय ‘वस्त्रविक्रयः’ में से अवतरित है। यह अध्याय महामहोपाध्याय पं० मथुराप्रसाद दीक्षितकृत ‘भारतविजयनाटकम्’ के प्रथम अंक से संकलित है। प्रस्तुत पाठ में वस्त्र व्यापारियों के साथ जुलाहों का वस्त्र-विक्रय हेतु वार्तालाप होता है। उसी समय विदेशी गौराङ्ग का प्रवेश होता है। वह राजकीय मुद्रा से अंकित प्रमाण पत्र दिखाकर बहुत कम मूल्य देकर वस्त्र खरीदना चाहता है। इतने कम मूल्य से उसके परिवार का पालन-पोषण भी नहीं हो पाएगा – ऐसा कहने पर जुलाहे के प्रति क्रोध करता हुआ वह विदेशी गौराङ्ग कहता है-

अर्थ – तुम्हारे परिवार की रक्षा की मैंने प्रतिज्ञा नहीं की। कैसे रक्षा होगी – यह तुम जानो, अब जाओ।

व्याख्या – इस प्रकार बहुत कम मूल्य देकर और साथ ही क्रोध भी दिखाकर वह विदेशी जुलाहे को वहाँ से जाने को कहता है। गरीबों के साथ इसी प्रकार से अन्याय होता है। उन्हें अपनी वस्तु कम कीमत पर भी बेचनी पड़ती है तथा कुछ भी बोलने पर बुरा-भला भी सुनना पड़ता है।

(ख) अनिर्वचनीयमेतत्पट्योः सौन्दर्यम्। अतिसूक्ष्मतरोऽयं पटः। पश्य,एतस्य पञ्चषैः पटलैः परिवेष्टितमप्यपटमेव प्रतीयतेऽङ्गम्।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘भास्वती प्रथमो भागः’ के अध्याय ‘वस्त्रविक्रयः’ में से उद्धृत किया गया है। यह अध्याय महामहोपाध्याय पं० मथुराप्रसाद
दीक्षितकृत ‘भारतविजयनाटकम्’ के प्रथम अंक से संकलित है। प्रस्तुत पाठ में वस्त्र व्यापारियों के साथ जुलाहों का वस्त्र विक्रय हेतु वार्तालाप होता है। उसी समय विदेशी गौराग का प्रवेश होता है। वह राजकीय मुद्रा से अंकित प्रमाणपत्र दिखाकर बहुत कम मूल्य देकर वस्त्र खरीद लेता है और डाँट-डपट कर जुलाहे को वहाँ से जाने को कहता है। वस्त्र बहुत सुन्दर है, अतः उसकी प्रशंसा करता हुआ वह विदेशी गौराङ्ग कहता है

अर्थ – दोनों वस्त्रों की सुन्दरता अवर्णनीय है। यह वस्त्र अत्यन्त महीन है। देखो, इसकी पाँच-छ: परतों से ढका हुआ अंग भी वस्त्रहीन सा दिखाई देता है।

व्याख्या – वस्त्र इतना सुन्दर तथा महीन है कि इसकी पाँच-छ: परतों से भी यदि अंग ढका जाता है तब भी वह अंग वस्त्रहीन सा ही लगता है। इस प्रकार वह विदेशी अत्यन्त प्रसन्न है कि उसने बहुत कम मूल्य में इतना सुन्दर वस्त्र ले लिया है।

(ग) न वयमयोग्यमूल्यत्वात् पट निर्मामः।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘भास्वती प्रथमो भागः’ के अध्याय ‘वस्त्रविक्रयः’ में से उद्धृत किया गया है। यह अध्याय महामहोपाध्याय पं. मथुराप्रसाद दीक्षितकृत भारतविजयनाटकम् के प्रथम अंक से संकलित है। प्रस्तुत पाठ में व्यापारियों के साथ जुलाहों का वस्त्र विक्रय हेतु वार्तालाप होता है। उसी समय विदेशी गौराग का प्रवेश होता है। वह राजकीय मुद्रा से अंकित प्रमाणपत्र दिखाकर बहुत कम मूल्य देकर वस्त्र ले लेता है और डाँट-डपट कर जुलाहे को वहाँ से भगा देता है। वह जुलाहा उसे इतनी कम कीमत में वस्त्र देना ही नहीं चाहता, अतः वह बहाने लगता हुआ कहता है-

अर्थ – हम अनुचित मूल्य के कारण वस्त्र नहीं बनाते।

व्याख्या – इस पर वह विदेशी जुलाहे को अच्छी कीमत का लालच देकर उसे और वस्त्र देने को कहता है। वह इन जुलाहों से सारा वस्त्र लेकर, पैसे जबरदस्ती लेकर उनके व्यापार को ठप्प करना चाहता है। वस्त्र न बनाने की बात कहने पर विदेशी जुलाहे को डाँटता-डपटता है और उसे लालच भी देता है।

प्रश्न 4.
सन्धिविच्छेदं क्रियताम्-
उत्तर:

विंशत्यधिकम् = विंशति + अधिकम्।
मुद्राङ्कितम् = मुदा + अड्कितम्।
विधेरुन्मूलम् = विधेः + उन्मूलम्।
मोचयिष्याम्यतः = मोचयिष्यामि + अतः।
सामर्षम् = स + अमर्षम्।
मिथ्यैतत् = मिथ्या + एतत्।

प्रश्न 5.
‘एतत्सूक्ष्मपटस्येति’ श्लोकस्य स्वमातृभाषया अनुवादः कार्यः-
उत्तर:
इस महीन वस्त्र की निर्माण-विधि को नष्ट करने में मैं समर्थ हूँ। दण्ड देने तथा मारने में निपुण मैं अब उन वस्त्र निर्माण करने वालों को मुक्त करा लूँगा। इनकी वस्त्र निर्माण की निपुणता को तथा इनके इतने अधिक उन्नत व्यापार को भी छीन लो तथा इस देश की उन्नति अब केवल लोगों की बातों में ही रह जाए (जानी चाहिए)।

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितेषु पदेषु धातु प्रत्यय च पृथक्कृत्य लिखत-
उत्तर:

योग्यताविस्तारः
अग्नि से जली हुई शाहजहाँ की पुत्री की चिकित्सा गेबरियल वाऊटन के द्वारा की गई। कुछ ऐतिहासिकों के मत के अनुसार उसकी चिकित्सा सत्थामस महोदय के द्वारा की गई। बाद में वह स्वस्थ हो गई। बाद में बङ्ग (बंगाल) के राजा शाहजादा राजकुमारा शुज्जा की पत्नी की भी चिकित्सा सत्थामस महोदय के द्वारा ही की गई और वह भी स्वस्थ हो गई। तत्पश्चात् फरुखशियर सम्राट् की चिकित्सा सर्जन विलियम हेमिल्टन द्वारा की गई और वह भी स्वस्थ हो गए।

Bhaswati Class 11 Solutions Chapter 9 वस्त्रविक्रयः Summary Translation in Hindi and English

संकेत – (ततः प्रविशन्ति ………… लक्षयति।)

शब्दार्थ् (Word-meanings):

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
(तब वस्त्र बेचने और खरीदने के लिए कोई जुलाहा तथा दो सेठ प्रवेश करते हैं।)
सेठ – अरे जुलाहा! इस वस्त्र का मूल्य कितना है?
जुलाहा – एक सौ बीस रुपये।
सेठ – नहीं, नहीं। यह कुछ अधिक है। सौ रुपये ले लो।
(तब अपने सेवक के साथ विदेशी गौराङ्ग प्रवेश करता है। वह राजकीय मुद्रा से अंकित प्रमाणपत्र दिखाकर दोनों सेठों तथा जुलाहों को धमकी देता है।)
विदेशी गौराङ्ग – अरे जुलाहे! यह देख राजकीय मुद्रा से अंकित प्रमाण पत्र। तुम इसे नहीं बेच सकते।
जुलाहा – तो मैं इस वस्त्र का क्या करूँ।
विदेशी गौराग – इस वस्त्र को मुझे दे दो, मैं इस वस्त्र को बेचूँगा, ये लो पचास मुद्राएँ। (ऐसा कहकर पचास मुद्राएँ देता है।)
जुलाहा – (आश्चर्य के साथ देखते हुए) अरे यह क्या कर रहे हैं? इस (राशि) से मेरे परिवार का पालन पोषण कैसे होगा? छ: महीने किसी प्रकार दिन-रात परिश्रम करके यह वस्त्र बन पाया है।
विदेशी गौराग – ये मुद्राएँ लो, मैं कुछ नहीं जानता। चुप रहो, जाओ। दूसरा वस्त्र बनाकर मेरे पास ही लाना। तुम्हारे परिवार की रक्षा की मैंने प्रतिज्ञा नहीं की। कैसे रक्षा होगी – यह तुम जानो, अब जाओ।
(वह मुद्रा नहीं लेता तो दूसरा जुलाहा वस्त्र बेचने के लिए प्रवेश करता है और वस्त्र खरीदने के लिए सेठ को वस्त्र दिखाता है।)

English-Translation:
(Then a weaver and two wealthy persons enter to sell and buy the cloth.)
Wealthy person-Oh weaver! What is the price of this cloth? Weaver-One twenty rupees. Wealthy person-No, no. This is too much. Take hundred rupees.
(Then a fair-complexioned foreigner enters with his attendant. He shows a certificate having govt. seal. He threatens both the wealthy men and the weaver.)
Fair-complexioned foreigner – Oh weaver! See this certificate stamped with the govt. seal. You cannot sell it. Weaver – What should I do with this cloth then?
Fair-complexioned foreigner – Give this cloth to me. I will sell it. Take fifty-coins (saying so he gives him fifty coins.)
Weaver – (Looks at them with surprise) what are you doing? How can I nourish my family with this amount? I have made this cloth with great difficulty by working hard continuously day and night for six months.
Foreign – Take these coins. I don’t know anything. Keep quiet and go. Make another cloth and bring it to me only. I have not promised to nourish your family. How will your family be nourished – this is your problem. Now go away.
(He does not take the coins. Then another weaver enters to sell the cloth. He shows the cloth to the wealthy men to buy that.)

संकेत – तन्तुवाप – श्रेष्ठिन्। गृहाण ………… प्रविशति।)

शब्दार्थ् (Word-meanings):

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
जुलाहा – हे सेठ! लो वस्त्र।
सेठ – (भौहे चढ़ाकर) यह खरीदेगा, मैं नहीं खरीद सकता।
जुलाहा – क्यों?
सेठ – इसके पास राजकीय प्रमाणपत्र है। यही खरीदेगा और कोई नहीं।
विदेशी गौराग – इधर आओ। (जुलाहे को बुलाता है और उसे प्रमाणपत्र दिखाता है वस्त्र ले लेता है) लो ये चालीस मुद्राएँ। (ऐसा कहकर मुद्रा देता है)
जुलाहा – महाराज! यह क्या कर रहे हैं? क्या यही न्याय है?

विदेशी गौराग – जाओ, जाओ। मैं न्याय या अन्याय नहीं जानता। जो मैंने निश्चय किया वही मूल्य दे रहा हूँ। (दोनों उसके द्वारा दिए गए मूलय को ले लेते हैं।)
दोनों जुलाहे – इसके बाद हम वस्त्र नहीं बनाएँगे। (ऐसा कहकर चले जाते हैं।) विदेशी गौराग – (सेवक की ओर संकेत करके) देखो। मैं इन दोनों से बहुत सारी मुद्राएँ ले लूँगा। दोनों वस्त्रों की सुंदरता अवर्णनीय है। यह वस्त्र अत्यंत महीन है। देखो, उसकी पाँच छः परतों से ढका हुआ भी अंग वस्त्रहीन ही दिखाई देता है। ओह! उसके सामने हमारे देश के वस्त्रों का विक्रय कैसे होगा – हमारे देश का तो व्यापार ही नष्ट हो जाएगा। (पुनः विचार करके)

इस महीन वस्त्र की निर्माणविधि को नष्ट करने में मैं समर्थ हूँ। दण्ड देने तथा मारने में निपुण मैं अब उन वस्त्र निर्माण करने वालों को मुक्त करा लूँगा। इनकी वस्त्रनिर्माण की निपुणता को और इनके इतने अधिक उन्नत व्यापार को भी छीन लो तथा इस देश की उन्नति अब केवल लोगों की बातों में ही रह जाए।
द्वारपाल – (प्रवेश करके) देव की जय हो, जय हो।
विदेशी गौराङ्ग – द्वारपाल । शीघ्र तीन-चार जुलाहे ले आओ।
द्वारपाल – जैसी देव की आज्ञा! (बाहर जाकर तीन जुलाहे लेकर प्रवेश करता है।)

English-Translation:
Weaver – Oh richmen! Take the cloth.
Wealthy men – (Showing his eyebrows). He will buy, I cannot buy.
Weaver – Why?
Wealthy men – Because he has got a govt. certificate. He will buy, no one else.
Foreigner – Come here. (He calls that weaver and shows him the certificate. He takes the cloth) take these forty coins.
(Saying so he gives him those coins)
Weaver – Oh lord! What are you doing? Is this the judgment?
Foreigner – Go, go. I do not know what is just or what is unjust. I am giving you the decided cost.
(Both the weavers take the amount given by him.)
Both the weavers – We will not make the cloth after this.
(Saying so both of them go)
Foreigner – (Towards the attendant)
See. I shall take many coins from both of them. The beauty of both the clothes is indescribable. This cloth is very thin and fine. Just see, the body parts though covered by five or six folds of this cloth, seem to be uncovered. Oh! How shall the cloth made in our country be sold when this beautiful cloth is available? Our business will be ruined. (Thinking again.)

I am capable of destroying the means of producing this thin cloth. I am clever in punishing and killing the persons, so I will make them free who produced cloth for our country. Destroy their cleverness of producing good cloth as well as their highly developed business and the progress of this country may now remain in woods only.
Doorkeeper (Having entered) – May lord is victorious.
Foreigner – Oh gatekeeper. Bring three or four weavers quickly,
Doorkeeper – As the lord commands. (He goes out and again enters with three weavers.)

शब्दार्थ् (Word-meanings):

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
वै० गौराग – (जुलाहों की ओर संकेत करके) अरे अरे! तुम तैयार वस्त्रों को मुझे दो।
जुलाहे – हम अनुचित मूल्य के कारण वस्त्र नहीं बनाते।
वै. गौराग – ठीक है, अच्छा वस्त्र बनाकर मुझे दो, अच्छी कीमत होगी। ये मुद्राएँ लो। (ऐसा कहकर पन्द्रह मुद्राएँ देता है, वे नहीं ग्रहण करते। जबरदस्ती उनके वस्त्र से बाँधकर गले से पकड़कर बाहर निकाल देता है।
जुलाहे – (द्वार पर स्थित) महाराज! हम सौ रुपये के मूल्य के वस्त्र को पन्द्रह मुद्राओं के लिए नहीं बनाएंगे।
वै० गौराग – (उलाहनापूर्वक) कौन शोर मचा रहा है? (द्वार पर जाकर क्रोधपूर्वक, कोड़े से उन्हें मारता है। जाओ, दूसरा सुन्दर वस्त्र बनाकर लाओ। (वे मुद्राएँ फेंककर चले जाते हैं।)
वै० गौराङ्ग – (सेवक की ओर) अरे! अरे! दूसरे तीन चार जुलाहे लाओ। (वह निकलकर दूसरे चार जुलाहे लाकर) महाराज! ये जुलाहे आ गए हैं।
वै० गौराङ्ग – (जुलाहों की ओर संकेत करके) बने हुए रेशमी वस्त्र मुझे दो।
जुलाहे – हम वस्त्र नहीं बनाते।
वै० गौराग – यह असत्य है। तुम सब वस्त्र बनाकर सेठों के सम्मुख बेचते हो। (सब को कोड़े से मारने की धमकी देता है।)
सब – हम नहीं बनाते वस्त्र। (इस प्रकार हाथ जोड़े हुए काँपते हैं।) (सब चले जाते हैं।)

English-Translation:
Foreigner – (Towards the weavers) You give the woven clothes to me. Weavers – We do not prepare cloth due to insufficient price.
Foreigner – O.K., Give me cloth of good quality. You will get a good price. Keep these coins. (Saying so he gives them fifteen coins. They do not accept. He ties those coins to their clothes forcibly and turns them out holding them with his neck.)
Weaver – (With objection) Who is making this noise?
(Goes to the door & angrily he beats them with the hunter) Go and bring another beautiful cloth.
(They throw the coins and go away.)
Foreigner – (Towards his attendant) Bring other three or four weavers. (He goes out and brings four other weavers.)
My lord! These weavers have come. Weavers – We do not weave cloth.
Foreigners – It is not true. You weave cloth and sell before the wealthy persons. (Threatens all of them to beat with the hunter.)
All the weavers – We do not weave. (Saying so they all tremble with their hands folded.) (All of them go away.)

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 9 वस्त्रविक्रयः Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 10 यदभूतहितं तत्सत्यम्

CBSE Class 11 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 10 यदभूतहितं तत्सत्यम् Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Class 11 Solutions Chapter 10 यदभूतहितं तत्सत्यम्

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि-

(क) अस्याः कथायाः लेखकः कः अस्ति?
उत्तर:
अस्या कथायाः लेखकः आचार्यः केशवचन्द्रदाशः अस्ति।

(ख) पुष्करिण्याः नाम किमासीत्?
उत्तर:
पुष्करिण्याः नाम पदिमनी आसीत्।

(ग) मुनिः कैः कारणैः चिन्तितः आसीत्?
उत्तर:
पुष्करिण्याः जल प्रतिदिन प्रदूषितं भवति स्म, तत् प्रदूषित जल पीत्वा जनाः अपि रुग्णा भवन्ति। कथ पुष्करिणीत: पङ्कोधारः भवेत् – एभिः कारणैः मुनिः चिन्तितः आसीत।

(घ) मुनिः जनान् किम् अपृच्छत्?
उत्तर:
मुनिः जनान् अपृच्छत् – किम् अभवत? किमर्थ भवन्तः एनं ताडयन्ति।

(ङ) बालकः कृष्णः पुष्कारिण्याः विषये किम् अकथयत्?
उत्तर:
बालकः कृष्णः पुष्कारिण्याः विषये अकथयत् – अस्मिन् जलो एको महान् मत्स्यः अस्ति।

(च) महामत्स्यस्य सन्धानं कुत्र न प्राप्तम्?
उत्तर:
महामत्स्यस्य सन्धान पुष्करिण्या न प्राप्तम्।

(छ) वास्तविक सत्यं किमस्ति?
उत्तर:
यत् अत्यन्तं भूतहितम् तत् वास्तविक सत्यम्।

प्रश्न 2.
मातृभाषया भावार्थ लिखत-

(क) पुष्करिणीतः पङ्कोद्धारो न भवति।
उत्तर:
इस पंक्ति का भावार्थ यही है कि जब जल में कीचड़ बढ़ने लगती है तो वह अशुद्ध हो जाता है और अशुद्ध जल पीने से अनेक रोग उत्पन्न हो सकते हैं, अतः जल से कीचड़ निकालना और जल साफ करना अत्यन्त अनिवार्य हो जाता है। पुष्कारिणी से कीचड़ नहीं निकाली जा रही – यही चिन्ता का विषय था मुनि का भी।

(ख) ग्राम्यजनाः जलशोधनार्थम् अवश्यं शिक्षयितव्याः।
उत्तर:
जल की शुद्धि अत्यन्त निवार्य होती है – यही चिन्ता मुनि को भी थी। अतः लोगों को जल की शुद्धि के विषय में अवश्य शिक्षित किया जाना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
मातृभाषया आशयं स्पष्टीकुरुत-
“सत्यस्य वचनं श्रेयः सत्यादपि हितं भवेत् ।
यद्भूतहितमत्यन्तमेतत् सत्यं मतं मम।।”
उत्तर:
सत्यभाषण बहुत अच्छा होता है किन्तु सत्यभाषण से भी अधिक श्रेयस्कर होता है हितकारी वचन बोलना (चाहे वह सत्य न भी हो) और जो सब प्राणियों के लिए पूरी तरह हितकर हो – वास्तविक सत्य वही होता है। इस प्रकार सभी प्राणियों का हित जिस वचन में हो – वहीं वास्तविक सत्य है – यही आशय है इस श्लोक का।

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखिताना शब्दाना पदपरिचयं लिखत-
उत्तर:

आनीय = आ उपसर्ग, नी धातु, ल्यप् प्रत्यय।
असंतुष्टः = सम् उपसर्ग, तुष् धातु. क्त प्रत्यय = संतुष्टः, न संतुष्टः इति नञ तत्पुरुष समास।
वारयित्वा = वृ धातु, णिच् + क्त्वा प्रत्यय
प्रतारितवान् = प्र उपसर्ग, तृ धातु. णिच् + क्तवतु प्रत्यय।
सम्यक् = अव्यय।
आसीत् = अस् धातु, लङ् लकार, प्रथम पुरुष, एकवचन।
प्रसन्नाः = प्र उपसर्ग, सद् धातु + क्त प्रत्यय।
श्रेय = श्रि धातु, ईयसुन् प्रत्यय।
परिष्करणम् = परि उपस’ कृ धातु, ल्युट् प्रत्यय।
प्रथमतः = प्रथम शब्द + तसिल् प्रत्यय।

प्रश्न 5.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
उत्तर:

पुष्करिणीम् परितः नाना वृक्षाः सन्ति।
केन प्रकारेण इमे जनाः बोधयितव्याः?
प्रदूषित जलं पीत्वा जनाः अपि रुग्णाः भवन्ति।
जलेऽस्मिन् एको महान् मत्स्यः अस्ति।
श्वः प्रभाते बन्धच्छेदं कृत्वा जल निष्कासयत।

प्रश्न 6.
सन्धिच्छेदं कुरुत-
उत्तर:

तत्रैव = तत्र + एव।
सोऽपि = सः + अपि।
पड्कोद्धारः = पङ्क + उद्धारः।
अस्मिन्नवसरे = अस्मिन् + अवसरे।
यथेच्छम् = यथा + इच्छम्। .
तद्रात्री = तत् + रात्रौ।

प्रश्न 7.
संविग्रहं समासनाम लिखत-
उत्तर-

तटसंलग्नाः = तटे सलग्नाः; सप्तमी तरुपुरुष समास।
असंतुष्टः = न सुतुष्टः इति; नञ् तत्पुरुष समास।
मिथ्यावादी मिथ्यां वदति यः सः, कर्मधारय समास।
कम्पितकण्ठेन = कम्पितः कण्ठः यस्य सः, तेन बहुव्रीहि समास।
ग्राम्यजनान् ग्राम्याः जनाः, तान्; कर्मधारय समास।
बन्धच्छेदम् = बन्धस्य छेदम् : षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास।
निर्मलम् = निर्गत मलं यस्य तत्: बहुव्रीहि समास।

योग्यताविस्तारः
समानान्तरसूक्तयः
यहाँ पाठ में आई हुई सूक्ति के समान भाव वाली सूक्तियाँ उद्धृत की गई है। ये सूक्तियाँ विभिन्न ग्रन्थों से संकलित की गई हैं। जिन ग्रन्थों से ये ली गई हैं उन ग्रन्थों का नाम भी यहाँ अंकित है। इन सूक्तियों में सत्य के महत्त्व का वर्णन किया गया है। छात्र इन्हें याद करने का प्रयास करें तथा उचित अवसर पर इन्हें उद्धृत करने का भी प्रयत्न करें।

Bhaswati Class 11 Solutions Chapter 10 यदभूतहितं तत्सत्यम् Summary Translation in Hindi and English

संकेत – एकस्मिन् ………… प्रसारितवान्।

शब्दार्थ (Word meanings):
संस्कृत – हिन्दी – English
ग्रामोपान्ते = गाँव के पास – Near the village
पुष्करिणी = बावड़ी – A lake
वसनम् = वस्त्र – Clothes
क्षालयन्ति = धोते हैं – Wash
पाकादिकर्म = भोजन पकाने का काम – Cooking food etc.
तस्याः एव = उससे ही – From that
तत्रैव = वहीं, उसमें ही – In that only
गोमेषच्छागादीनाम् = गाय, भेड़, बकरी आदि के – Of cows, rams, goats etc.
तत्संलग्नाः = किनारे पर लगे हुए – Grown up on its bank
अपरभागे = दूसरे किनारे पर – On its another part
सोऽपि = वह भी – He also
अनुनयति = विनती करता है – Requests
चिन्तामग्नः = चिन्ता में डूबा हुआ – Very worried
बोधयितव्याः = समझाया जाए – Can be advised
पङ्कोद्धारः = कीचड़ को चिकालना – To remove the mud
प्रतिदिनम् = प्रतिदिन – Daily
प्रदूषितम् = गन्दा – Impure
बर्हिरागत्य = बाहर आकर – After coming out
वारणीयाः = रोके जाएँ – Be prevented
कोलाहल. = शोर – Noise
सहसा = अचानक – Suddenly
ताडयन्ति = पीट रहे हैं, – Are beating
भर्त्सयन्ति = धमकी दे रहे हैं – Are threatening
वारयित्वा = रोक कर – Stopped
मिथ्यावादी = झूठ बोलने वाला – A liar
प्रतारयति = ठगता है – Cheats
सद्यः = शीघ्र – Just now

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
एक गाँव के पास पद्मिनी नाम की एक बावड़ी थी। वहाँ गाँव के लोग स्नान करते थे, कपड़े धोते थे, उससे ही जल लाकर पीते थे तथा भोजन पकाने का काम करते थे। वहीं गाय, भेड़, बकरी आदि को स्नान कराते थे। पुष्करिणी के चारों ओर अनेक वृक्ष थे। कुछ वृक्ष बावड़ी के तट पर भी लगे हुए थे। बावड़ी के दूसरी ओर एक आश्रम था। वहाँ एक मुनि रहता था। वह भी तर्पण आदि का काम वहीं करता था। वह लोगों से विनती करता था, बार-बार उन्हें उपदेश देता था किन्तु कोई भी उसकी बात नहीं सुनता था।

एक बार मुनि चिन्ता में डूबा हुआ था – किस प्रकार इन लोगों को समझाया जाए? बावड़ी से कीचड़ नहीं निकाली जा रही। प्रतिदिन जल प्रदूषित हो रहा है। उस प्रदूषित जल को पीकर लोग भी बीमार पड़ जाएँगे। कैसे उन्हें रोका जाए?

अचानक कोलाहल सुनाई दिया। मुनि ने बाहर आकर देखा । कुछ लोग एक बालक को मार रहे थे और उसे धमकी दे रहे थे। बालक भय से काँप रहा था और चिल्ला रहा था। मुनि वहाँ पहुँचा तथा लोगों को रोककर उनसे पूछा – क्या हुआ है? आप इसे क्यों मार रहे हैं? लोग बोले – यह झूठ बोलने वाला है। यह हमेशा ही झूठ बोलता है। व्यर्थ में सबको ठगता है। हमें भी इसने अभी धोखा दिया है।

English-Translation:
There was a lake, Padmini by name, near a village. The villagers used to take bath and wash their clothes there. They used to bring water from that lake to drink and to cook food also. They used to bring their cows, rams, goats also there for bathing. There were many trees around that lake. There were some trees on its bank also. On its other side, there was a hermitage. A sage lived there. He used to offer a libation of water to the deceased ancestors also there. He used to request people. He used to advise them again and again but no one listened to him.

Once the sage was very worried – how to advise these people? The mud is not removed from the lake. The water is becoming impure day by day. People will fall ill by drinking this impure water. How to prevent them………..?

Suddenly he heard a noise. The sage came out and saw. Some people were beating and threatening a boy. The boy was shivering with fear. He was shouting. The sage reached there. He stopped the people and asked them – What has happened? Why are you beating him? They said – He is a liar. He tells a lie always. He cheats people for no reason. He cheated us also just now.

संकेत – मुनिः बालकम् ………… मया दृष्टः।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings):
संस्कृत – हिन्दी – English
कम्पितकण्ठेन = कांपते हुए कण्ठ से – With shivering voice
आश्वासितवान् = आश्वासन दिया – Encouraged

अचानक कोलाहल सुनाई दिया। मुनि ने बाहर आकर देखा। कुछ लोग एक बालक को मार रहे थे और उसे धमकी दे रहे थे। बालक भय से काँप रहा था और चिल्ला रहा था। मुनि वहाँ पहुँचा तथा लोगों को रोककर उनसे पूछा- क्या हुआ है? आप इसे क्यों मार रहे हैं? लोग बोले- यह झूठ बोलने वाला है। यह हमेशा ही झूठ बोलता है। व्यर्थ में सबको ठगता है। हमें भी इसने अभी धोखा दिया है।

संकेत – मुनिः बालकम् ………… मया दृष्टः।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings):
संस्कृत – हिन्दी – English
कम्पितकण्ठेन = काँपते हुए कण्ठ से – With shivering voice
आश्वासितवान् = आश्वासन दिया – Encouraged
करं धृत्वा = हाथ पकड़कर – Holding his hand
आनीतवान् = ले आया – Brought
समुचितः = उचित – Proper
अस्मिन्नवासरे = इस अवसर पर – On this occasion
ग्राम्यजनाः = गाँव के लोग – The villagers
शिक्षयितव्या = शिक्षित किए जाने चाहिए – Should be taught
यथेच्छम् = इच्छा के अनुसार – Willingly
नाम्ना = नाम से – By name
सञ्जातः = हो गया – Became
दृष्ट्वा = देखकर – On seeing
जलेऽस्मिन् = इस जल में – In this water
सहर्षम् = खुश होकर – Being happy
कुण्ठितः = दुःखी – Sad, unhappy
साक्षीकरिष्यसि = साक्षात् करोगे – You will make me a witness
प्रतिमार्गम् = प्रत्येक मार्ग में – In every direction

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
मुनि ने बालक से पूछा – अरे, सच (क्यों नहीं बोलता?
बालक ने काँपते हुए स्वर में कहा – सच क्या है?
मुनि ने उसे आश्वासन दिया – नहीं जानते? तो मेरे साथ आओ। ऐसा कहकर उसका हाथ पकड़कर मुनि बालक को आश्रम की ओर ले आया। मुनि ने सोचा – यह उचित अवसर है। इस अवसर पर गाँव के लोगों को अवश्य शिक्षित करना चाहिए। तब मुनि ने बालक से पूछा-
तुम्हारा क्या नाम है?
नाम से मैं कृष्ण हूँ।
ठीक है, किस प्रकार से झूठ बोलते हो?
अपनी इच्छा से बोलता हूँ।
तो इस बावड़ी को देखकर कुछ भी कहो।
बालक कृष्ण प्रसन्न हो गया। खुश होकर (बावड़ी का) वर्णन करने लगा-
इस जल में एक बहुत बड़ी मछली है। अरे लोगों! आओ …………..देखो……… वह कैसे खेलती है?
मुनि ने कहा – शाबाश ………… ठीक सोचा है। तो कल सुबह गाँव के लोगों को ठीक इतना ही कहना।
कृष्ण कुछ दुःखी हो गया।
नहीं, वे मुझे मारेंगे।
अरे ……………. नहीं, नहीं ………. बाद में तुम मुझे ही साक्षी करोगे। अगले दिन सुबह कृष्ण गाँव के प्रत्येक मार्ग पर लोगों से कहने लगा – मैंने इस बावड़ी में एक महान् मछली देखी है।

English-Translation:
The sage asked the boy – Hey, why don’t you speak the truth? The boy said in a shivering voice – What is truth?
The sage encouraged him-If you do not know, then come with me. Saying so he held his hand and brought the boy towards the hermitage. The sage thought – This is the most appropriate occasion. The villagers should be definitely taught on this occasion. Then the sage asked the boy – What is your name?
My name is Krishna.
O.K., How do you tell a lie?
I tell a lie according to my own will. Then you tell something about this lake.
Krishna became happy. Being happy, he started describing the lake thus – There is a huge fish in this water. Oh, people! come ………. See, how does it play?
The sage said – Well done! ……….. You have thought in a proper way. So, you have to tell this much to the villagers tomorrow morning.
Krishna became a little sad.
No, they will beat me.
Oh! …….. No, no ……… You will make me a witness afterward.
The next day morning, Krishna started saying to the people going in every direction of the village-
I have seen a huge fish in this lake.

संकेत – केचन अवदन् …………. सौविध्यमनुभूतम्।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings):
संस्कृत – हिन्दी – English
उक्तवान् = कहा – Said
तत् क्षणम् = तुरन्त, उसी समय – Immediately
दृष्टवान् = देखी थी – Saw
सोऽपि = उन्होंने भी – He also
पृच्छ = पूछ लो – Ask (him)
साक्षिरूपेण = गवाह के रूप में – As a witness
मत्स्यान्वेषणम् = मछली को ढूँढना – In search of the fish
दिनपूर्णम् = दिन भर – Throughtout the whole day
विरक्ताः = निराश – Disappointed
सरोषम् = क्रोधपूर्वक – Angrily
धीरभावेन = धैर्यपूर्वक – With patience
धर्तुं शक्यते = पकड़ी जा सकती है – Can be caught
सरलतया = सरलता पूर्वक – Easily
बन्धच्छेदम् = बाँध तोड़कर – After tearing the string
निष्कासयत = निकाल दो – Bring out
छेदनं कृतवन्तः = काट दिया – Cut down
तटवर्तिवृक्षाणाम् = तट पर लगे वृक्षों को – Which were growing on the bank
शस्यक्षेत्रे = अनाज के खेत में – In the field of crops
प्रसारितवन्तः = फैला दिया – Spread
इत्थम् = इस तरह – Thus
विदाघकालः = ग्रीष्म ऋतु – Summer season
परिष्करणेन = सफाई से – By cleaning
सौविध्यम् = सुविधा – Convenient
अनुभूतम् = अनुभव की – Felt

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
कुछ बोले- अरे! तुम असत्यवादी हो। तुम्हारी बात का क्या विश्वास?
कृष्ण ने तुरन्त कहा – उस समय मेरे साथ मुनि भी थे। उन्होंने भी (मछली को) देखा था। आओ वहाँ …………. पूछो उनसे ……………।

मुनि को गवाह के रूप में स्वीकार करके गाँव वालों ने अगले दिन मछली को ढूँढा । अन्त में सब मिलकर बावड़ी में घुस गए और मछलियों को पकड़ लिया। किन्तु महामछली नहीं मिली। पूरे दिन उन्होंने ढूँढा। सायंकाल में वे पूरी तरह निराश हो गए। मुनि के पास जाकर – वे क्रोधपूर्वक बोले – क्या आप भी हमें धोखा दे रहे हैं?

मुनि धैर्यपूर्वक बोला- अरे! महामछली क्या सरलता से पकड़ी जा सकती है? उसके लिए परिश्रम आवश्यक है। कल प्रातः बन्धन तोड़कर जल बाहर निकाल दो।

उस रात गाँव वालों के नेत्रों में नींद नहीं थी। उन्होंने सुबह आकर पहले तटवर्ती वृक्षों को काटा, फिर बन्धन काटकर जल बाहर निकाल कर बावड़ी को गम्भीर किया तथा कीचड़ को लाकर अनाज के खेतों में डाल दिया – तब तक ग्रीष्मकाल आ गया। सहसा वर्षा होने लगी तथा बावड़ी पूरी भर गई। पवित्र जल को देखकर सब प्रसन्न थे। तटों की सफाई होने से सब जगह सुविधा अनुभव हो रही थी।

English-Translation:
A few of them said – Hey! You are a liar. Who will believe in your words? Krishna said immediately – The sage was also with me at that time. He also saw that great fish. Come ……….. There ……….. Ask them ………… Accepting the sage as a witness, the villagers searched for the fish the next day. In the end, they entered the lake and caught the fishes. But that great fish was not found. They searched for that fish the whole day. In the evening they were disappointed. They went near the sage and said angrily – Are you also cheating us?

The sage said with patience – Oh! Can that great fish be caught easily? Hard labour is required to catch that. After tearing the string. first, take out the water tomorrow morning.

That night the villagers could not sleep at all. In the morning, they came and cut the trees which grew on its bank first, then after tearing the string they brought the water out. Thus many days passed. After that, they threw out the mud and made the lake deeper. They then spread that mud in the green-fields – by that time it was summer season. It started raining suddenly and the lake was also full of water. All were happy to see clean water. The banks were also clean now, so people felt very convenient.

संकेत – इतः यदि ………… मतं मम।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)
संस्कृत – हिन्दी – English
दण्ड्यः = दण्डनीय – Punished
आकारितवान् = बुलाया – Called
कल्याणकरम् = कल्याणकारी – Which causes welfare, beneficial
पितामही = दादी – Grandmother
अबोधयत् = समझाया – Told
अन्यन्तम् = अत्यधिक, पूरी तरह से – Completely
भूतहितम् = प्राणियों के लिए हितकर – Useful for all the living beings

हिन्दी-अनुवाद:
अब यदि कोई जल को दूषित करेगा वह दण्डनीय होगा। एक बार मुनि ने तट पर कृष्ण को देखकर बुलाया। उसे आश्रम में लाकर मुनि ने उससे पूछा – अरे कृष्ण! क्या सच्चाई समझ में आई या नहीं?
नहीं समझ आई।
अरे! यत्य बोलने से ही केवल सत्य नहीं होता, जो वचन कल्याणकारी होता है वह भी सत्य होता है।
दादी ने पुलोमा की पुत्री (इन्द्र की पत्नी शची या इन्द्राणी) को बताया। इसी लिए हमारे शास्त्र में भी है – सत्य का वचन श्रेयस्कर है किन्तु सत्य से भी बढ़कर यह श्रेयस्कर है जो हितकर हो। और मेरे विचार में तो जो भी सभी प्राणियों के लिए अत्यन्त हितकारी हो वहीं वास्तविक सत्य है।

English-Translation:
He will be punished for who pollutes the water now. Once the sage saw Krishna on the bank of the lake. He called and brought him in the hermitage. Then he asked him-Oh Krishna! Did you understand the reality or not?
No-he replied.
Oh! It is not good to speak the truth only, but that is also true which is beneficial (even if it is false).
Thus the grandmother told Puloma’s daughter (Indra’s wife). Therefore it is found in our shastra also – True words are good and that is better than the truth which is really beneficial. But I feel that that is really true which is completely beneficial for all living beings.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 10 यदभूतहितं तत्सत्यम् Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 1 कुशलप्रशासनम्

CBSE Class 11 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 1 कुशलप्रशासनम् Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Bhaswati Sanskrit Class 11 Solutions Chapter 1 कुशलप्रशासनम्

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
संस्कृतेन उत्तरं देयम् –

(क) अयम् पाठः कस्माद् ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः?
उत्तर-
अयम् पाठः रामायणात् सङ्कलितः।

(ख) जटिलं चीरवसनः मुवि पतितः कः आसीत्?
उत्तर-
जटिलं चीरवसनः भुवि पतितः भरतः आसीत्।।

(ग) रामः कम् पाणिना परिजग्राह?
उत्तर-
रामः भरतम् पाणिना परिजग्राह।

(घ) भरतम् कः अपृच्छत्?
उत्तर-
भरतम् रामः अपृच्छत्।

(ङ) राज्ञां विजयमूलं किं भवति?
उत्तर-
राज्ञां विजयमूलं मन्त्रः भवति।

(च) राज्ञः कृते कीदृशः अमात्यः क्षेमकरः भवेत्?
उत्तर-
राज्ञः कृते मेधावी, शूरः, दक्षः, विचक्षणः, चामात्यः क्षेमकरः भवेत्।

(छ) सेनापतिः कीदृग् गुणयुक्तः भवेत्?
उत्तर-
सेनापतिः धृष्टः, शूरः, धृतिमान्, मतिमान्, शुचिः, कुलीनः, अनुरक्तः, दक्षः च भवेत्। भास्वता (प्रथमा भागः)

(ज) बलेभ्यः यथाकालं किं दातव्यम्?
उत्तर-
बलेभ्यः यथाकाल भक्तं वेतनं दातव्यम्।

(झ) मन्त्रः कीदृशः भवति?
उत्तर-
मन्त्रः सुसंवृतः भवति।

(ञ) मेधावी अमात्यः राजानं काम् प्रापयेत्?
उत्तर-
मेधावी अमात्यः राजानं महतीं श्रियं प्रापयेत्।

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः क्रियताम् –
उत्तर-
(क) रामः ददर्श दुर्दर्श युगान्ते भास्करं यथा।
(ख) अङ्के भरतम् आरोप्य रामः सादर पर्यपृच्छत।
(ग) कच्चित् काले अवबुध्यसे?
(घ) पण्डितः हि अर्थकृच्छेषु महत् निःश्रेयसं कुर्यात्।
(ङ) श्रेष्ठाञ्छ्रेष्ठेषु कच्चित् एवं कर्मसु नियोजयसि।

प्रश्न 3.
सप्रसङ्ग मातृभाषया व्याख्यायेताम् –

(क) मन्त्री विजयमूलं हि राज्ञा भवति राघव!
उत्तर-
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोकांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘भास्वती’ प्रथमो-भागः के ‘कुशलप्रशासनम्’ नामक अध्याय में से उद्धृत किया गया है। यह अध्याय आदिकवि महर्षि रामायण के अयोध्याकाण्ड से संकलित है। भगवान् श्रीराम वन में रह रहे थे। भरत उनसे मिलने जाते हैं। इस श्लोकांश में श्रीराम भरत को उचित मन्त्रणा का महत्त्व बताते हुए कहते हैं –

सरलार्थ – हे रघुनन्दन् अच्छी मन्त्रणा ही राजाओं की विजय का मूल कारण होती है।

व्याख्या – अर्थात मन्त्रणा अत्यन्त गुप्त होनी चाहिए – यह सबसे अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण है। इसके अतिरिक्त अमात्य नीतिशास्त्र में निपुण होने चाहिएँ जिनके साथ बैठकर राजा मन्त्रणा करता है। यदि नीतिशास्त्रज्ञ मन्त्री राजा को उचित सलाह देते हैं और वह गुप्त भी रखी जाती है तो अवश्य ही राजा विजयी होता है इसमें सन्देह नहीं। इस प्रकार उचित एवं गुप्त मन्त्रणा राजाओं की विजय का मूल कारण होती है।

(ख) कच्चित्ते मन्त्रितो मन्त्रो राष्ट्र न परिधावति।
उत्तर-
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोकांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘भास्वती – प्रथमो भाग के ‘कुशलप्रशासनम्’ नामक अध्याय में से अवतरित है। यह अध्याय आदिकवि महर्षि वाल्मीकि द्वारा रचित रामायण के अयोध्याकाण्ड से संकलित है। वन में रह रहे श्रीराम से भरत मिलने जाते हैं। भरत को ‘मन्त्रियों के साथ की गई मन्त्रणा यदि गुप्त नहीं रहती तो उससे क्या नुकसान हो सकता है’ – इसके विषय में बताते हुए श्रीराम कहते हैं –

सरलार्थ – कहीं तुम्हारे द्वारा निश्चित गुप्त मन्त्रणा शत्रु के राज्य तक तो नहीं फैल जाती?

व्याख्या – श्रीराम भरत को समझाते हुए कहते हैं कि किसी गूढ़ विषय पर विचार-विमर्श न तो अकेले किया जाता और न ही बहुत सारे लोगों के साथ किया जाता है। दो एक अत्यन्त विश्वसनीय मन्त्रियों के साथ ही गुप्त मन्त्रणा की जाती है क्योंकि अनेक लोगों के साथ किसी गूढ़ विषय पर की गई मन्त्रणा शत्रुओं के राज्य तक भी पहुँच सकती है. इसी के विषय में श्रीराम भरत को सावधान कर रहे हैं यहाँ।

‘इस प्रकार अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण राजनीति-विज्ञान प्रस्तुत किया गया है यहाँ ।

प्रश्न 4.
प्रथमनवमश्लोकयोः स्वमातृभाषया अनुवादः क्रियताम् –
उत्तर-
(i) जटिलं ……………………………. यथा।।
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – श्रीराम ने जटा धारण किए हुए, पेड़ की छाल से बने वस्त्र पहने हुए, हाथ जोड़े हुए, दुःखपूर्वक देखने योग्य भरत को प्रलयकाल में पृथ्वी पर गिरे हुए. सूर्य की तरह देखा।

(ii) कच्चित्सहसान् ……………………………. श्रेयसं महत् ।।
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – क्या तुम हजार मूल् के बदले एक विद्वान् को अपने पास रखना चाहते हो क्योंकि एक विद्वान् पुरुष भी धन संकट के समय महान् कल्याण कर सकता है।

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखितपदाना उचितमर्थ कोष्ठकात् चित्वा लिखत –
उत्तर-
(क) कठिनाई से देखने योग्य।
(ख) परिष्वज्य = आलिंगन करके।
(ग) आघाय सूंघकर।
(घ) मूर्ध्नि
(ङ) निःश्रेयसम् कल्याण को।
(च) विचक्षणः निपुण।
(छ) बलस्य सेना का।

प्रश्न 6.
विपरीतार्थमेलनं क्रियताम्
उत्तर-
(क) एकः = बहु
(ख) क्षिप्रम् = शनैः
(ग) पण्डितः = मूर्ख
(घ) महत् = लघु

प्रश्न 7.
सन्धिविच्छेद क्रियताम् –
यथा –
कुलीनश्च = कुलीनः + च।
उत्तर-
(क) भृत्याश्च = भृत्याः + च।
दुर्दशम = शिर + में।

Class 11 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 1 कुशलप्रशासनम् Summary Translation in Hindi and English

जटिलं चीरवसनं प्राञ्जलिं पतितं भुवि ।
ददर्श रामो दुर्दर्श युगान्ते भास्करं यथा।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

संस्कृत – हिन्दी – English
जटिलम् = जटा धारण किए हुए – One having matted hair
चीरवसनम् = पेड़ की छाल के बने हुए – One wearing bark of the

सरलार्थ – श्री राम ने जटा धारण किए हुए, पेड़ की छाल के बने वस्त्र पहने हुए, हाथ जोड़े हुए, दुःखपूर्वक देखने योग्य भरत को, प्रलयकाल में पृथ्वी पर गिरे हुए सूर्य की तरह देखा।

Meaning in English – Shri Rama saw Bharata who was having matted hair, who was wearing bark of the tree, who was standing with folded hands, who was difficult to be seen (i.e. in bad condition) and. who looked like the sun fallen on earth at the time of Pralaya i.e. total destruction of the universe.

2. कथञ्चिदमिविज्ञारा विवर्णवदनं कृशम्।
भ्रातरं भरतं रामः परिजग्राह पाणिना।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

भास्वती (प्रथमो भागः)
सरलार्थ – श्रीराम ने जैसे-तैसे उदास मुख वाले तथा दुर्बल अपने भाई भरत को पहचानकर उन्हें अपने हाथों में धारण कर लिया (उठाया)।

Meaning in English – Shri Rama recognised Bharata with great difficulty as his face was pale and he was very weak also. Then he held him in his hands.”

3. आघाय रामस्तं मूर्ध्नि परिष्वज्य च राघवम् ।
अङ्के भरतमारोप्य पर्यपृच्छत सादरम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – श्री राम ने रघुकुलभूषण भरत का मस्तक सूंघकर, आलिंगन करके तथा उन्हें गोद में बिठाकर बड़े आदर के साथ उनसे पूछा

Meaning in English – Shri Rama then kissed Bharata. After embracing him and taking him in his lap Shri Rama asked him respectfully

4. कचिदात्मसमाः शूराः श्रुतवन्तो जितेन्द्रियाः।
कुलीनाश्चेङ्गितज्ञाश्च कृतास्ते तात मन्त्रिणाः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे तात (पूज्य)! क्या तुमने अपने ही समान शूरवीर, शास्त्रों के ज्ञाता, जितेन्द्रिय, कुलीन तथा बाह्य भावों से ही मन की बात समझने वाले मन्त्री नियुक्त किए हुए हैं?

Meaning in English – Oh revered person! Have you appointed the ministers who are brave like you, well-versed in the shastras, very virtuous born in high-families and very talented person?

5. मन्त्री विजयमूलं हि राज्ञा भवति राघव।
सुसंवृतो मन्त्रिधुरैरमात्यैः शास्त्रकोविदैः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे रघुनन्दन! अच्छी मन्त्रणा ही राजाओं की विजय का मूलकारण है। वह भी तभी सफल होती है जब नीतिशास्त्रनिपुण मन्त्रिशिरोमणि अमात्य उसे पूर्णतया गुप्त रखें।

Meaning in English – Oh Raghava! Good advice is the cause of victory of the kings and that also becomes fruitful when it is totally kept secret by the qualified ministers who are also well-versed in the i . shastras…

भास्वती (प्रथमो भागः)

6. कच्चिन्निद्रावशं नैषि कच्चित्कालेऽवबुध्यसे।
कच्चिच्चापररात्रेषु चिन्तयस्यर्थनैपुणम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे भरत! क्या तुम असमय में ही निद्रा के वशीभूत तो नहीं हो जाते? तुम समय पर जाग जाते हो न? रात्रि के अंतिम पहर में अर्थसिद्धि के बारे में विचार करते हो?

Meaning in English – Oh Bharata! Do you not go to sleep before time? Do you get up at proper time? Do you think seriiously about the accomplishment of wealth during the last three hours of night (during the very early monring time).

7. कच्चिन्मन्त्रयसे नैकः कच्चिन्न बहुभिः सह।
कच्चित्ते मन्त्रितो मन्त्रो राष्ट्र न परिधावति।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – तुम किसी गूढ विषय पर अकेले ही तो विचार नहीं करते? अथवा बहुत लोगों के साथ बैठकर तो मन्त्रणा नहीं करते? कहीं ऐसा तो नहीं होता कि तुम्हारी निश्चित गुप्त मन्त्रणा शत्रु के राज्य तक फैल जाती हो?

Meaning in English – Do you not take decision on important issue alone? Or you take decision on seriouis issues with so many people? Is it not so that the secret decisions taken by you reach the states of your enemies even?

8. कच्चिदर्थं विनिश्चित्य लघुमूलं महोदयम्।
क्षिप्रमारभसे कर्म न दीर्घयसि राघव।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे राघव! छोटे साधन वाले तथा बड़े परिणाम वाले कार्य का निश्चय करके तुम उसे शीघ्र आरम्भ कर देते हो न? उसमें तुम विलम्ब तो नहीं करते?

Meaning in English – Oh Raghava! After taking decision do you begin that work quickly which looks small but which has big result? Don’t you delay in accomplishing that work?

9. कच्चित्सहसान्मूर्खाणामेकमिच्छसि पण्डितम्।
पण्डितो ह्यर्थकृच्छेषु कुर्यान्निः श्रेयसं महत्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – क्या तुम हजार मूर्यों के बदले एक विद्वान को अपने पास रखना चाहते हो क्योंकि एक विद्वान् पुरुष भी धन के संकट के समय महान् कल्याण कर सकता है।

Meaning in English – Do you want to keep one learned man with you instead of having thousand foolish people? Because one learned person even can bring prosperity at the time of crisis of wealth.

10. एकोऽप्यमात्यो मेधावी शूरो दक्षो विचक्षणः।
राजानं राजपुत्रं वा प्रापयेन्महतीं श्रियम्।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – यदि एक मन्त्री भी मेधावी, शूरवीर, निपुण तथा नीतिज्ञ हो तो वह राजा या राजकुमार को बहुत बड़ी धन-सम्पत्ति की प्राप्ति करा सकता है।

Meaning in English – If there is even one minister intelligent, brave, , clever and good politician (in the kingdom), he can bring great wealth : for the king or the prince.

11. कच्चिन्मुख्या महत्स्वेव मध्यमेषु च मध्यमाः।
‘जघन्याश्च जघन्येषु मृत्यास्ते तात योजिताः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – हे तात! तुमने महान व्यक्तियों को प्रधान कार्यों में, मध्यम श्रेणी के लोगों .को मध्यम प्रकार के कार्यों में तथा नीच व्यक्तियों को निम्न प्रकार के कार्यों में नियुक्त किया हुआ है न?

Meaning in English-Oh dear one! Have you engaged great people in important works, general people in general works and people of low-category in performing works of low-category.

12. अमात्यानुपधातीतान्पितृपैतामहान्छुचीन्।
श्रेष्ठाञ्छ्रेष्ठेषु कच्चित्त्वं नियोजयसि कर्मसु।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – क्या तुम उन्हीं अमात्यों को उत्तम कार्यों में नियुक्त करते हो जो घूस न लेते. हों, पिता-दादा आदि के समय से कार्य करते आ रहे हों तथा जो पूर्ण पवित्र तथा श्रेष्ठ हों।

Meaning in English – Do you engage those ministers only in performing good works who are not addicted to taking bribes, who are doing work since the time of your ancestors (i.e. parents and grand parents) and who are of good-nature.

13. कच्चिद्धृष्टश्च शूरश्च धृतिमान्मतिमाञ्छुचिः।
कुलीनश्चानुरक्तश्च दक्षः सेनापतिः कृतः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – क्या तुमने किसी के दबाव में न आने वाले, शूरवीर, धैर्यशाली, बुद्धिमान्, पवित्र, कुलीन, अपने में ही अनुराग रखने वाले तथा युद्ध कर्म में चतुर पुरुष को ही सेनापति बनाया है।

Meaning in English – Have you appointed some one who is very bold, brave, courageous, intelligent, simple by nature, born in high family, devoted and clever in fighting as a commander of the army?

14. कच्चिदबलस्य भक्तं च वेतनं च यथोचितम् ।
सम्प्राप्तकालं दातव्यं ददासि न विलम्बसे।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – सैनिकों को देने के लिए निश्चित तथा उचित वेतन तथा भत्ता तुम समय पर तो दे देते हो न? देने में विलम्ब तो नहीं करते?

Meaning in English – Do you give away the fixed and proper amount of the allowances and salaries to your soldiers in time? Don’t you delay in making the payment?

15. कालातिक्रमणाच्चैव भक्तवेतनयोमृताः।
भर्तुरप्यतिकुप्यन्ति सोऽनर्थः सुमहान्स्मृतः।।

शब्दार्थ (Word-meanings)

सरलार्थ – यदि समय बीत जाने पर भत्ता तथा वेतन दिए जाते हैं तो सैनिक अपने स्वामी से अत्यन्त कुपित हो जाते हैं तथा इससे बहुत भारी आपत्ति भी घट सकती है।

Meaning in English – If the allowances and salaries are paid after surpassing the proper time then the soldiers may get very angry with their king and serious misfortune may occur there.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sanskrit Bhaswati Chapter 1 कुशलप्रशासनम् Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 12 International Business 2

CBSE Class 11 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Business Studies Chapter 12 International Business 2 Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

International Business 2 NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 12

International Business 2 Questions and Answers Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 12

Multiple Chioce Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following documents are not required for Obtaining an export license?
(a) IEC number
(b) Letter of credit
(c) Registration cum
(d) Bank account number membership certificate
Answer:
(b) Letter of credit

Question 2.
Which of the following documents is not required in connection with an import transaction?
(a) Bill of lading
(b) Shipping bill
(c) Certificate of origin
(d) Shipment advice
Answer:
(c) Certificate of origin

Question 3.
Which of the following do not form part of duty drawback scheme?
(a) Refund of excise duties
(b) Refund of customs duties
(c) Refund of export duties
(d) Refund of income dock charges at the port of shipment
Answer:
(a) Refund of excise duties

Question 4.
Which one of the following is not a document related to fulfill the customs formalities
(a) Shipping bill
(b) Export licence
(c) Letter of insurance
(d) Proforma invoice
Answer:
(b) Export licence

Question 5.
Which one of the following is not a part of export documents?
(a) Commercial invoice
(b) Certificate of origin
(c) Bill of entry
(d) Mate’s receipt
Answer:
(c) Bill of entry

Question 6.
A receipt issued by the commanding officer of the ship when the cargo is loaded on the ship is known as
(a) Shipping receipt
(b) Mate receipt
(c) Cargo receipt
(d) Charter receipt
Answer:
(b) Mate receipt

Question 7.
Which of the following documents is prepared by the exporter and includes details of the cargo in terms of the shippers name, the number of packages, the shipping bill, port of destination, name of the vehicle carrying the cargo?
(a) Shipping bill
(b) Packaging list
(c) Mate’s receipt
(d) Bill of exchange
Answer:
(a) Shipping bill

Question 8.
The document containing the guarantee of a bank to honour drafts drawn on it by an exporter is :
(a) Letter of hypothetication
(b) Letter of credit
(c) Bill of lading
(d) Bill of exchange
Answer:
(b) Letter of credit

Question 9.
Which of the following does not belong to the World Bank Group?
(a) IBRD
(b) IDA
(c) MIGA
(d) IMF
Answer:
(d) IMF

Question 10.
TRIP is one of the WTO agreements that deal with :
(a) Trade in agriculture
(b) Trade in services
(c) Trade-related investment
(d) None of these measures
Answer:
(d) None of these measures

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the formalities involved in getting an export license.
Answer:
Important formalities in getting an export license are as follows:

Opening a bank account in any bank authorized by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and getting an account number.
Obtaining Import Export Code (EEC) number from the Directorate Genial Foreign Trade (DGFT) or Regional Import Export Licensing Authority.
Registering with the appropriate export promotion council.
Registering with Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) in order to safeguard against risks of non-payments.

Question 2.
Why is it necessary to get registered with an export promotion council?
Answer:
It is obligatory for every exporter to get registered with the appropriate export promotion council. Various export promotion councils such as Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) and Apparel Export Promotion Council (AEPC) have been set up by the Government of India to promote and develop exports of different categories of products.

It is necessary for the exporter to become a member of the appropriate export promotion council and obtain a Registration cum Membership Certificate (RCMC) for availing benefits available to export firms from the Government.

Registration with the Export promotion council is necessary in order to protect overseas payments from political and commercial risks. Such registration also helps the export firm in getting financial assistance from commercial banks and other financial institutions.

Question 3.
What is IEC Number?
Answer:
Import Export Code (IEC) number is given to an export firm by Director General for Foreign Trade (DGFT) which the firm needs to be filled in various export/import documents. For obtaining the IEC number, a firm has to apply to the DGFT with documents such as exporter/importer profile, bank receipt of the requisite fee, a certificate from the banker on the prescribed form, two copies of photographs attested by the banker, details of the non-resident interest and declaration about the applicant’s non-association with caution listed firms.

Question 4.
What is pre-shipment finance?
Answer:
On receipt of the letter of credit and confirmation order, the exporter approaches his banker for obtaining pre-shipment finance to undertake export production. Pre-shipment finance is the finance that the exporter needs for procuring raw materials and other components, processing, and packaging of goods, and transportation of goods to the port of shipment.

Question 5.
Why is it necessary for an export firm to go in for pre¬shipment inspection?
Answer:
An export firm has to go in for pre-shipment inspection as required by the Government of India to ensure that only good quality products are exported from the country. The government has passed the Export Quality Control and Inspection Act, 1963 for the purpose of compulsory inspection of certain products by a competent agency as designated by the government.

If the product to be exported comes under such a category, the exporter needs to contact the Export Inspection Agency (EIA) or the other designated agency for obtaining an inspection certificate. The pre-shipment inspection report is required to be submitted along with other export documents at the time of exports.

Such an inspection is not compulsory in case the goods are being exported by star trading houses, trading houses, export houses, industrial unit’s setup in Export Processing Zones/ Special Economic Zones (EPZs/SEZs), and 100% Export Oriented Units (EOUs).

Question 6.
Discuss the procedure related to excise clearance of goods.
Answer:
Excise duty is payable on the materials used in manufacturing goods as per Central Excise Tariff Act. The exporter, therefore, has to apply to the concerned Excise Commissioner in the region Auth an invoice.

If the Excise Commissioner is satisfied, he may issue the exercise clearance. On many products of export which are competitive in the world market, the government may exempt the payment of excise duty or make a refund of excise at later stage. This scheme of exemption of excise duty is known as Duty Drawback.

The scheme is administrated by the Directorate of Drawback under the Ministry of Finance which is responsible for fixing the rates of drawback for different products. The work relating to sanction and payment of drawback is, however, looked after by the Commissioner of Customs or Central Excise Incharge of the Concerned port, airport or land custom station from where the export of goods is considered to have taken place.

Question 7.
Explain briefly the process of customs clearance of export goods.
Answer:
The goods must be cleared from the customs before they can be loaded on the ship. For obtaining customs clearance, the exporter prepares the shipping bill which contains particulars of the goods being exported, the name of the vessel, the port at which goods are to be discharged, country of final destination, exporter’s name and address, etc.

Five copies of the shipping bill along with the following documents are then submitted to the Customs Appraiser at the Customs House for clearance:

Export Contract or Export Order
Letter of Credit
Commercial Invoice
Certificate of Origin
Certificate of Inspection, where necessary
Marine Insurance Policy

After submission of these documents, the superintendent of the concerned port trust is approached for a carting order and after obtaining it, the Cargo is physically moved into the port area arid stored in a shed.

Question 8.
What is a bill of lading? How does it differ from the bill of entry?
Answer:
Bill of lading is a document wherein a shipping company gives
its official receipt of the goods put on board of its vessel and at the same time gives an undertaking to carry them to the port of destination. It is also a document of title to the goods and as such is freely transferable by the endorsement and delivery.

A bill of lading contains the following detail:

Name of the Exporter or Shipper
Name of the Consignee or Importer
Identification Marks on Packages
Description of Goods
Number of Packages
Fright Charges
Name and Nationality of the ship
Port of Shipment and Port of Destination.

Bill of entry – Bill of entry is a form supplied by the custom office to the importer. It is to be field in by the importer at the time of receiving the goods. It has to be submitted to custom office in triplicate. Various information such as names and address of the importer, name of the ship.

Number of packages, marks on the packages, description of goods, quantity and value of goods, name and address of the exporter, port of destination and custom duty payable should be given in the bill of entry.

Question 9.
What is the shipping bill?
Answer:
Shipping bill is the main document on the basis of which the customs office gives permission for export. Shipping bill contains particulars of the goods being exported, the name of the vessel, the port at which goods are to be discharged, country of final destination, exporters name and address, etc. Exporter prepares the shipping bill for obtaining customs clearance. Thus, we can say the shipping bill is the bill which is prepared by the exporter and required for the customs clearance.

Question 10.
Explain the meaning of mate’s receipt.
Answer:
A mate receipt is a receipt issued by the commanding officer of the ship when the cargo is loaded on the board, and contains the information about the name of the vessel, berth, date of shipment, description of packages, marks and numbers, condition of the cargo at the time of receipt on board the ship etc. The port superintendent, on receipt of port dues, hands over the mate’s receipt to the Clearing and Forwarding (C&F) agent.

Mate’s receipt are of two types – clean and foul receipt. If the mate at port is satisfied with packing, he will issue a receipt without remark known as Clean Receipt. But of mate is not satisfied with the condition of packing, he makes a remark to that effect on the receipt which is known as Foul Receipt may be converted into clean report by making some payment to the shipping company or by submitting indemnity bond.

Question 11.
What is a letter of credit? Why does an exporter need these documents?
Answer:
A letter of credit is a guarantee issued by the importer’s bank that it will honor up to a certain amount of export bills to the bank of the exporter. Letter of credit is the most appropriate and secured method of payment adopted to settle international transactions.

The exporter needs this letter to Insure against the non – payment of dues by the importer in the foreign country as there is always a risk in the collection of payment from the importers. Thus, in order to protect the exporter from financial loss “Letter of credit” is needed.

Question 12.
Discuss the process involved in securing payment for exports.
Answer:
After the shipment of goods the exporter informs the importer about the shipment of goods. Various documents needed to claim the title of goods and clearance of goods from custom include certified copy of the invoice, bill of lading, packaging list, insurance policy, certificate of origin and letter of credit.

The exporter sends these documents through banker with the instruction that these may be delivered to the importer after acceptance of the bill of exchange – a document which is sent along with the above-named documents.

Bill of exchange is an order to the importer to pay a certain amount of money only to or to order of the person or to the bearer of the instrument. On receiving the bill of exchange the importer releases the payment incase of sight draft or accepts the usance draft for making payment on maturity of bill of exchange. The exporter’s bank receives the payment through the importer’s bank and is credited to the exporter’s account.

The exporter can get immediate payment from his/her bank on the submission of documents by signing a Letter of dimity.Having received the payment for exports, the exporter needs to get a bank certificate of payment. Bank certificate of payment is a certificate which implies that the necessary documents relating to particular export consignment has been negotiated and the payment has been received in accordance with the exchange control regulations.

Question 13.
Differentiate between the followings:

Sight and Usance Drafts
Bill of Lading and Airways Bill
Pre-shipment and Post-shipment Finance

Answer:
1. Sight and Usance Drafts:
In the case of sight draft, the drawer instructs the bank to hand over the relevant documents to the importer against payment. But in the case of the usance draft, the drawer – instructs the bank to hand over the relevant documents to the importer against acceptance of the bill of exchange.

2. Bill of Lading and Airway Bill:
Bill of lading is a document prepared and signed by the master of the ship acknowledging the receipt of goods on board, it contains terms and conditions on which the goods are to be taken to the port of destination On the other hand, Airway Bill is a document wherein an airline/ shipping company gives its official receipt of the goods on board it’s aircraft and at the same time gives the undertaking to carry them to the port of destination.

3. Pre-shipment and Post – shipment Finance:
Pre-shipment finance is provided to an exporter for financing the purchase, processing, manufacturing or packaging of goods for export purpose while the post-shipment finance is provided to the exporter from the date of extending the credit after the shipment of goods to the export country.

Question 14.
Explain the meaning of the following documents used in connection with import transactions:
(i) Trade enquiry
(ii) Import license
(iii) Shipment of advice
(iv) Import general manifest
(v) Bill of entry.
Answer:
(i) Trade enquiry – The first thing that the importing firm has to do is together information about the countries and firms which export the given product. The importer can gather such information from the trade directories or trade associations and organisations or trade associations and organisations.

Having identified the countries and firms that export the product, the importing firm approaches the export firms with help of a trade enquiry for collecting information about their export prices and terms of exports.

A trade enquiry is a written request by an importing firm to the exporter for supply of information regarding the price and various terms and conditions on which the latter is ready to exports goods. After receiving a trade enquiry, the exporter prepares a quotation and sends it to the importer.

The quotation is known as proform an invoice. A proforma invoice is a document that contains details as to the quality’, grade, design size, weight and price of the export product, and the terms and conditions on which their export will take place.

(ii) Import licence – There are certain goods that can be imported freely, while others need licensing. The importer needs to consult that Export-Import policy in force to know whether the goods that he or she wants to import are subject to import licensing. In case goods can be imported only against the license, the importer needs to procure an import licence.

In India, it is obligatory for every importer to get registered with the Directorate General Foreign Trade or Regional Import Export Licensing Authority, and obtain an Import Export Code(IEC) number. This number is required to be mentioned on most of the import documents.

Shipment Advice – After loading the goods on the vessel, the overseas supplier dispatches the shipment advice to the importer. Shipment advice contains information about the shipment of goods. The information provided in the shipment advice includes details such as invoice number, bill of lading/airways bill number and date, name of the vessel with date, the port of export, description of goods and quantity, and the date of sailing of the vessel.

Import General Manifest – Goods are shipped by the overseas supplier as per the contract. The person in charge of the carrier (ship or airway) informs the officer in charge at the dock or the airport about the arrival of goods in the importing country. He provides the document called import general manifest.

(iii) Bill of entry- Bill of entry is a form supplied by the customs office to the importer. It is to be filled in by the importer at the time of receiving the goods. It has to be in triplicate and is to be submitted to the customs office. The bill of the entry contains information such as names and addresses of importers, name of the ship, number of packages marks on the packages, description of goods, quality and quantity of goods, value of goods, name and address of exporter, port of destination and custom duty payable.

Question 15.
List out major affiliated bodies of the World Bank.
Answer:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) commonly known as the World Bank, an International Organization that assists in the development of the underdeveloped nations of the world especially in social sectors like health and education. Over time, additional organizations have been set up under the umbrella of the World Bank. As of today, the World Bank is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance to different countries. The group and its affiliates headquartered in Washington DC catering to the various financial needs of nations.

The affiliates of World Bank can be listed as under:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Financial Corporation (IFC)
International Development Association (IDA)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
International CentreforSettlementoflnvestmentDisputes(ICSID)

Question 16.
Write short notes on the following :
(i) MIGA
(ii) World Bank
(iii) ITPO
(iv) IMF
Answer:
(i) MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) – The multilateral InvestmentGuarantee Agency was established in April 1988 to supplement the functions of the World Bank and IFC.

Objective of MIGA :

To encourage flow of direct foreign investment into the less developed member countries.
To provide insurance cover to investors against political risks.
To provide guarantee against non-commercial risks(likedangers involved in currency transfer was and civil disturbances and breach of contract)
To insure new investments expansion of existing investments, privatisation and financial restructuring.
To provide promotional and advisory services.
To establish credibility.

(ii) World Bank – The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) commonly known as World Bank, was result of the Bretton Woods conference. The main objectives behind setting up this international organisation were to aid the task of reconstruction of the war-affected economies of Europe and assist in the development of the underdeveloped nation of the world. For the first few years, the world bank remained preoccupied with the task of restoring war-torn nations in Europe.

Having achieved success in accomplishing this task by late 1950s, the world bank turned its attention to the development of underdeveloped nations. It realised that by investing more and more in these countries especially in social sectors like health and education; it could bring about the needed social and economic transformation of the developing countries.

To give shape to this investment aspect in the under developed nations, the International Development Association (IDA) was formed in the year 1960. The main objective underlying setting up IDA has been to provide loans on concessional terms and conditions to those countries whose per capita incomes are below a critical level.

Concessional terms and conditions mean that:

Repayment period is much longer than the repayment period of IBRD.
The borrowing nation need not pay any interest on the borrowed amount. IDA thus provides interest free long term loans to the poor nations. IBRD also provides loans but these carry interest charged on commercial basis.

(iii) ITPO – Indian Trade Promotion Organisation was setup on 1st January 1992 under the companies Act 1956 by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India. Its headquarter is at New Delhi. ITPO was formed by merging the twoerst while agencies viz., Trade development Authority and Trade Fair Authority of India.

ITPO is a service organisation and maintains regular and close interaction with trade, Industry and government. It serves the industry by organising trade fairs and exhibitions – both with in the country and outside, it helps export firms participate in international trade fairs and exhibitions, developing exports of new items, providing support and updated commercial business information. ITPO has five regional offices at Mumbai Bangalore, Kolkata, Kanpur and Chennai and four international offices at Germany, Japan, UAE and USA.

(iv) IMF – International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the second international organisation next to the World Bank IMF which came into existence in 1945 has its headquarters located in Washington DC, in 2005, it had I9l countries as its members. The major idea underlying the setting up of the IMF is to evolve an orderly international monetary system, i.e., facilitating a system of international payments and adjustments in exchange rates among national currencies.

The objective of IMF:

To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution.
To facilitate the expansion of balanced growth of international trade and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income.
To promote exchange stability with a view of maintaining orderly exchange arrangements among member countries.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Rekha Garments has received an order to export 2000 men’s trousers to Swift Imports Ltd. located in Australia. Discuss the procedure that Rekha Garments would need to go through for executing the export order.
Answer:
Export Procedure – The main steps involved in exporting goods from India are as follows :

(1) Receiving Trade Enquiry and Sending Quotation – The prospective buyer of a product sends an enquiry to different exporters. Generally, the following information is sought in the trade enquiry:

Specification of goods available
Quantity of goods available
Price per unit
Terms of shipment
Terms of payment
Schedule of delivery

In response to the trade enquiry, the exporter sends a quotation giving information sought in the trade enquiry. Sometimes the exporter may send a proforma invoice containing the necessary details and the approximate amount to be paid in case of import. Various informations regarding quality, grade, size and mode of delivery and payment are provided.

(2) Receiving an Indent and Sending Confirmation – The intending importer, after scrutiny of quotation/proforma invoice, sends an indent. The exporter may receive an indent directly from the importer or through an indent house. An indent house is an agent which imports goods on behalf of importers. It serves as a middleman or intermediary between the importers and exporters. Indent houses charge commissions for their services from importers.

An indent refers to an order received from abroad for sale (export) of goods. It contains the following details:

Quantity’ of goods to be sent
Quality, size and design of goods
pride
Nature of packing and marking
Modi of shipment and insurance
Period of delivery
Method of payment

An indent is generally prepared, in duplicate one copy is sent to the exporter. The second copy is filed by the importer in his records.

(3) Securing Letter of Credit – After receipt of indent the exporter satisfies himself as to the credit-worthiness of the importer. A bank reference may be sufficient in some cases. Generally, the importer is requested to arrange a letter of credit in favour of the exporter.

A letter of credit (L/C) is an undertaking by its issuer (the importer’s bank) that the bills of exchange drawn by the foreign dealer on the importer will be honoured on presentation upto the specified amount. It is a guarantee by the bank to the foreign dealer that his bills upto the amount mentioned therein will be honoured. Letter of credit is the most appropriate and secure method of payment adopted to settle international transactions.

(4) Obtaining IEC Number and RBI Code Number – Export of goods in India is subject to custom laws which demand that the export firm must have an export licence before it proceeds with exports. Importer Exporter code (IEC) number is to be filled in various import export formalities.

In order to obtain this number, an exporter has to apply to the Regional Import-Export Licensing Authority in the prescribed form. The application should be submitted along with the following documents:

Profile of the exporter
Bank receipt for the required fee
Certificate from the banker in the prescribed form
Two copies of photographs attested by the banker
Detail of non-resident interest, if any
Declaration about the applicant’s non-association with a caution listed firm.

If the Regional Import Export Licensing Authority is satisfied with the documents and formalities, IEC number is issued.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) requires exporters to obtain RBI code No. before exporting goods from India. This number has to be mentioned in various documents to obtain permission from the customs authorities for shipment of goods.

It is obligatory for every exporter to get registered with the appropriate export promotion councils such as Engineering Export Promotion Council and Apparel Export Promotion Council to promote and develop exports of different categories of products.

(5) Obtaining Registration cum Membership Certificate (RCMC) from Export Promotion Council/Commodity Board In order to avail of export incentives, concessions and facilities (e.g., cash compensatory support, REP licenses, etc.) an exporter is required to obtain a Registration-cum-membership certificate (RCMC).

This certificate is issued by Export Promotion Councils Commodity Boards/ Federation of Indian Export Organisations, etc. Application has to be made to the concerned authority in the prescribed form along with membership fee, IEC number, bank certificate and other specified documents. If the concerned authority is satisfied, a Registration-cum- membership certificate is issued.

(6) Manufacturing/Procuring Goods and Packing Them -Now the exporter starts manufacturing or procuring the goods as required by the importer. If the materials required for the manufacture of goods are subject to excise duty, excise clearance is required.

Export goods are either exempted from the excise duty’ or this duty, if paid, is refunded back to the exporter.
The exporter collects the goods from his factory or purchases the same from the market. The goods must correspond to the instructions given in the indent in regard to quantity, quality, make of the goods, etc. Then the goods are properly packed in accordance with the instructions given by the importer.

In the absence of such instructions, goods must be packed keeping in mind the safety of goods and cost of freight. These packages should be properly marked according to the instructions if any, so that they may be easily distinguished from the goods belonging to others.

(7) Procuring Export Inspection Certificate – After the goods are packed in accordance with the prescribed specifications the exporter applies to the Export Inspection Agency. The agency sends an inspector for inspecting the export consignment.

Once the inspector is satisfied that the goods confirm to the prescribed specifications, an Export Inspection Certificate is issued. This certificate is required by the customs authorities for the shipment of goods. Such inspection is not compulsory in case the goods are being exported by star trading houses, export houses, units of export processing zone and EOU units.

(8) Appointing Forwarding Agents – Once Export Inspection Certificate is obtained, the goods can be exported. But before the goods are shipped the exporters are required to get clearance from customs authorities. Generally, it is not possible or convenient for the exporter to go to the port and perform these formalities. Therefore, he engages a forwarding agent. Forwarding agents are specialists who perform the customs fonnalities on behalf of exporters in consideration for some commission.

(9) Dispatching Goods to Port and Sending Receipt to Agent – After appointing the forwarding agent, the exporter will despatch the goods by rail or truck to the port town. He will then endorse the railway receipt (R/R) or Lorry Receipt (L/R) in the agent’s favour along with the necessary instructions to the forwarding agent and send the same.

(10) Formalities by Forwarding Agent –
(i) Taking delivery of goods at port town: When the goods arrive at the port town, the forwarding agent takes delivery from the railway or truck on submission of R/R. He then arranges for storage of the consignment in a warehouse. The exporter endorses the Railway Receipt (RR) in favour of agent to enable him to take delivery of goods at port of shipment.

(ii) Obtaining shipping Order: The forwarding agent approaches a shipping company or its agent to hire space in the ship. He enters into an agreement with the shipping company. The shipping company issues ‘ a document called the ‘shipping order’ to him. The shipping order is a document containing an instruction to the captain of the ship to accept ‘ the specified goods on board the ship from the exporter whose name is mentioned in it.

Shipping order may be either a Ready Shipping Order or Forward Shipping Order. In the case of the former, the name of the ship and the date of departure of the ship are mentioned while in the latter only the date of departure is given. After the agreement is made, the exporter has to send goods by that very ship only.

Even if he is unable to send the goods due to some reason, he has to pay the full freight. Such a freight is called ‘dead freight’.In case the consignment is very large, the forwarding agent may hire a whole ship or major part of it. The agreement to hire the whole ship or major part of the ship is called charter Party’’.

(iii) Obtaining customs clearance : In order to obtain customs clearance, the exporter or his agent prepares three copies of shipping bill in printed forms. A shipping bill contains information about name and address of the exporter, port of loading port of destination, name of the ship, description and value of goods, identification marks on packages.

There, are different types of shipping bills for dutiable goods, duty free goods and duty drawback goods. Along with three copies of the shipping bill, the agent has to submit the forwarding documents to the customs office:

Indent
Letter of credit
Commercial invoice
Certification of inspection and origin
Marine insurance policy
A declaration that the particulars given in the shipping bill are in conformity with the indent

Then the forwarding agent makes payment of export duty as calculated by the customs office (in case of dutiable goods). He gets Customs Export Pass which permits him to bring the goods to the docks.

(iv) Paying dock dues: After paying the export duty, the forwarding agent makes arrangements for carrying goods to the docks. For this purpose, he fills two copies of‘DockChallan’ and submits them to the dock authorities (Landing aid Shipping Dues Office) along with one copy of each of the shipping bill and the shipping order.

After dock charges are paid, dock authorities retain one copy of the dock challan and return the second copy duly signed to the forwarding agent. This signed copy is called ‘dock receipt’ or ‘Port Trust Dues Receipt’.

(v) Obtaining permission for shipment: Then the forwarding agent brings goods to the docks. The Customs Preventive Officer at the docks inspects the goods on the basis of the declaration given in the Shipping Bill. If the officer is satisfied he gives permission to load the goods on the ship by issuing a ‘Customs Export Pass’ or by an endorsement ‘Let Ship’ on the duplicate copy of the shipping bill.

(vi) Securing mate‘s receipt: When the goods have been loaded on the ship the captain of the ship or his assistant (called ‘mate’) issues a receipt called on ‘ Mate’s Receipt’. A mate’s receipt is a receipt issued by the commanding officer of the ships when the cargo is loaded on board and contains the information about the name of the vessel, berth, date of shipment, description of package marks and numbers, condition of the cargo at the time of receipt on board die ship etc.

(vii) Obtaining bill of lading: After dispatching the goods, the forwarding agent goes to the office of the shipping company. He submits the mate’s receipt and gets in exchange a Bill of Lading. He has to fill in three forms of bill of lading giving details regarding the goods, name of the ship, port of destination, etc. If the agent pays the freight in advance, he will get the bill of lading and Freight.

Note duly signed by an authorized official of the shipping company. In case the freight is to be paid by the importer at the port of destination, the bill of lading will be marked ‘Freight Forward’. The importer cannot obtain delivery of goods without a bill of lading.

(viii) Getting insurance policy: The forwarding agent gets the goods insured against Marine risks. Marine insurance should be done strictly according to the importer’s instructions. Generally, insurance is done for the actual cost of the goods plus a margin of profit.

(ix) Sending advice to the exporter: The forwarding agent sends the bill of lading, shipping bills, insurance policy, and other documents to exporters and informs them of the shipment of goods.

(11) Getting Certificate of Origin – Some importing countries in order to get Tariff Concession ask the exported to send a certificate of origin. Import regulations of a foreign country may require that all import consignments must carry a certificate of origin.

Trade agreements between two countries may offer preferential treatment in respect of import duties on goods produced in such countries. Goods manufactured in a particular country may be banned for import in the foreign market. In such cases, the exporter is required to send a certificate of origin to the importer. The certificate of origin certifies the name of the country in which the exported goods are manufactured.

The Government of India has authorized the Chambers of Commerce. Trade Associations and Export Promotion Councils to issue such certificates. The exporter will send the certificate of origin to the importer so that the latter may enjoy the benefit of concessional custom duties.

(12) Getting Consular Invoice – When the import duties are charged ad valorem (on the basis of the value of goods) the customs authorities will have to open the packages to calculate duties. To avoid this problem, the exporter procures a consular invoice and sends it to the importer.

The value of the goods and other particulars are stated in this invoice. It is signed by the consul of the importer’s country stationed in the exporter’s country. The consular invoice enables the importer to obtain prompt clearance of goods when they arrive at the port of destination. It saves time and trouble for the importer.

Consular invoice is prepared in triplicate one each for the importer, customs authorities in the importing country and the consul. The customs authorities abroad accept this invoice as true statement of the contents and asses custom duty on this basis without opening the packages.

(13) Preparing Commercial Invoice and Submitting Documents to Bank – Now the exporter prepares a commercial invoice for the goods shipped. It is prepared in triplicate according to the terms and conditions agreed upon between the importer and the exporter.

After preparing the invoice, the exporter submits all relevant documents-commercial invoice, bill of lading, insurance policy, certificate of origin, consular invoice, etc. to his bank for transmission to the importer’s bank.

(14) Securing Payment – The exporter needs various documents to claim the title of goods on their arrival at his country. The exporter obtains payment either by means of a documentary letter of credit or through documentary bill of exchange. The document include certified copy of invoice, bill of lading, packing list, insurance policy etc.

(15) Claiming Export Incentives – In the last step, the exporter claims export incentives offered by the Government for export promotion. These incentives are as under :

Cash compensatory support: Exporters of specified products are paid cash compensation.
Duty drawback : The import duty paid by the exporter on imported raw materials and excise duty paid on manufactured goods which are exported are refunded.
Import replenishment: An import licence for import of raw materials is issued to the exporter so that he may produce export goods.

Question 2.
Your firm is planning to import textile machinery from Canada. Describe the procedure involved in importing.
Answer:
Following is the procedure involved in importing textile machinery from Canada:
1. Trade Enquiry:
The importing firm approaches the textile machinery export firms in Canada with the help of trade enquiry they collecting information about their export prices and terms of exports. After receiving a trade enquiry, the exporter will prepare a quotation called proforma invoice and send it to our firm.

2. Procurement of Import Licence:
We will consult the Export-Import (EXIM) policy in force to know whether the textile machinery imports are subject to import licensing. In case it can be imported only against the license, we will procure an import license.

3. Obtaining Foreign Exchange:
As payment for imports will be made in Canadian dollars, our firm will have to make an application to a bank authorized by RBI to issue foreign exchange.

4. Placing Order or Indent:
After obtaining the import license, our firm will place an import order or indent with the exporter for supply of the specified products containing information about the price, quantity, grade and quality of machinery and the instructions relating to packing, shipping, ports of shipment and destination, delivery schedule, insurance and mode of payment.

5. Obtaining Letter of Credit:
If the payment terms agreed between us and the overseas supplier then our firm should obtain the letter of credit from its bank and forward it to the overseas supplier.

6. Arranging for Finance:
Our firm would make arrangements in advance to pay to the exporter on arrival of goods at the port.

7. Receipt of Shipment Advice:
Advice afterloading the ordered textile machinery on the vessel, the overseas supplier will dispatch the shipment advice to our firm which contains information about the shipment of goods.

8. Retirement of Import Documents:
After shipping the machinery, the overseas supplier will prepare a set of necessary documents including bill of exchange, commercial invoice, bill of lading/airway bill, packing list, certificate of origin, marine insurance policy, etc. and will hand it over to his or her banker for their onward transmission and negotiation to our firm.

The acceptance of bill of exchange for the purpose of getting delivery of the documents is known as retirement of import documents after which the bank handover the import documents to the importer.

9. Arrivals of Goods:
Goods will be shipped by the overseas supplier as per the contract. The officer in charge at the dock will provide the document called import general manifest on the basis of which unloading of cargo will take place.

10. Customs Clearance and Release of Goods:
Textile machinery imported into India will have to pass through customs clearance. Firstly, our firm will have to obtain a delivery order, pay dock dues and obtain port trust dues receipt and then fill in a form bill of entry has to be presented to the dock superintendent. The examiner will give his report on the bill of entry and we will present the bill of entry to the port authority who will issue the release order after receiving the necessary charges.

Question 3.
Discuss the principal documents used in exporting.
Answer:
Principal Export Documents – These documents are required for the transfer of goods from exporter to the importer and for the realization of payment. The principal export documents are given below :

(1) Commercial invoice – This invoice is a seller’s bill for merchandise and contains information about goods such as quantity, total value, number of packages, name of ship etc. The commercial invoice contains the following details:

Name and address of the exporter
Name and address of the importer
Name of the ship
Date of sailing
Export order number and date
Number of packages and marks on them
Detailed description of the goods – quantity, price, total value etc.
Terms of payment

(2) Packing List – This list contains the date of packing, order number, corresponding invoice number, details of shipping, bill of lading number, date of sailing and details of goods in each package and marks.

(3) Certificate of Inspection – This document certifies that the consignment has been inspected as required under the law. It is issued by the Export Inspection Agency or the authorised person. It ensures that the goods exported are of proper quality. Some countries have made this certificate mandatory for the goods being imported to their countries.

(4) Insurance Policy – When goods are sent from one country’ to another country, they are exposed to various risks of loss or damage.’ In order to protect against these risks, the exporter is required to insure
the goods and obtain an insurance policy. This policy protects the risks of loss or damage in transit and is sent to the importer.

(5) Certificate of Origin – This certificate certifies the origin of the goods. It is required by the importer to obtain benefit of concessional customs duty in his country when goods produced in the exporter’s country enjoy such concession.

Certificate of origin is issued by the Exporter Promotion Council or Chamber of Commerce or the Government Department in the exporter’s country. This certificate is also required when there is a ban on imports of certain goods from selected countries. The goods are allowed to be brought into the importing country if these are not originating from the banned countries.

(6) Bill of Lading- Bill of lading is a documents wherein a shipping company gives its official receipts of the goods put on board. The main functions/features of bill of lading are as follows:

(a) A receipt of goods: Bill of lading is a receipt of goods delivered to the shipping company. It contains description and condition of the goods received by the shipping company.

(i) A document of title of goods : Bill of lading serves as a document of title to the goods. A bonafide holder of bill of lading can got ownership of the goods. The ownership can be transferred by endorsement of the bill of lading.

(ii) A contract of affreightment: Bill of lading is a written contract between the shipper (consignor) and the shipping company. It contains the terms and conditions of the contract of carriage. Under this contract the shipping company undertakes to carry the goods in consideration of a price called freight.

(iii) A collateral security: Bill of lading can be used as a collateral security for raising loan. Bill of lading is a document in writing signed on behalf of the owner of the ship in which goods are loaded acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and undertaking to’deliver them at the end of the voyage, subject to the specified conditions.

A bill of lading contains the following particulars:

Name of the ship and its captain
Date of shipment
Place of loading
Port of destination
Name and address of the exporter
Name and address of the importer
Description of the goods
Number of packages
Marks thereon, if any
Amount of freight

A bill of lading is prepared in triplicate. One copy is sent to the importer, another copy is given to the captain of the ship; and the third copy is retained by the exporter.

Is bill lading a negotiable instrument ? A bill of lading contains some of the features of a negotiable instrument. It can be transferred by endorsement and delivery. It is freely transferable and the transferee can sue in his own name and give a valid discharge to the person liable.

However, it is not a negotiable instrument in the sense a bill of exchange, a promissory note or a cheque is. In case of a negotiable instrument, the transferee gets a better title than that of the transferor himself provided the transferee has acquired it in good faith and for value.

In a bill of lading, the transfered does not get better title than that of the transferor. If the transferor’s title is bad or defective, the transferee also gets a bad or defective title even though he might have accepted it in good faith and for valuable consideration.Thus, a bill of lading may be called a semi-negotiable or quasi- negotiable instrument.

(7) Charter Party – A charter party is a formal agreement in writing between the shipowner and the exporter under which the whole ship or a substantial part of it is hired to carry goods for a specified voyage or for a particular time period. It is a contract of affreightment containing all the terms and conditions of the contract. A charter party usually contains the following particulars:

Name of the ship
Place of loading
Port of destination
Name and address of the exporter (consignor)
Name and address of the importer (consignee)
Particulars of goods
Amount of freight
Expected perils and lay days.

(i) Airways Bill – Like a bill of lading, an airways bill is a document wherein an airline company gives an undertaking to carry them to the port of destination the goods boarded. It is a document of title to the goods and as such is freely transferable by the endorsement and delivery.

(9) Bill of Exchange – This is a document relating to the payment for the goods supplied. According to the Negotiable Instruments Act, “a bill of exchange is an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to or to the order of a person or to the bearer of the instrument”. In case of external trade, the exporter draws a bill of exchange on the importer asking him to make payment to the specified bank. With this bill, documents of title to goods are attached.

Therefore, such a bill is known a ‘documentary bill of exchange’ The exporter’s bank will send this bill and documents to its branch or agent in the importer’s country. The branch or agent will present the bill to the importer. If the bill is marked D/A (Documents against Acceptance), documents will be handed over to the importer or his bank after they have accepted the bill.

On maturity the concerned bank receives the payment and credit the amount to the exporter’s account. In case the bill is marked D/P (Documents against Payment), the documents will be delivered only after the importer has paid full amount of the bill.

Question 4.
List and explain various incentives and schemes that the government has evolved for promoting the country’s export.
Answer:
(i) Duty drawback scheme:
Since goods meant for exports are not consumed domestically, these are not subjected to payment of various excise and customs duties. Any such duties paid on export goods are, therefore, refunded to exporters on the production of proof of exports of these goods to the concerned authorities.

Such refunds are called duty drawbacks. Some major duty drawbacks include refund of excise duties paid on goods meant for exports, refund of customs duties paid on raw materials and machines imported for export production. The latter is also called customs drawback.

(ii) Export manufacturing under bond scheme:
This facility entitles firms to produce goods without payment of excise and other duties. The firms desirous of availing such facility have to give an undertaking (i.e., bond) that they are manufacturing goods for export purposes and will export such products on their production.

(iii) Exemption from payment of sales taxes:
Goods meant for export purposes are not subject to sales tax. Even for a long time, income derived from export operations had been exempt from payment of income tax. Now this benefit of exemption from income tax is available only to 100 percent Export Oriented Units (100 percent EOUs) and units set up in Export Processing Zones (EPZs)/Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for select years.

We shall shortly discuss the 100 percent Export Oriented Units (100 percent EOUs) and units set up in Export Processing Zones (EPZs)/Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the succeeding paragraphs.

(iv) Advance licence scheme:
It is a scheme under which an exporter is allowed the duty-free supply of domestic as well as imported inputs required for the manufacture of export goods. As such the exporter is not required to pay customs duty on goods imported for use in the manufacture of export goods. The advance licenses are available to both the types of exporters those who export on a regular basis and also to those who export on an Adhoc basis.

The regular exporters can avail themselves of such licenses against their production programmes. The firms exporting intermittently can also obtain these licenses against specific export orders.

(v) Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCG):
The main objective of this scheme is to encourage the import of capital goods for export production. This scheme allows export firms to import capital goods at negligible or lower rates of customs duties subject to actual user conditions and fulfillment of specified export obligations. If the said conditions are fulfilled by the manufacturers, then they can import the capital goods either at zero or concessional rate of import duty.

Supporting manufacturers and service providers are also eligible to import capital goods under this scheme. This scheme is especially beneficial to the industrial units interested in modernization and upgradation of their existing plant and machinery. Now service export firms can also avail of this facility for importing items such as computer software systems required for developing software for purposes of exports.

(vi) Scheme of recognising export firms as export house, trading house and superstar trading house:
With an objective to promote established exporters and assist them in marketing their products in international markets, the government grants the status of Export House, Trading House, Star Trading House to select export firms. This status is granted to a firm on its achieving a prescribed average export of performance in past select years.

Besides attaining a minimum of past average export performance, such export firms have to also fulfill other conditions as laid down in the import-export policy. Various categories of export houses have been recognized with a view to building marketing infrastructure and expertise required for export promotion.

These houses are given national recognition for export promotion. They are required to operate as highly professional and dynamic institutions and act as an important instrument of export growth.

(vii) Export of Services:
In order to boost the export of services, various categories of service houses have been recognized. These houses are recognized on the basis of the export performance of the service providers. They are referred to as Service Export House, International Service Export House, International Star Service Export House based on their export performance.

(viii) Export finance:
Exporters require finance for the manufacture of goods. Finance is also needed after the shipment of the goods because it may take some time to receive payment from the importers. Therefore, two types of export finances are made available to the exporters by authorized banks. They are termed pre-shipment finance or packaging credit and post-shipment finance.

Under pre-shipment finance, finance is provided to an exporter for financing the purchase, processing, manufacturing or packaging of goods for export purpose. Under the post-shipment finance scheme, finance is provided to the exporter from the date of extending the credit after the shipment of goods to the export country. The finance is available at concessional rates of interest to the exporters.

(ix) Export Processing Zones (EPZs):
Export Processing Zones are industrial estates, which form enclaves from the Domestic Tariff Areas (DTA). These are usually situated near seaports or airports. They are intended to provide an internationally competitive duty-free environment for export production at low cost. This enables the products of EPZs to be competitive, both qualitywise and pripe-wise, in the international markets.

These zones have been set up at various places in India which include: Kandla (Gujarat), Santa Cruz (Mumbai), Falta(West Bengal), Noida (Uttar Pradesh), Cochin (Kerala), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), and Vishakapatnam (Andhra Pradesh). Santa Cruz zone is exclusively meant for electronic goods and gem and jewellery items. All other EPZs deal with multifarious items.

Recently the EPZs have been converted to Special Economic Zones (SEZs) which are more advanced form of export processing zones. These SEZs are free from all rules and regulations governing imports and exports units except relating to labour and banking Government has also permitted development of EPZs by private, state or joint sector. The inter-ministerial committee on private EPZs has already cleared proposals for setting up of private EPZs in Mumbai, Surat and Kanchipuram.

(x) 100 percent Export Oriented Units (100 percent EOUs):
The 100 percent Export Oriented Units scheme, introduced in early 1981, is complementary to the EPZ scheme. It adopts the same production regime, but offers a wider option in location with reference to factors like source of raw materials, ports, hinterland facilities, availability of technological skills, existence of an industrial base and the need for a larger area of land for the project. EOUs have been established with a view to generating additional production capacity for exports by providing an appropriate policy framework, flexibility of operations and incentives.

Question 5.
Identify various organizations that have been set up in the country by the government for promoting country’s foreign trade.
Answer:

Various organizations that have been set up in the country by the government for promoting the country’s foreign trade are as follows:
1. Department of Commerce:
Department of Commerce in the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India is the apex body responsible for the country’s external trade and all matters connected with it. This may be in the form of increasing commercial relations with other countries, state trading, export promotional measures and the development, and regulation of certain export-oriented industries and commodities. The Department of Commerce formulates policies in the sphere of foreign trade. It also frames the import and export policy of the country in general.

2. Export Promotion Councils (EPCs):
Export Promotion Councils are non profit organisations registered under the Companies Act or the Societies Registration Act, as the case may be. The basic objective of the export promotion councils is to promote and develop the country’s exports of particular products falling under their jurisdiction. At present there are 21 EPC’s dealing with different commodities.

3. Commodity Boards:
Commodity Boards are the boards which have been specially established by the Government of Ifidia for the development of production of traditional commodities and their exports. These boards are supplementary to the EPCs. The functions of commodity boards are similar to those of EPCs. At present there are seven commodity boards in India: Coffee Board, Rubber Board, Tobacco Board, Spice Board, Central Silk Board, Tea Board, and Coir Board.

4. Export Inspection Council (EIC):
Export Inspection Council of India was setup by the Government of India under Section 3 of the Export Quality Control and Inspection Act 1963. The council aims at sound development of export trade through quality control and pre-shipment inspection.

The council is an apex body for controlling the activities related to quality control and pre-shipment inspection of commodities meant for export. Barring a few exceptions, all the commodities destined for exports must be passed by EIC.

5. Indian Trade Promotion Organisation(ITPO):
Indian Trade Promotion Organisation was setup on 1 st January 1992 under the Companies Act 1956by the Ministry ofCommerce, Government oflndia. Its headquarter is at New Delhi. ITPO was formed by merging the two erstwhile agencies viz., Trade Development Authority and Trade Fair Authority of lndia.

ITPO is a service organisation and maintains regular and close interaction with trade, industry and Government. It serves the industry by organising trade fairs and exhibitions both within the country and outside, It helps export firms participate in international trade fairs and exhibitions, developing exports of new items, providing support and updated commercial business information. ITPO has five regional offices at Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Kanpur and Chennai and four international offices at Germany, Japan, UAE and USA.

6. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT):
Indian Institute of foreign Trade is an institution that was setup at 1963 by the Government of India as an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act with the prime objective of professionalizing the country’s foreign trade management; It has recently been recognised as Deemed University. It provides training in international trade, conduct researches in areas of international business, and analysing and disseminating data relating to international trade and investments.

7. Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP):
The Indian Institute of Packaging was set up as a national institute jointly by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India, and the Indian Packaging industry and allied interests in 1966. Its headquarters and principal laboratory is situated at Mumbai and three regional laboratories are located at Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai.

It is a training-cum-research institute pertaining to packaging and testing. It has excellent infrastructural facilities that cater to the various needs of the package manufacturing and package user industries. It caters to the packaging needs with regard to both the domestic and export markets.

It also undertakes technical consultancy, testing services on packaging developments, training and educational programmes, promotional award contests, information services and other allied activities.

8. State Trading Organisations:
A large number of domestic firms in India found it very difficult to compete in the world market. At the same time, the existing trade channels were unsuitable for the promotion of exports and bringing about diversification of trade with countries other than European countries. It was under these circumstances that the State Trading Organisation (STC) was setup in May 1956.

The main objective of the STC is to stimulate trade, primarily export trade among different trading partners of the world. Later the government set up many more organisations such as Metals and Minerals Trading Corporation (MMTC), Handloom and Handicrafts Export Corporation (HHEC).

Question 6.
What is World Bank? Discuss its various objectives and role of its affiliated agencies.
Answer:
World Bank – The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), commonly known as World Bank, was result of the Bretton Woods Conference. The main objectives behind setting up this international organization were to aid the task of reconstruction of the war-affected economies of Europe and assist in the development of the underdeveloped nations of the world. For the first few years, the World Bank remained preoccupied with the task of restoring war-torn nations in Europe.

Having achieved success in accomplishing this task by the 1950s, the World Bank turned its attention to the development of underdeveloped nations. It is felt by the World Bank that investment in underdeveloped countries in order to bring social and economic changes serve the very purpose of setting up of bank.

To give shape to this investment aspect in the underdeveloped nations, the Internal ional Development Association (IDA) was formed in the year 1960. The main objective underlying setting up IDA has been to provide loans on concessional terms and conditions to those countries whose per capita incomes are below a critical level.

Concessional terms and conditions mean that

the repayment period is much longer than the repayment – period of IBRD, and
the borrowing nation need not pay interest on the borrowed amount. IDA, thus, provides interest-free long-term loans to poor nations. IBRD also provides loans but these carry interest charges on a commercial basis.

Over time, additional organisations have been set up under the umbrella of the World Bank. As of today, the World Bank is a group of five international organisations responsible for providing finance to different countries. The group and its affiliates- headquartered in Washington DC catering to various financial needs are listed in Box A on World Bank and its affiliates.

Functions of the World Bank – As mentioned earlier, the World Bank is entrusted with the task of economic growth and widening of the scope of international trade. During its initial years of inception, it placed more emphasis on developing infrastructure facilities like energy, transportation and others.

No doubt all this has benefited the under-developed nations too, but the results were not found to be very satisfactory due to poor administrative structure, lack of institutional framework and non-availability of skilled labour in these countries. Moreover, since the underdeveloped countries depend heavily on agriculture and small industries, the attempt to develop infrastructure had hardly any effect on these two sectors.

Realizing these problems, the World Bank later decided to divert resources to bring about industrial and agricultural development in these countries. Besides, industrial and agricultural development the bank extended its assistance for the development of resources for education, health care, sanitation and small-scale enterprises.

Today, the services provided by the World Bank have increased manifold. The World Bank is no longer confined to simply providing financial assistance for infrastructure development, agriculture, industry, health and sanitation. It is rather significantly involved in areas like the removal of rural poverty through raising productivity, increasing income of the rural poor, providing technical support, and initiating research and cooperative ventures.

International Development Association – International Development Association (IDA) was set up in 1960 as an affiliate of the World Bank. IDA launch a soft loan scheme known as soft loan w indow of World Bank to provide financial support to less developed countries on liberal rates.

Major objectives of IDA include :

To provide development finance on easy terms to the less developed member countries.
To provide assistance for poverty alleviation in the poorest countries.
To provide finance at concessional interest rates in order to promote economic development, raise productivity and living standards in less developed nations, and
To extend macroeconomic management services such as those relating to health, education, nutrition, human resources development, and population control.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) – IFC was established in July 1956 in order to provide finance to the private sector of developing countries. IFC is also an affiliate of the World Bank, but it has its own separate legal entity,’ funds, and functions. All the members of the World Bank are eligible to become members of IFC.

The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) – The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency was established in April 1988 to supplement the functions of the World Bank and IFC.

Major objectives of MIGA are:

To encourage the flow of direct foreign investment into the less developed member countries
To provide insurance cover to investors against political risks
To provide a guarantee against non-commercial risks (like dangers involved in currency transfer, war, and civil disturbances, and breach of contract);
To ensure new investments, expansion of existing investments, privatisation, and financial restructuring;
To provide promotional and advisory services; and
To establish credibility.

Question 7.
What is IMF? Discuss its various objectives and functions.
Answer:
International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the second international organisation next to the World Bank. IMF which came into existence in 1945 has its headquarters located in Washington DC. In 2005, it had 191 countries as its members. The major idea underlying the setting up of the IMF is to evolve an orderly international monetary system, i.e., facilitating a system of international payments and adjustments in exchange rates among national currencies.

Major objectives of IMF include:

To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution.
To facilitate the expansion of balanced growth of international trade and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income.
To promote exchange stability with a view to maintaining orderly exchange arrangements among member countries.
To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members.

Functions of IMF:
Various functions are performed by the IMF to achieve the aforesaid objectives. Some of the important functions of IMF include:

Acting as a short-term credit institution.
Providing machinery for the orderly adjustment of exchange rates.
Acting as a reservoir of the currencies of all the member countries, from which a borrower nation can borrow the currency of other nations.
Acting as a lending institution of foreign currency and current transaction.
Determining the value of a country’s currency and altering it, if needed, so as to bring about an orderly adjustment of exchange rates of member countries.
Providing machinery for international consultations.

Question 8.
Write a detailed note on the features, structure, objectives, and functioning of WTO.
Answer:
The member countries in World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) make an arrangement for liberalising the custom tariff and restrictions among member countries known as General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

World Trade Organisation (WTO) and Major Agreements – GATT came into existence with effect from 1st January 1948 and remained in force till December 1994.

Various rounds of negotiations have taken place under the auspices of GATT to reduce tariff and non¬tariff barriers. The last one, known as the Uruguay Round, was the most comprehensive one in terms of coverage of issues, and also the lengthiest one from the point of view of the duration of negotiations which lasted over a period of seven years from 1986 to 1994.

One of the key achievements of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations was the decision to set up a permanent institution for looking after the promotion of free and fair trade amongst nations. Consequent to this decision, the GATT was transformed into World Trade Organisation (WTO) with effect from 1st January 1995.

The headquarters of WTO are situated at Geneva, Switzerland. The establishment of WTO thus represents the implementation of the original proposal of setting up of the WTO as evolved almost five decades back.

Though WTO is a successor to GATT, it is a much more powerful body than GATT. It governs trade not only in goods but also in services and intellectual property rights. Unlike GATT, the WTO is a permanent organisation created by an international treaty ratified by the governments and legislatures of member states. It is, moreover, a member-driven rule-bast organisation in the sense that all the decisions are taken by the member governments on the basis of a general consensus.

The global status of WTO like World Bank and IMF is more concerned with solving problems and provide multilateral trade negotiations among the member countries. India is a founding member of the WTO. As of 11th December 2005, there were 149 members in WTO.

Objectives of WTO – The basic objectives of WTO are similar of those of GATT, raising standards of living and incomes, ensuring full employment, expanding production and trade, and optimal use of the world’s resources.

The major difference between the objectives of GATT and WTO is that the objectives of WTO are more specific and also extend the scope of WTO to cover trade in services. WTO objectives, moreover, talk of the idea of sustainable development in relation to the optimal use of the world’s resources so as to ensure protection and preservation of the environment.

The major objectives of WTO are as under;

To ensure the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers imposed by different countries;
To engage in such activities which improve the standards of living, create employment, increase income and effective demand and facilitate higher production and trade;
To facilitate the optimal use of the world’s resources for sustainable development; and
To promote an integrated, more viable, and durable trading system.

Functions of WTO-The major functions of WTO include:

Promoting an environment that is encouraging to its member countries to come forward to WTO in mitigating their grievances.
WTO lays stress on the commonly accepted code of conduct between the member countries to lessen the trade barriers of tariff and disseminating international trade relations among the member’s countries.
Acting as a dispute settlement body;
Ensuring that all the rules regulations prescribed in the Act are duly followed by the member countries for the settlement of their disputes;
Holding consultations with IMF and IBRD and its affiliated agencies so as to bring better understanding and cooperation in global economic policymaking; and
Supervising on a regular basis the operations of the revised Agreements and Ministerial declarations relating to goods, services, and Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

Benefits of WTO – Since its inception in 1995, WTO has come a long way in constituting the legal and institutional foundation of the present-day multilateral trading system. It has been instrumental not only in facilitating trade but also in improving living standards and cooperation among member countries.

Some of the major benefits of WTO are as follows:

WTO helps promote international peace and facilitates international business.
All disputes between member nations are settled with mutual consultations.
Rules make international trade and relations very smooth and predictable.
Free trade improves the living standard of the people by increasing the income level.
Freetradeprovidesamplescopeofgettingvarietiesofqualitative products.
Economic growth has been fastened because of free trade.
The system encourages good government.
WTO helps to foster the growth of developing countries by providing them with special and preferential treatment in trade-related matters.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 12 International Business 2 Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 11 International Business 1

CBSE Class 11 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Business Studies Chapter 11 International Business 1 Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

International Business 1 NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 11

International Business 1 Questions and Answers Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 11

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
In which of the following modes of entry, does the domestic manufacturer give the right to use intellectual property such as patent and F trademark to a manufacturer in a foreign country for a fee:
(a) Licensing
(b) Contract Manufacturing
(c) Joint venture
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Licensing

Question 2.
Outsourcing a part of or entire production and concentrating on marketing operations in international business is known as
(a) Licensing
(b) Franchising
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture
Answer:
(c) Contract manufacturing

Question 3.
When two of more firms come together to create a new business entity that is legally separate and distinct from its parents it is known as :
(a) Contract manufacturing
(b) Franchising
(c) Joint ventures
(d) Licensing
Answer:
(b) Franchising

Question 4.
Which of the following is not an advantage of exporting?
(a) an Easier way to enter into international markets
(b) Comparatively lower risks
(c) Limited presence in foreign markets
(d) Fewer investment requirements
Answer:
(c) Limited presence in foreign markets

Question 5.
Which one of the following modes of entry requires higher level of risks?
(a) Licensing
(b) Franchising
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture
Answer:
(b) Franchising

Question 6.
Which one of the following modes of entry permits greatest degree of control over overseas operations?
(a) Licensing/franchising
(b) Wholly owned subsidiary
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture
Answer:
(b) Wholly owned subsidiary

Question 7.
Which one of the following modes of entry brings the firm closer to international markets?
(a) Licensing
(b) Franchising
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture
Answer:
(d) Joint venture

Question 8.
Which one of the following is not amongst India’s major export items?
(a) Textiles and garments
(b) Gems and Jewellery
(c) Oil and petroleum products
(d) Basmati rice
Answer:
(c) Oil and petroleum products

Question 9.
Which one of the following is not amongst India’s major import items?
(a) Ayurvedic medicines
(b) Oil and Petroleum Products
(c) Pearls and precious stones
(d) Machinery
Answer:
(a) Ayurvedic medicines

Question 10.
Which one of the following is not amongst India’s major trading partners?
(a) USA
(b) UK
(c) Germany
(d) New Zealand
Answer:
(d) New Zealand

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between International Trade and International Business. –
Answer:

International Trade:

International trade means movements of goods only.
It involves only the movements of goods and international currency is used for dealing.
International trade is a narrow term.

International Business:

Business transaction that takes place between two or more countries is known as international business. It involves not only the international movements of goods and services but also capital, personnel, technology and intellectual property like trademarks, patents.
International business is much broader than international trade.

Question 2.
Discuss any three advantages of International business:
Answer:
Not with standing greater complexities and risks, international business is important to both nations and business firms. It offers them several benefits. The growing realisation of these benefits over time has in fact been a contributory factor to the expansion of trade and investment amongst nations, resulting in the phenomenon of globalisation.

Benefits :
(i) Earning of Foreign Exchange – International business helps a country to earn foreign exchange which it can later use for meeting its imports of capital goods, technology, petroleum products and fertilizers, pharmaceutical products and a host of other consumer products which otherwise might not be available domestically.

(ii) Increased Standard of Living – In the absence of international trade of goods and services, it would not have been possible for the world community to consume goods and services produced in other countries that the people in these countries are able to consume and enjoy a higher standard of living.

(iii) Prospects of Higher Profits – International business can be more profitable, than the domestic business. When the domestic prices are lower, business firms can earn more profits by selling their products in countries where prices are high.

Question 3.
What is the major reason underlying trade between nations?
Answer:
The major reason behind the international business is that the countries have unequal distribution of natural resources among them or have differences in their productivity levels because of which they cannot produce all that they need equally well or at equal costs.

Trade between nations allows a country to produce what a country can produce more efficiently, and trade the surplus production so generated with other countries to procure what they can produce more efficiently.

Question 4.
Discuss as to why nations trade?
Answer:
The countries have unequal distribution of natural resources among them or have differences or at equal costs. Availability of various factors of production such as labour, capital and raw materials that are required for producing different goods and services differ among nations.

Moreover, labour productivity and production costs differ among nations due to various socio-economic, geographical and political reasons. Due to these differences, each country finds it advantageous to produce those select goods and services that it can produce more efficiently at home, and procuring the rest through trade with other countries which the other. countries can produce at lower costs. This is precisely the reason as to why countries trade with others.

Question 5.
Enumerate Limitations of Contract Manufacturing.
Answer:
Limitations – The major limitation of contract manufacturing to international firm and local producer in foreign countries areas follows :

Local firms generally are not serious in regard to production design and quality standards ,thus causing serious product quality problems to the international firm.

Local manufactures in the foreign country have little control over the manufacturing process because goods are produced strictly as per the terms and specifications of the contract between the nations.

The local firm producing under contract manufacturing is not free to sell the contracted goods as per his own desire. It has to sell the goods to the international company at predetermined prices. This results in lower profits for the local firm if the open market prices for such goods happen to be higher than the prices agreed upon under the contract.

Question 6.
Why is it said that licensing is an easier way to expand globally?
Answer:
Licensing is contractual agreement in which one firm grants access to its patents, trade secrets or technology to another firm in a foreign country for a fee caused royalty. The firm that grants such permission to the other firm is known as licensor and the other firm in the foreign country that acquires such rights to use technology or patents is called the licensee. It is not only technology that is licensed.

In the fashion industry, a no. of designers license the use of their names. In some cases, there is exchange of tech, between the two firms. Sometimes there is mutual exchange of knowledge, technology and/or patents between the firms known as cross-licensing.

Advantages :
(i) Since the business in the foreign country is managed by the licensee who is a local person, there are lower risks of business takeovers or government interventions.

(ii) Licensee being a local person has greater market knowledge and contracts which can prove quite helpful to the licensor in successfully conducting its marketing operations.

(iii) As per the terms of the licensing agreement, only the parties to the licensing agreement are legally entitled to make use of the licensor’s copyrights, patents and brand names in foreign countries. As a result, other firms in the foreign market cannot make use of such trademarks and patents.

Question 7.
Differentiate between contract manufacturing and setting up wholly-owned production subsidiary abroad.
Answer:
Contract manufacturing refers to a type of international business where a firm enters into a contract with one or a few local manufacturers in foreign countries to get certain components or goods produced as per its specifications while in a wholly-owned subsidiary the parent company acquires full control over the foreign company by making 100% investment in its equity capital.

Question 8.
Distinguish between licencing and franchising.
Answer:
Licencing and Franchising Differences – Licencing is an arrangement between the firms for granting access to patents, trademarks or technology for agreed payment, “franchising is basically a specialised form of licensing in which the franchiser not only sells intangible property (normally a trademark) to the franchisee, but also insists that the franch isee agrees to abide by strict rules as to how to does business.” Charles W.L.HiU

Franchising is a “form of licensing in which a parent company (the franchiser) grants another independent entity (the franchisee) the right to do business in a prescribed manner. This right can take the form of selling the franchisers products, ‘using its name, production and marketing technique, or general business approach.” Donald W.Hackett

Licensing and Franchising-Licensing is a contractual agreement in which one firm grants access to its patents, trade secrets or technology to another firm in a foreign country for a fee called royalty. The firm that grants such permission to the other firm is known as licensor and the other firm in the foreign country that acquires such rights to use technology or patents is called the licensee.

It may be mentioned that not only technology is licensed, but also exchange of technology. In the fashion industry, a number of designers license the use of their names. In some cases, there is exchange of technology between the two firms. Sometimes there is mutual exchange of knowledge, technology and/or patents between the firms which is known as cross-licensing.

Franchising is a term very similar to licensing. One major distinction between the two is that while the former is used in regard with production and marketing of goods, the term franchising applies to service business specifically. The other point of difference between the two is that franchising is relatively more strictly adhered than licensing.

Franch users usually set strict rules and regulations as to how the franchisees should operate while running their business. Barring these two differences, franchising is pretty much the same as licensing. Like in the case of licensing, a franchising agreement too involves grant of rights by one party to another for use of technology, trademark and patents in return of the agreed payment for a certain period of time.

The parent company is called the franchiser and the other party to the agreement is called franchisee. Various service providers like restaurant, hotel, travelling agency, bank, wholesalers and retailers has developed a unique technique for marketing of services in their own brand name and trademark.

It is the uniqueness of the technique that gives the franchiser an edge over its competitors in the field, and makes the would-be-service providers interested in joining the franchising system. McDonald, PizzaHutand Wal- Mart are examples of some of the lead ing franchisers operating worldwide.

Advantages – As compared to joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries, licensing/franchising is relatively a much easier mode of entering into foreign markets with proven product/technology without much business risks and investments.

Some of the specific advantages of licensing are as follows:
(i) Under the licensing/franchising system, it is the licenser/franchisees who sets up the business unit and invests is/her own money in the business. As such, the licensor/franchiser has to virtually make no investments abroad. Licensing/franchising is, therefore, considered a less expensive mode of entering into international business.

(ii) Due to lesser foreign investment of the licensing/franchising unit is involved, the licensor or franchiser does not bear any loss arises. Licensor/franchiser is paid by the licensee/franchisee by way of fees fixed in advance as a percentage of production or sales turn over. This royalty or fee keeps to the licensor/franchiser so long as the production and sales keep on taking place in the licensee’s/ franchisee’s business unit.

(iii) Since the business in the foreign country’ is managed by the licensee/ franchisee who is a local person, there are lower risks of business takeovers or government interventions.

(iv) Licensee/franchisee being a local person has greater market knowledge and contacts which can prove quite helpful to the licensor/’ franchiser in successfully conducting its marketing operations.

(v) As per the terms of the licensing/franchising agreement, only the parties to the licensing/franchising agreement are legally entitled to make use of the licensor’s/franchiser’s copyrights, patents and brand names in foreign countries. As a result, other firms in the foreign market cannot make use of such trademarks and patents.
Limitations – Licensing/franchising as a mode of international business suffers from the following weaknesses :

(vi) Licensee or franchisee may after becoming shilled in the “manufacture and marketing of products pose services competition to licensor or franchise.

(vii) If not maintained properly, trade secrets can get divulged to others in the foreign markets. Such lapses on the part of the licensee/ franchisee can cause severe-losses to the licensor/franchiser.

(viii) Overtime, conflicts often develop between the licensor/franchiser and licensee/franchisee over issues such as maintenance of accounts, payment of royalty and non-adherence to norms relating to production of quality products. These differences often result in costly litigations, causing harm to both parties.

Question 9.
List major items of India’s exports.
Answer:
The major items of India’s exports may include Textiles and garments, gems and jewellery, engiheering products and chemicals, leather products, agricultural and allied products etc. Table shows the India’s contribution in the field of export in international markets.

Commodity Composition of India’S Exports

Manufactures, textile yams fabrics, garments and tobacco, its share is much higher and ranges between 3 percent to 13 percent. India even holds the distinct position of being the largest exporter in the world in select commodities such as basmati rice, tea, and ayurvedic products.

So far as imports are concerned, products likes crude oil and petroleum products, capital goods (i.e., machinery), electronic goods, pearl, precious and semi-precious stones, gold, silver and chemicals constitute major items of India’s imports.

Question 10.
What are the major terns that are imported by India?
Answer:
The major imports of India are crude oil and petroleum products, capital goods, electronic goods, pearl and precious stones, gold, silver, edible oils, chemicals etc.

Commodity Composition of India’S Imports

Question 11.
List the major countries with whom India trades.
Answer:
India’s major trading partners include USA, UK, Belgium, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Hong Kong, UAE, China, Singapore and Malaysia. USA is the leading partner sharing 11.6% in total trade. The table shows the contribution of major countries in India’s foreign trade.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is International Business? How is it different from Domestic Business?
Answer:
The radical changes in the development of communication, technology, infrastructure have brought nations closer to each other. (WTO) World Trade Organizations and economic reforms initiated by various governments have also been a major contributory factor to the increased interactions and business relations amongst the nations.

International Business vs. Domestic Business – Due to variations in the political, social, and cultural economic systems of countries, the operation of international business becomes more complex than domestic trade. Business firms find it difficult to extend their domestic business strategy to foreign markets.

To be successful in the overseas markets, they need to adapt their product, pricing, promotion and distribution strategies and overall business plans to suit the specific requirements of the target foreign markets.

Key aspects in respec to which domestic and international businesses differ from each other are discussed below.
(i) Nationality of buyers and sellers – Nationality of the key participants (i.e., buyers and sellers) to the business deals differs between domestic and international businesses.

In the case of domestic business, both the buyers and sellers are from the same country. This makes it easier for both the parties to understand each other and enter into business deals. But this is not the case with international business where buyers and sellers come from different countries.

Because of differences in their languages, attitudes, social customs and business goals and practices, it becomes relatively more difficult for them to interact with one another and finalise business transactions.

(ii) Nationality of other stakeholders-Domestic and International Businesses also differ in respect of the nationalities of the other stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, shareholders/partners and general public who interact with business firms.

While in the case of domestic business all such factors belong to one country, and therefore relatively speaking depict more consistency in their value systems and behaviours; decision making in international business becomes much more complex as the concerned business firms have to take into account a wider set of values and aspirations of the stakeholders belonging to different nations.

(iii) Mobility of Factors of Production – Various factors of production like labour and capital are less mobile between the countries than within the same country. While these factors of movement can move freely within the country, there exist various restrictions to their movement across nations.

Apart from legal restrictions, even the variations in socio-cultural environments, geographic influences and economic conditions come in a big way in their movement across countries. This is especially true for the Iabour which finds it difficult to adjust to the climatic, economic and socio-cultural conditions that differ from country to country.

(iv) Customer heterogeneity across markets – The customers of various countries differ in their socio-cultural values and backgrounds. The demand for products also differ due to changes in tastes, customs, attitudes, languages and beliefs. It is precise because of the socio- cultural differences that while people in Chinapreferbicycles, the Japanese in contrast like to ride bikes.

Similarly, while people in India use right-hand driven cars, Americans drive cars fitted with steering, brakes, etc., on the left side. Moreover, while people in the United States change their TV, bike and other consumer durables very frequently—within two to three years of their purchase, Indians mostly do not go in for such replacements until the products currently with them have totally worn out.

Such variations greatly complicate the task of designing products and evolving strategies appropriate for customers in different countries. Though to some extent customers within a country too differ in their tastes and preferences. These differences become more striking when we compare customers across nations.

(v) Differences in Business Systems and Practices – The differences in business systems and practices are considerably much more among countries than within a country. Countries differ from one another in terms of their socio-economic development, availability, cost and efficiency of economic infrastructure and market support services, mid business customs and practices due to their socio-economic milieu and historical coincidences.

All such differences make it necessary for firms interested in entering into international markets to adapt their production, finance, human resource and marketing plans as per the conditions prevailing in the international markets.

(vi) Political System and Risks – Political factors such as the type of government, political party system, political ideology, political risks, etc., have a profound impact on business operations. Since a business person is familiar with the political environment of his/her country, he/she can well understand it and predict its impact on business operations. But this is not the case with international business.

Various countries differ on political environments in regard to business implications. Since political environment keeps on changing, one needs to monitor political changes on an ongoing basis in the concerned countries and devise strategies to deal with diverse political risks.

A major problem with a foreign country’s political environment is a tendency among nations to favour products and services originating in their own countries to those coming from other countries. While this is not a problem for business firms operating domestically, it quite often becomes a severe problem for the firms interested in exporting their goods and services to other nations or setting up their plants in the overseas markets.

(vii) Business regulations and policies – Each country frame its own set of business laws arid regulations as per their socio-cultural environment. Through these laws. Regulations and economic politician are more or less uniformly applicable within a country, they differ widely among nations. Tariff and taxation policies, import quota system, subsidies and other controls adopted by anation are not the same as in other countries and often discriminate against foreign products, series and capital.

(viii) Currency used in business transactions-Another important difference between domestic and international business is that the latter involves the use of different currencies. Since the exchange rate, i.e., the price of one currency expressed in relation to that of another country’s currency, keeps on fluctuating, it adds to the problems of international business firms in fixing prices of their products and hedging against foreign exchange risks.

Major Difference Between Domestic and International Business

Question 2.
“International Business is more than International Trade.” Comment.
Answer:
International trade comprises exports and imports of goods and forms an important component of international business. But the scope of international business is substantially wider than that of international trade. International business includes the international exchange of services such as international travel and tourism, transportation, communication, banking, warehousing, distribution, and advertising.

It also covers foreign investments and overseas production of goods and services. Multinational companies have started making investments in foreign countries and undertaking the production of goods and services in foreign countries to explore foreign markets and produce at lower costs.

All these activities form part of international business. To conclude, we can say that international business is a much broader term and is comprised of both the trade and production of goods and services across frontiers. International trade is done through exporting of goods while international business modes include licensing, franchising, contract manufacturing, joint-ventures, and establishment of wholly-owned subsidiaries apart from exporting.

Question 3.
What benefits do firms derive by entering into international business?
Answer:
Benefits of International Business – The importance of international business can be judged from die various benefits achieved by the business firms. Growing realisation of these benefits over time has in fact been a contributory factor to the expansion of trade and investment amongst nations, resulting in the phenomenon of globalisation. Some of the benefits of international business to the nations and business firms are discussed below.

Benefits to Nations :

(i) Earning of Foreign Exchange – Foreign exchange earning can helps in the imports of capital goods, technology, petroleum products and fertilisers, pharmaceutical products and a host of other consumer products which other wise might not be available domestically.

(ii) More Efficient Use of Resources – Each country should produce the goods and services by efficiently put all the resources without the thinking of producing for its own demand. If such an enhanced pool of goods and services is distributed equitably amongst nations, it benefits all the trading nations.

(iii) Improving Growth Prospects and Employment Potentials – Producing solely for the purposes of domestic consumption severely restricts a country’s prospects for growth and employment. Many countries, especially the developing ones, could not execute their plans to produce on a larger scale, and thus create employment for people because their domestic market was not large enough to absorb all that extra production.

Later on a few countries such as Singapore, South Korea and China which saw markets for their products in the foreign countries embarked upon the strategy ‘export and flourish’, and soon became the star performers on the world map. This helped them not only in improving their growth prospects, but also created opportunities for employment of people living in these countries.

(iv) Increased Standard of Living -In the absence of international trade of goods and services, it would not have been possible for the world community to consume goods and services produced in other countries that the people in these countries are able to consume and enjoy a higher standard of living.

Benefits to Firms:

(i) Prospects for Higher Profits – International business firm can earn more profits through selling their products in those countries where prices are high instead of selling in domestic market if prices are lower.

(ii) Increased Capacity Utilisation – Many firms setup production capacities for their products which are in excess of demand in the domestic market. By planning overseas expansion and procuring orders from foreign customers, they can think of making use of their surplus production capacities and also improving the profitability of their operations. Production on a larger scale often leads to economies of scale, Which in turn lowers production cost and improves per-unit profit margin.

(iii) Prospects for Growth – Business firms find it quite frustrating when demand for their products starts getting saturated in the domestic market. Such firms can considerably improve prospects of their growth by plunging into overseas markets.

This is precisely what has prompted many of the multinationals from the developed countries to enter into markets of developing countries. While demand in their home countries has got almost saturated, they realised their products were in demand in the developing countries and demand was picking up quite fast.

(iv) Way out to intense competition in domestic market – International business can contact the local or domestic competition of the firms. Many companies prefer to search international market on the face of domestic competition. International business thus acts as a catalyst of growth for firms facing tough market conditions on the domestic turf.

(v) Improved Business vision-The growth of intemational business of many companies is essentially a part of their business policies or strategic management. The vision to become international comes from the urge to grow, the need to become more competitive, the need to diversify and to gain strategic advantages of internationalisation.

Question 4.
In what ways is exporting a better way of entering into international markets than setting up wholly-owned subsidiaries abroad.
Answer:
Exporting is a better way of entering into international markets than setting up wholly-owned subsidiaries abroad in the following ways:

Exporting is the easiest way of gaining entry into international markets. It is less complex than setting up and managing joint ventures or wholly-owned subsidiaries abroad.
Exporting involves lesser time and effort as business firms are not required to invest that much time and money as it is needed when they set up manufacturing plants and facilities as wholly-owned subsidiaries in host countries.
Since exporting does not require much investment in foreign countries, exposure to foreign investment risks is nil or much lower than that in establishing a wholly-owned subsidiary.

Question 5.
Discuss briefly the factors that govern the choice of mode of entry into international business.
Answer:
The term mode means the manner in which the entry of international business comes in light. The important ways of entering into the international business are exporting and importing, contract manufacturing, licensing and franchising, Joint ventures and who owned subsidiaries companies.

Formalities regarding exporting and importing activities include shipment and financing of goods and services through middlemen such as export houses or buying offices of overseas customers located in the home country. Contract manufacturing is also known as outsourcing are production of components such as automobiles components or shoe uppers, cars accessories etc., assembling of components into final products.

Licencing and franchising are similar in nature but distinction between the two is of specialization. Franchising is more specialised form of licensing to abide by strict rules of the business.

Joint ventures is a technique of entering into foreign markets. A joint venture means establishing a firm that is jointly owned by two or more independent firms.

Wholly owned subsidiaries in a foreign market can be established by setting up a new firm altogether to start operations in a foreign country and also known as green field venture.

Acquiring an established firm in the foreign country and using that firm to manufacture mid promote its products in the host nation.

In order to select the most suitable mode of entering into international business may be judged by analysing the relative merits and limitations of each mode of entry of international business. The major factors used for the selection of best way of entering international business are production facilities, investment in the foreign countries, risk involved, brand names in foreign country, benefits to host country etc.

Question 6.
Discuss the major trends in India’s foreign trade. Also list the major products that India trades with other countries.
Answer:
India’s Foreign Trade-The Trends – India account for a small share in world trade. The imports and exports of India constitute major economic indicators for the progress of the country. Due to faster growth achieved at the international front, share of foreign trade in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has considerably increased from 14.6% in 1990-91 to 24.1% in 2003-04.

Both imports and exports shows the growing trend phenomenally over the years. Total exports of goods shows tremendous increase from Rs.606 crores in 1950-51 to Rs.2,93,367crores in 2003-04 representing 480 times increase in the last five decades.

The imports of the country also shows phenomenal growing trend which is 608crores in 1950-51 to Rs. 3,59,108 crores in the year 2003-04, registering a growth of590 times during the same period.

The major items of exports of India are textiles and garments, gems and jewellery, engineering products and chemicals, agricultural and allied products, tea, pearls, medicines and semi-precious stones, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, rice, spices, iron ore, leather and leather manufacturing, textiles yam fabrics, garments and tobacco.

India even holds the district position of being, the largest exporter in the world in selected commodities such as basmati rice, tea and ayurvedic products. So far as imports are concerned, products like crude oil and petroleum products, capital goods (machinery ), electronic goods, precious and semi-precious stones, gold, silver and chemicals constitute major items of India’s imports.

India’s trend in services have also undergone significant changes over the years in terms of both the volume and composition of trade; The most conspicuous change relates to emergence of software exports which of late have to account for about 49% of India’s total service exports.

India’s performance, however, does not appear very satisfactory in terms of international comparison. India’s share in world trade is a mere 0.8%. Its composition of foreign investments too is poor. India continues to lag considerably behind other developing countries which have emerged as major destinations for foreign investments.

Question 7.
What is invisible trade (service trade). Discuss salient aspects of India’s trade in services.
Answer:
India’s trade in services have grown tremendously over the years from 1991. Both import and export services shows increasing trend remarkably from the year 1990-91 to 2004-05.

India’s Trade in Services – India’s trade in services have also grown manifold over the years. Table below contains data on exports and imports of India’s three services which have been historically important to India. It is obvious from the table that both the exports and imports of services relating to foreign travel, transportation and insurance have increased spectacularly during the last four decades.

What is more remarkable is the change in the composition of services exports. Software and other miscellaneous services (including professional technical and business services) have emerged as the main categories of India’s exports of services.

While the relative share of travel and transportation has declined from 64.3 percent in 1995-96 to 29.6 percent in 2003-2004, the share of software exports has gone up from 10.2 percent to around 49 percent in the corresponding period.

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