CBSE Class 12

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Primary Activities Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-5-part-a/

Primary Activities NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 5

Primary Activities Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 5

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following is not a plantation crop ?
(A) Coffee
(B) Sugarcane
(C) Wheat
(D) Rubber.
Answer:
(C) Wheat.

(ii) In which one of the following countries co-operative farming was the most successful experiment ?
(A) Russia
(B) Denmark
(C) India
(D) The Netherlands.
Answer:
(B) Denmark.

(iii) Growing of flowers is called :
(A) Truck farming
(B) Factory farming
(C) Mixed farming
(D) Floriculture.
Answer:
(D) Floriculture.

(iv) Which one of the following types of cultivation was developed by European colonists ?
(A) Kolkoz
(B) Viticulture
(C) Mixed farming
(D) Plantation.
Answer:
(D) Plantation.

(v) In which one of the following regions is extensive commercial grain cultivation not practised ?
(A) American Canadian prairies
(B) European Steppes
(C) Pampas of Argentina
(D) Amazon Basin.
Answer:
(D) Amazon Basin.

(vi) In which of the following types of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important ?
(A) Market gardening
(B) Plantation agriculture
(C) Mediterranean agriculture
(D) Co-operative farming.
Answer:
(C) Mediterranean agriculture.

(vii) Which one type of agriculture amongst the following is also called ‘slash and bum agriculture’ ?
(A) Extensive subsistence agriculture
(B) Primitive subsistence agriculture
(C) Extensive commerical grain cultivation
(D) Mixed farming.
Answer:
(B) Primitive subsistence agriculture.

(viii) Which one of the following does not follow monoculture ?
(A) Dairy farming
(B) Mixed farming
(C) Plantation agriculture
(D) Commercial grain farming.
Answer:
(B) Mixed farming.

Question 2.
Answer the following Questions in about 30 words : (Imp)

(i) Future of shifting cultivation is bleak. Discuss.
Answer:
Shifting cultivation is practised in tropical forests. The primitive tribes depend on shifting cultivation for their food. Nowadays, the area under shifting cultivation is decreasing. It has destroyed the environment and resulted in soil erosion. These tribes are beginning to settle. Loss of fertility is also a problem. It is hoped that it will not last long.

(ii) ‘Market Gardening is practised near urban areas’ why ?
Or
Explain the term Market gardening. (Sample Paper 2017-18)
Answer:
Market gardening : Vegetables are grown in suburban areas to meet the daily demand. London, Moscow and California are important for market gardening. In India, vegetables are grown around big urban centres. These are high value crops. These areas are linked by good transportation.

(iii) ‘Large Scale dairy farming is the result of development of transportation and Refrigeration’. Why ?
Answer:

• Good network of transport is essential for collecting and delivering the dairy products. Refrigerator ships have helped the export of dairy products from Australia to Europe.
• Modern methods of refrigeration, cold storage, milking and preparing dairy products need technical and scientific knowledge.
• Refrigeration, Pasturisation and other preservation processes have helped the storage of dairy products.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
(i) Differentiate between Nomadic Herding and Commercial livestock Rearing.
Differentiate between Nomadic Herding and Commercial livestock rearing stating any five points of distinctions. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:

(ii) Discuss the important characteristic features of plantation agriculture. Name a few important plantation crops from different countries.
Answer:
Plantation Agriculture :

• Plantation farming is a single crop, large-scale farming, for the purpose of export.
• Cash crops are grown on large farms or estates.
• Plantations were started by the Europeans in tropical lowlands
• Plantation agriculture provides industrial raw-materials.
• This type of agriculture requires huge capital, skilled labour, efficient system of transport and scientific organisation. Areas and Crops. Plantation agriculture is highly mechanized.

Examples :

• Rubber plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia
• Tea estates in India and Sri Lanka
• Coffee fazendas in Brazil
• Sugarcane plantations in Cuba.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Human Development Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-4-part-a/

Human Development NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 4

Human Development Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 4

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following best describes development ?
(A) An increase in size
(B) A constant in size
(C) A positive change in quality
(D) A simple change in the quality.
Answer:
(C) A positive change in quality

(ii) Which one of the following scholars introduced the concept of Human Development ?
(A) Prof. Amartya Sen
(B) Ellen C. Semple
(C) Dr. Mahabub-Ul-Haq
(D) Ratzel.
Answer:
(C) Dr. Mahabub-Ul-Haq

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) What are the three basic areas of human development ?
Answer:
Access to resources, health and education are the basic areas of human development.

(ii) Name the four main components of human development.
Answer:
Equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment are the four main components of human development.

(iii) How are countries classified on the basis of Human Development Index ?
Answer:
Countries are classified into three groups :

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

(i) What do you understand by the term human development ? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Human Development: Development is a dynamic concept. It is a process of growth and realisation of potential utilising resources into full use. Its main purpose is to raise the economic growth. Geography generally uses the terms developed and developing countries.

Human Development Indicators : The World Bank provides every year the world development report. It provides data of production, consumption, demand, energy, capital trade, population growth, health, education of some 186 countries. This report is based on some indicators.

Basic Components of HDI. The three basic components of human development are :

• Longevity
• Knowledge
• Standard of living. India ranks 136th in the world.

(ii) What do equity and sus¬tainability refer to within the concept of human development ? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Equity means equal access to opportunities available to every body. The opportunities must be equal to all. There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, race, income and caste.

Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. Each generation must have the same opportunities. All resources must be used for the welfare of future generations.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 3 Population Composition Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-3-part-a/

Population Composition NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 3

Population Composition Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 3

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :

(i) Which one of the following has caused the sex ratio of United Arab Emirate to be low.
(A) Selective migration of working population
(B) High birth rate of males
(C) Low birth rate of females
(D) High out migration of females.
Answer:
(D) High out migration of females.

(ii) Which one of the following figures represents the working age group of the population ?
(A) 15 to 65 years
(B) 15 to 66 years
(C) 15 to 64 years
(D) 15 to 59 years.
Answer:
(D) 15 to 59 years.

(iii) Which one of the following countries has the highest sex ratio in the world ?
(A) Latvia
(B) Japan
(C) United Arab Emirates
(D) France.
Answer:
(A) Latvia.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) What do you understand by population composition ?
Answer:
Population composition means demographic structure. It includes age, sex, literacy, occupations, life expectancy. People are distinguished by these attributes

(ii) What, is significance of age structure ? (C.B.S.E. 2013-14) ;
Answer:
The age structure of a population refers to number of people in different age groups. It is an important indicator of population composition,

• It helps to know the labour force of a region
• It helps to know the employment of a region and dependent population
• It helps to know the future growth of population of a region.

(iii) How is sex ratio measured ?
Answer:
Sex Ratio is the number of females per 1000 males. It is calculated by using the following formula :
\(\text { Sex Ratio }=\frac{\text { Female population }}{\text { Male population }} \times 1000\)

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
(i) Describe the rural-urban composition of the population.
Answer:
On the basis of the residence, the population is divided into two groups
(a) Rural population
(b) Urban population.

Comparison. These two groups differ from each other in the following ways :

• Life style
• Livelihood
• Social conditions
• Density of population
• Level of development.

(a) Rural areas are those where people are engaged in Primary activities.
(b) Urban areas are those where majority of the working population is engaged in non-primary activities.

Differences

• In western countries, males outnumber females in rural areas
• Females outnumber males in urban areas
• In developing countries, females outnumber males in Rural areas and males outnumber females in urban areas.

Reasons

• The excess of females in urban areas is the result of influx of females from rural areas for jobs.
• Farming is dominated by males in rural areas.
• Females participate in farming in rural areas in large number in developing countries.
• Women are discouraged to migrate to urban areas due to high cost of living and lack of security.

(ii) Discuss the factors for imbalance in sex age found in different parts of the world and occupational structure.
Or
Give two reasons for unfavourable sex ratio in the world. (Sample Paper 2017-2018)
Answer:
The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called sex ratio. There is a great imbalance in sex age structure in developed and developing countries.

• It is due to gender discrimination.
• Sex ratio is unfavourable where female foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women is prevalent.
• Lower socio-economic status of women.

Occupational Structure. The working population (15-59 years) takes part in various occupations such as agriculture, forestry, manufacturing, construction, transport, services etc.

These are grouped with primary, secondary, tertiary and quartemary occupations

• These differ in different countries due to level of economic development
• Primitive economies have more of the people engaged in Primary occupations
• Developed economies with industries and infrastructure have more people in secondary and tertiary activities.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Human Geography: Nature and Scope Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-1/

Human Geography: Nature and Scope NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 1

Human Geography: Nature and Scope Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 1

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) Which one of the following statements does not describe Geography ?
(A) An integrative discipline.
(B) Study of the inter-relationship between humans and environment.
(C) Subjected to dualism.
(D) Not relevant in the present time due to the development of technology.
Answer:
(D) Not relevant in the present time due to the development of technology.

(ii) Which one of the following is not a source of geographical information ?
(A) traveller’s accounts
(B) old maps
(C) samples of rock materials from the moon
(D) ancient epics.
Answer:
(D) Ancient epics.

(iii) Which one of the following is the most important factor in the interaction between people and environment ?
(A) human intelligence
(B) people’s perception
(C) technology
(D) human brotherhood.
Answer:
(D) Human Brotherhood.

(iv) Which one of the following is not an approach in human geography ?
(A) Areal differentiation
(B) Spatial organisation
(C) Quantitative revolution
(D) Exploration and description.
Answer:
(D) Exploration and description

Question 2.
Answer the following Questions in about 30 words :
(i) Define Human Geography. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
According to Ratzel, “Human Geography is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and earth’s surface”. Thus Human Geography deals with the areal differentiation of human activities.

(ii) Name some sub-fields of Human Geography.
Answer:
Human Geography has the following subfields as branches :

• Cultural geography
• Social geography
• Urban geography
• Political geography
• Population
• Settlement
• Economic geography.

(iii) How is Human geography related to other social sciences ?
Answer:
An inter-disciplinary subject. It attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and the space they occur over. Thus it develops a close relationship with other social sciences in order to understand and explain human elements on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
Or
(i) Explain naturalisation of Humans. Give one example.
Or
Nature provides opportunities and humans make use of these and slowly by nature gets humanised and starts bearing the imprints of human endeavour?” Justify the statement. (Outside Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Man influenced by Environment.
Humans adapted to dictates of nature. The stage of human social development was also primitive. Man was practically a slave of nature. Man was really naturalised. It was called environmental determinism.

Life of Benda: Example. Take the case of Benda who lives in the wilds of Abujh Maad (Central India). He wears a small loincloth and has a small axe. His tribe practises primitive agriculture by clearing a patch of forest. He drinks water from a stream. He gathers Gajjhara and Kuchla, leaves and roots to eat.

Conclusion. The physical environment becomes the “Mother Nature’ for them.

(ii) Write a note on the Scope of Human Geography.
Answer:
Scope of Human Geography. Human Geography aims to study the regional variations of human life on the earth. These are directly or indirectly influenced by physical environment. The interactive relationship between man and environment results in a cultural landscape.

Scope of Human Geography

• According to Finch and Trewartha, man and his cultural activities are the subject matter of Human Geography.
• Thus, Human Geography studies the functional relationship between population, natural resources and cultural landscape.
• Vidal de la Blache states, “Human Geography is the study of human influence on his occupation.” Human Geography analyses the utilisation of natural resources, their economic structure, industries, transport, communication and distribution of human settlements.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-7-part-a/

Tertiary and Quaternary Activities NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 7

Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 7

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) Which one of the following is a tertiary activity ?
(A) Farming
(B) Trading
(C) Weaving
(D) Hunting.
Answer:
(B) Trading.

(ii) Which one of the following activities is NOT a secondary sector activity ?
(A) Iron smelting
(B) Catching fish
(C) Making garments
(D) Basket weaving.
Answer:
(B) Catching fish.

(iii) Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata ?
(A) Primary
(B) Quarternary
(C) Secondary
(D) Service.
Answer:
(D) Service.

(iv) Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as :
(A) Secondary activities
(B) Quartemary activities
(C) Quinary activities
(D) Primary activities.
Answer:
(C) Quinary activities.

(v) Which one of the following activities is related to quarternary sector ?
(A) Manufacturing computers
(B) Paper and Raw pulp production
(C) University teaching
(D) Printing activities.
Answer:
(C) University teaching.

(vi) Which one out of the following statements is not true ?
(A) Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.
(B) At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.
(C) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
(D) There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.
Answer:
(C) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain retail trading service.
Answer:
This is a business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most of retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores. These are solely devoted to selling. Street peddling, handcarts, trucks, door to door, mail-order, telephone, automatic vending machines and internet are examples.

(ii) Describe the Quarternary services. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer: Quarternary services are knowledge based services. These services centre around research, development and advanced forms of services involving specialised knowledge, technical skills and administrative skills.

(iii) Name the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.
Answer:
Medical tourism is medical treatment combined with international tourism. In India, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Switzerland and Australia Medical Tourism is rapidly progressing.

(iv) What is digital divide ? (C.B.S.E. 2014, Sample Paper 2017-18, Delhi 2019)
Answer:
The ICT (Information Communication Technology) is unevenly distributed across the globe.
The developed countries have moved forward but the developing countries lag behind. This divide exists between countries and is called digital divide.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
(i) Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern development.
Or
Analyse the significance and growth of service sector in the modern economic development of the world. (C.B.S.E. 2017 Outside Delhi Set-II)
Answer:
Services. Services are an important constituent of modem economic development. It provides the services of all kinds—education, health and welfare, leisure, recreation and business services. Business services enhance the productivity of the efficiency of other activities. Services include advertisement, recruitment and personal training. This sector has large employment.

Types of Services.
Services occur at many different levels :

• In Industry, to people and transport system.
• Low order services like grocery shops, laundries
• High order services like those of accountants, consultants and physicians.
• Physical labour like gardner, launderers, barber.
• Mental labour like teacher, lawyers, physicians, musicians.

New Trends in Services.

• Making and maintaining highways, bridges and fire fighting departments.
• Marketing of transport, telecommunication, energy and water supply.
• Professional services like health cam, engineering, law and management.
• Recreational and entertainment services.

(ii) Expain in detail the’ significance of transport and communication services.
(a) Transport Services. Transport services carry persons, goods, property physically from one place to another. It satisfies man’s basic need of mobility. Efficient transport system helps in the production, distribution and consumption of goods. The value of material is significantly enhanced by transportation.

(b) Communication Services. Communication services carry words, messages, facts and ideas. These were carried by means of transport like animals, boats, road, rail and air. Mobile telephones and satellites have made these fast. Electrical technology helps to send messages with speed.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-geography-chapter-2-part-a/

The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 2

The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth Questions and Answers Class 12 Geography Chapter 2

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) Which one of the following continents has the highest growth of population :
(A) Africa
(B) South America
(C) Asia
(D) North America.
Answer:
(A) Africa.

(ii) Which one of the following is not an area of sparse population ?
(A) The Atacama
(B) Equatorial Region
(C) South-East Asia
(D) Polar Regions.
Answer:
(C) South East Asia.

(iii) Which of the following is not a push factor :
(A) Water shortage
(B) Unemployment
(C) Medical/Educational facilities
(D) Epidemics.
Answer:
(C) Medical/Educational facilities.

(iii) Which one of the following is not a fact ?
(A) Human population increased more than ten times during the past 500 years
(B) Nearly 80 million people are added to the world population each year
(C) It took 100 years for the population to rise from five billions to six billions
(D) Population growth is high in the first stage of demographic transition.
Answer:
(D) It took 100 years for the population to rise from five billions to six billions.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Name three geographical factors that influence the distribution of population.
Answer:
(a) Availability of Water: River valleys are densely populated areas of the world.
(b) Landforms. Mountains and plateaus are sparsely populated areas but plains are densely populated.
(c) Climate. Deserts and cold polar areas are sparsely populated, but temperate region is densely populated.

(ii) There are a number of areas with high population density in the world. Why does this happen ?
Answer:
High density of population is found due to the following reasons :
(a) Development of Agriculture such as in S.E. Asia, and East-Asia. These areas have favourable climate, fertile soils, long growing season and irrigation facilities.

(b) Industrial development such as in Western- Europe and North-East U.S.A. These areas have rich mineral deposits, industries, urbanisation and high standard of living.

(iii) What are the three components of population change ?
Answer:
There are three components of population change.
(a) Births : Crude birth rate
\(=\frac{\text { Live Births }}{\text { Mid year Population }} \times 100\)

(b) Deaths : Crude Death rate
\(=\frac{\text { Number of deaths }}{\text { Mid year Population }} \times 100\)

(c) Migration : When people move from one place to another.

Question 3.
Birth rate and Death rate.
Answer:

(ii) Distinguish between Push factors and Pull factors of migration.

Question 4.
What do you understand by “Density of population” ? On what factors does the density of population depend ? Give examples.
(C.B.S.E. 2011)
Or
Define ‘Population density7. Explain any four geographical factors that affect the distribution of population in the world. (Sample paper 2017-18) (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2017)
Or
Define the term Density of population. Explain four geographical factors affecting the distribution of population in the world, with examples. (C.B.S.E. 2018, Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Density of Population. Density of population is a ratio between the number of people and the area of the land. Density of population is expressed as number of persons per sq. kilometre or per sq. mile.
\(\text { Density of population }=\frac{\text { Total number of persons }}{\text { Total land area in sq. kms. }}\)

In simple form, an average population is shown by density of population. Density of population gives a better idea of distribution of population. The density of population depends upon a number of factors— Geographical, Economic, Social and Cultural.

(a) Geographical Factors
(1) Landforms. Relief of land means the presence of mountains, plains and plateaus. Most of the world population is found in plains. Lowlands, river valleys and coastal plains support 80% of the world population. The Indo-Gangetic plain, Hwang Ho plain (China) are the examples of dense population.

Plains offer the facilities of agriculture, irrigation, transport and trade. Mountains are sparsely populated areas. There is lack of level land and agriculture; Mountains repel settlement due to cold climate and inaccessibility; like the Andes, the Rockies and the Himalayas.

(2) Climate. Climate is probably the greatest deciding factor. The deserts like the Sahara are sparsely populated due to low rainfall. Therefore, there is total absence of population in Antarctica and the Tundra due to very low temperatures. The areas of cool temperate climate Mediterranean and Moonsoon climate are densely populated due to favourable climate. N.W. Europe And S.E. Asia have dense population due to stimulant climate. About 4/5th of the world population is found in the cool temperate latitudes.

(3) Soil. Deep, fertile soils are suitable for agriculture. River valleys, deltas and lowlands are the most productive areas. River valleys of S.E. Asia are densely populated areas. The island of Java has a high density of population due to fertile soil. About 70% population of Indonesia is found in Java. There is sparse population in equatorial region due to leaching of soils.

(4) Availability of Water. People prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing and cooking and also for cattle, crops, industries and navigation. The ancient civilisations grew up in the river valleys. River valleys are most density populated areas, but deserts are sparsely populated due to shortage of water.

(b) Historical Factors. Places of historical interest become centres of population. Indo-gangetic plain and Nile valley are regions of dense population.

(c) Political Factors. Political factors affect the distribution of population. Australia is an empty continent due to White Australian Policy.

(d) Religious and Social factors. The religious and social factors affect the growth of population. Islam allows polygamy and early marriage which leads to increase in population. The need for a male successor and security in old age results in population-growth. However, Family Planning has reduced the growth rate in many countries.

(e) Economic Factors :
(i) Agriculture. Productive areas can generally support dense population. In South-East Asia, three crops a year are obtained in rice-cultivating areas. Therefore, Monsoon regions have high density of population in agricultural area.

(ii) Industries. Industries provide livelihood to many people. Industrial towns become clusters of population. North-West Europe and Kobe-Osaka region (Japan) are densely populated areas because of the industrial development.

(iii) Means of Transportation. Means of transportation affect industries, agriculture and trade of a region. Areas with developed means of transportation attract population. Many towns have grown up along Trans Siberian Railway Line. Inaccessible areas like mountains are sparsely populated.

(iv) Urban Development. Urban towns have all the facilities of education, recreation, trade, transport and employment. People from rural areas migrate to towns. Mega cities attract large number of migrants.

Question 2.
Write a note on Demographic Transition. State main Characteristics of each.
Or
What is demographic cycle ? Describe three stages of demographic transition theory. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Demographic Transition. Current demographic trends reveal that the annual average population increase among the developing countries is more than 20 times than that in the developed world. Although the CDR’s (Crude Death Rates) in both groups are low, the average CBRs (Crude Birth Rates) in developing countries are nearly three times more than that of the developed countries.

F.W. Notestein shows the Demographic Transition Model correlating changes in popualtion dynamics with industrialization and urbanization.

1. The first stage.
Main Characteristics :

• The common characteristic is that the population is relatively small and stable over time.
• Both the birth and the death rates are very high, but the death rates decline during periods of prosperity, and rises during times of famines, disease or war. People practise Agriculture
• Life expectancy is low. People have low level of technology.
• People are illiterate.

2. The second stage. Main Characteristics :

• The industrial revolution resulted in better diets and higher living standards, particularly in cities as sanitation and public health systems developed
• Such progress led to steady decline in death rates
• Birth rates, however, remained high in initial periods of prosperity and only later began to decline as living conditions continued to improve
• As the gap between high birth rates and declining death rates widens, population grows rapidly.

3. Third stage. Main Characteristics :

• In the third stage, both birth and death rates decline appreciably
• Birth rates fluctuate at times, turning lower during periods of economic difficulty and higher during periods of prosperity
• Population becomes urbanised, literate, and high technical know-how

Map Skills

Question 1.
On the outline map of the world, show and name the following :
(i) Countries of Europe and Asia with negative growth rate of population.
(ii) African countries with growth rate of population more than 3%.

European Countries of Negative growth Alabama, Bulgaria, Croatia, Crech, Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Slovakia