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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Indian Society Chapter 5 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (Hindi Medium)

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प्र० 1. सामाजिक विषमता व्यक्तियों की विषमता से कैसे भिन्न है?
उत्तर- व्यक्तिगत असमानता से तात्पर्य व्यक्तियों में मानसिक तथा शारीरिक विशेषताओं में विचलन तथा विध्वंस से है। सामाजिक असमानता का अर्थ उस सामाजिक व्यवस्था से है, जहाँ कुछ लोग संसाधनों के द्वारा विभिन्न अवसरों का लाभ उठाते हैं, जबकि कुछ लोग इससे वंचित रह जाते हैं। संपत्ति, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य तथा अवस्था के मामलों में कुछ लोगों का स्तर बहुत ऊँचा है, जबकि कुछ लोगों का बहुत ही निम्न स्थान है। कुछ विषमताएँ निम्नलिखित रूपों में भी प्रकट होती हैं
(i) सामाजिक स्तरीकरण
(ii) पूर्वाग्रह
(iii) रूढ़िवादिता
(iv) भेदभाव

प्र० 2. सामाजिक स्तरीकरण की कुछ विशेषताएँ बतलाइए।
उत्तर- सामाजिक स्तरीकरण की कुछ प्रमुख विशेषताएँ अग्रलिखित हैं :
(i) सामाजिक स्तरीकरण एक सामाजिक विशेषता है। यह व्यक्तिगत मतभेदों का कारण नहीं है। यह एक सामाजिक व्यवस्था है जिसके अंतर्गत समाज के विभिन्न वर्गों में विषमता फैलती है। उदाहरण के तौर पर, तकनीकी रूप से अधिकांशतः आदिम समाज में जैसे कि शिकारी या संग्रहकर्ता समाज में, बहुत ही कम उत्पादन होता था। अतः वहाँ केवल प्रारंभिक सामाजिक स्तरीकरण ही मौजूद था। तकनीकी रूप से अधिक उन्नत समाज में जहाँ लोग अपनी मूलभूत आवश्यकताओं से अधिक उत्पादन करते हैं, सामाजिक संसाधन विभिन्न सामाजिक श्रेणियों में असमान रूप से बँटा होता है। इसका लोगों की व्यक्तिगत क्षमता से कोई संबंध नहीं होता है।
(ii) सामाजिक स्तरीकरण पीढ़ी-दर-पीढी होता है। यह परिवार और सामाजिक संसाधनों के एक पीढ़ी से । अगली पीढ़ी में उत्तराधिकार के रूप में घनिष्ठता से जुड़ा है। इससे सामाजिक अवस्था निर्धारित होती है। उदाहरणार्थ, एक बच्चा माता-पिता की सामाजिक स्थिति को प्राप्त करता है। जन्म ही व्यवसाय का निर्धारण करता है। एक दलित पारंपरिक व्यवसा; जैसे-खेतिहर मज़दूर, सफाईकर्मी अथवा चमड़े के काम में ही बँधकर रह जाता है। उसके पास ऊँची तनख्वाह की सफेदपोश नौकरी के अवसर बहुत ही कम होते हैं। सामाजिक अवमानना का प्रदत्त पक्ष सजातीय विवाह से और मजबूत होता है; जैसे-विवाह अपनी ही जाति के सदस्यों में सीमित होता है। अतः अंतरजातीय विवाह के द्वारा जातीयता को खत्म करने की संभावना समाप्त हो जाती है।
(iii) सामाजिक स्तरीकरण को विश्वास और विचारधारा के द्वारा समर्थन मिलता है। कोई भी व्यवस्था तब तक पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी नहीं चल सकती, जब तक कि इसे विश्वास के माप से न देखा जाए। उदाहरणार्थ, जाति व्यवस्था को शुद्धता के आधार पर न्यायोचित ठहराया जाता है, जिसमें जन्म और व्यवसाय की बदौलत ब्राह्मणों को सबसे ऊँची स्थिति तथा दलितों को सबसे निम्न स्थिति दी गई है। हालाँकि हर कोई असमानता की इस व्यवस्था को ठीक मानता है, ऐसा नहीं है। वे लोग जिन्हें अधिक सामाजिक अधिकार प्राप्त हैं, वही इस सामाजिक व्यवस्था का समर्थन करते हैं। वैसे लोग जो इस अधिक्रम में सबसे नीचे हैं और इसके कारण बहुत अपमानित तथा शोषित हुए हैं, वही इसे सबसे अधिक चुनौती दे सकते हैं।

प्र० 3. आप पूर्वाग्रह और अन्य किस्म की राय अथवा विश्वास के बीच भेद कैसे करेंगे?
उत्तर- पूर्वाग्रह का अर्थ होता है-पूर्व कल्पित निर्णय अर्थात् पूर्व में किया गया विचार। पूर्वाग्रह एक समूह के सदस्यों के द्वारा दूसरे समूह के सदस्यों के बारे में पूर्व कल्पित विचार होता है। पूर्वाग्रह सकारात्मक अथवा नकारात्मक हो सकता है। एक पूर्वाग्रह से ग्रस्त व्यक्ति में विचार प्रत्यक्ष साक्ष्य के बजाय सुनी-सुनाई बातों पर आधारित होते हैं। इस शब्द का प्रयोग सामान्यतः नकारात्मक अर्थ में ही किया जाता है। दूसरी तरफ, इस संबंध में किसी भी व्यक्ति का किसी के लिए जो अवधारणा बनती है, वो जानकारी तथा तथ्यों पर आधारित नहीं होती है।

प्र० 4. सामाजिक अपवर्धन या बहिष्कार क्या है?
उत्तर- सामाजिक बहिष्कार एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है, जिसके अंतर्गत किसी भी व्यक्ति अथवा समूह के द्वारा सामाजिक जीवन में सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा राजनीतिक रूप से भेदभाव का सामना करना पड़ता है। सामाजिक बहिष्कार का स्वरूप संरचनात्मक होता है। यह सामाजिक प्रक्रियाओं का परिणाम होता है। न कि व्यक्तिगत कृत्यों का। इस प्रक्रिया में, व्यक्ति सामाजिक प्रक्रियाओं से पूरी तरह से कट जाता है।

प्र० 5. आज जाति और आर्थिक असमानता के बीच क्या संबंध है?
उत्तर- अधिक्रमित जाति व्यवस्था के अंतर्गत प्रत्येक जाति को एक विशिष्ट स्थान तथा सामाजिक अवस्था प्राप्त होती है। सामाजिक तथा जातिगत अवस्था तथा आर्थिक अवस्था के बीच गहरा संबंध होता है। उच्च जातियों की आर्थिक अवस्था भी अच्छी होती है, जबकि निम्न जातियों की आर्थिक स्थिति खराब होती है। हालाँकि उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी में जाति तथा व्यवसाय | के नीचे का संबंध उतना कठोर नहीं रहा। जाति तथा आर्थिक अवस्था के बीच का जो संबंध पहले था, उसमें भी कमी आई है। पर व्यापक रूप से स्थितियों में अब भी कोई उल्लेखनीय परिवर्तन नहीं आया है। उच्च वर्ग के लोगों की उच्च आर्थिक अवस्था तथा निम्न वर्ग के लोगों की निम्नतर आर्थिक अवस्था अब भी विद्यमान है।

प्र० 6. अस्पृश्यता क्या है?
उत्तर- अस्पृश्यता एक सामाजिक कृत्य है जिसके अंतर्गत निचली जातियों के लोगों को कर्मकांड की दृष्टि से अशुद्ध माना जाता है। ऐसा भी माना जाता है। कि उसके स्पर्श करने से भी अन्य लोग अशुद्ध हो जाएँगे। जाति व्यवस्था के अधिक्रम में निचली जातियाँ सबसे नीचे होती हैं। इस तरह की निचली जातियाँ ज्यादातर सामाजिक संस्थाओं से बहिष्कृत कर दी गई हैं। यह जाति व्यवस्था का एक अत्यधिक जटिल पहलू है। सामाजिक शुद्धता की दृष्टि से अयोग्य माने जाने वाली जातियों के प्रति कठोर सामाजिक तथा पारंपरिक रीति-रिवाजों के लिए वर्जनीय नियम लागू किए जाते हैं। जाति की अधिक्रमित व्यवस्था में उन्हें बाहर का व्यक्ति समझा जाता है।

प्र० 7. जातीय विषमता को दूर करने के लिए अपनाई गई कुछ नीतियों का वर्णन करें?
उत्तर- राज्य स्तर पर अनुसूचित जाति/जनजातियों के लिए विशेष योजनाएँ बनाई गई हैं। इसके साथ व्यापक स्तर पर भेदभाव किए जाने के कारण इन जातियों के लिए विशेष प्रावधान किए गए हैं। अन्य पिछड़ी जातियों (OBC) को भी इस प्रकार के विशेष प्रावधानों में शामिल किया गया है। अस्पृश्यता की रोकथाम तथा उसे समाप्त करने के लिए जो कानून बनाए गए हैं, वे निम्नलिखित हैं :

जाति निर्योग्यता निवारण अधिनियम, 1850 – इस अधिनियम में यह व्यवस्था की गई है कि केवल धर्म या जाति के आधार पर ही नागरिकों के अधिकारों को कम नहीं किया जा सकता। यह अधिनियम दलितों को विद्यालयों में प्रवेश की अनुमति देता है।
संविधान संशोधन ( 93वाँ ) अधिनियम, 2005 – इस अधिनियम के द्वारा उच्च शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं में अन्य पिछड़ी जातियों के लिए आरक्षण की व्यवस्था है।
अनुसूचित जाति/अनुसूचित जनजाति (अत्याचार निवारण) अधिनियम, 1983 – इस अधिनियम में अस्पृश्यता का उन्मूलन (अनुच्छेद 17) तथा आरक्षण का प्रावधान है।
अत्याचार निवारण अधिनियम, 1989 – इस अधिनियम में दलितों तथा आदिवासियों के अधिकारों हेतु मज़बूत कानूनी प्रावधान किए गए हैं।

प्र० 8. अन्य पिछड़े वर्ग दलितों (या अनुसूचित जातियों) से भिन्न कैसे हैं?
उत्तर- अस्पृश्यता सामाजिक विषमता का स्पष्ट तथा विभेदात्मक स्वरूप था। बावजूद इसके, जातियों का एक बड़ा समूह ऐसा भी था, जिसका दर्जा काफी नीचे था। यह समूह विभिन्न प्रकार के भेदभावों का शिकार था। भूतपूर्व अस्पृश्य समुदायों और उनके नेताओं ने दलित शब्द गढ़ा, जो उन सभी समूहों का उल्लेख करने के लिए अब आमतौर पर स्वीकार कर लिया गया है। दलित शब्द का अर्थ‘दबा-कुचला हुआ’ होता है, जो उत्पीड़ित लोगों को द्योतक है। | भारतीय संविधान ने इस संभावना को स्वीकार किया कि अनुसूचित जाति/जनजाति के अलावा भी कुछ ऐसे जातीय समूह हो सकते हैं, जोकि जातिगत भेदभाव के शिकार हैं। इन समूहों को सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक रूप से पिछड़ा वर्ग अथवा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग का नाम दिया गया। अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग (OBC) न तो उच्च जातियों की तरह अधिक्रम में ऊपर है न ही दलित जातियों की तरह एकदम नीचे। दलितों की अपेक्षा अत्यंत पिछड़ी जातियों में विविधता अधिक है।

प्र० 9. आज आदिवासियों से संबंधित बड़े मुद्दे कौन-से हैं?
उत्तर- जनजातियों को वनवासी समझा जाता है। इनके पहाड़ों अथवा जंगलों में निवास के कारण इनको आर्थिक, सामाजिक और राजनीतिक विशेषताओं की पहचान मिली। आज पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों को छोड़कर देश में ऐसा कोई इलाका नहीं है, जहाँ केवल जनजातीय लोग ही रहते हों। वैसे क्षेत्र जहाँ जनजाति के लोग संकेद्रित हैं, वहाँ उनकी सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ गैरजनजातियों से ज्यादा प्रभावकारी हैं। परंतु स्वतंत्रता के बाद आदिवासियों की जमीन नदियों पर बाँधों के निर्माण हेतु अधिगृहित कर ली गई। इसके परिणामस्वरूप लाखों आदिवासियों को बिना पर्याप्त मुआवजे के अपनी जमीनों से विस्थापित होना पड़ा आदिवासियों के संसाधनों को ‘राष्ट्रीय विकास’ तथा ‘आर्थिक संवृद्धि’ के नाम पर उनसे छीन लिया गया। उदाहरण के तौर पर, नर्मदा पर बनने वाले सरदार सरोवर बाँध तथा गोदावरी नदी पर बनने वाले पोलावरम बाँध के कारण हज़ारों आदिवासी विस्थापित हो जाएँगे। सरकार की उदारीकरण की नीतियों ने आदिवासियों को अभावग्रस्तता के गर्त में धकेल दिया है।

प्र० 10. नारी आंदोलन ने अपने इतिहास के दौरान कौन-कौन से मुख्य मुद्दे उठाए?
उत्तर- विद्वानों तथा समाज सुधारकों ने यह प्रदर्शित किया है। कि स्त्री-पुरुषों के बीच असमानताएँ प्राकृतिक होने के बजाय सामाजिक हैं। उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी में स्त्रियों से संबंधित प्रश्न जोर-शोर से उठाए गए। राजा राममोहन राय ने सामाजिक, धार्मिक दशाओं तथा स्त्रियों की दुरावस्था में सुधार के लिए बंगाल में प्रयास किए। उन्होंने ‘सती प्रथा के विरुद्ध अभियान चलाया। यह पहला ऐसा स्त्रियों से संबंधित मुद्दा था, जो लोगों के ध्यानार्थ लाया गया।
ज्योतिबा फुले एक सामाजिक बहिष्कृत जाति के थे और उन्होंने जातिगत तथा लैंगिक, दोनों ही विषमताओं पर प्रहार किया। उन्होंने सत्य शोधक समाज की स्थापना की, जिसका प्राथमिक उद्देश्य था-सत्य का अन्वेषण। सर सैय्यद अहमद खान ने मुस्लिम समुदाय के कल्याण हेतु कदम उठाए। वे लड़कियों को घर की सीमा में रहते हुए ही शिक्षा के हिमायती थे। वे लड़कियों को शिक्षित करना चाहते थे, किंतु धार्मिक सिद्धांतों के दायरे में रहकर ही। वे लड़कियों को घर में स्वतंत्रता तथा गृहकार्य में सुशिक्षित करना चाहते थे। एक महाराष्ट्र की घरेलू महिला ताराबाई शिंदे ने ‘स्त्री-पुरुष तुलना’ नामक किताब लिखी, जिसमें उन्होंने पुरुष प्रधान समाज में अपनाई जा रही दोहरी नीति का प्रतिवाद किया।
स्त्रियों के मुद्दे प्रभावकारी रूप में सत्तर के दशक में सामने आए। स्त्रियों से संबंधित ज्वलंत मुद्दों में पुलिस कस्टडी में महिलाओं के साथ बलात्कार, दहेज हत्याएँ तथा लैंगिक असमानता इत्यादि प्रमुख थे। इधर नई चुनौतियाँ लड़कियों के जन्मदर में अत्यधिक कमी के रूप में सामने आई हैं, जो सामाजिक विभेद का द्योतक है।

प्र० 11. हम यह किसे अर्थ में कह सकते हैं कि ‘असक्षमता’ जितना शारीरिक है उतनी ही सामाजिक भी?
उत्तर- असक्षम लोग इसलिए नहीं संघर्ष कर रहे हैं कि
वे भौतिक अथवा मानसिक रूप से चुनौतीग्रस्त हैं, बल्कि इसलिए कि समाज कुछ इस रीति से बना है। कि वह उनकी जरूरतों को पूरा नहीं करता।

भारतीय संदर्भ में निर्योग्यता आंदोलन की अग्रणी विचारक अनीता धई का मत है कि निर्योग्तया की तुलना राल्फ एलिसन के इनविजिबल मेन की स्थिति से की जा सकती है, जोकि अमेरिका में रहने वाले अफ्रीकी अमेरिकियों के विरुद्ध नस्लवाद का एक खुला अभियोग-पत्र है। निर्योग्यता/अक्षमता के कुछ सामान्य लक्षण निम्नलिखित हैं
(i) जब भी कभी कोई अक्षम पुरुष/स्त्री के साथ कोई समस्या आती है तो यह मान लिया जाता है कि यह समस्या उसका/उसकी अक्षमता के कारण ही उत्पन्न हुई है।
(ii) अक्षमता को एक जैविक कारक के रूप में समझा जाता है।
(iii) अक्षम व्यक्ति को हमेशा एक पीड़ित व्यक्ति के रूप में देखा जाता है।
(iv) यह मान लिया जाता है कि अक्षमता उस व्यक्ति के प्रत्यक्ष ज्ञान से जुड़ी है।
(v) निर्योग्यता का विचार यही दर्शाता है कि निर्योग्य/अक्षम व्यक्तियों को सहायता की आवश्यकता है।
भारतीय संस्कृति में शारीरिक पूर्णता का आदर किया जाता है तथा शारीरिक पूर्णता न होने की स्थिति को अवमान्यता, दोष तथा खराबी का लक्षण माना जाता है। इस स्थिति में पीड़ित अक्षम व्यक्ति को ‘बेचारा’ कहकर संबोधित किया जाता है।
इस तरह की सोच को मूल कारण वह सांस्कृतिक अवधारणा है जो कि अक्षम शरीर को भाग्य का परिणाम मानती है। इसके लिए भाग्य को दोषी ठहराया जाता है तथा पीड़ित को इसका शिकार माना जाता है। यह आम धारणा है कि अक्षमता पिछले कर्मों का फल है तथा इससे छुटकारा नहीं पाया सकता। भारतीय सांस्कृतिक संरचना में अक्षमता को व्यक्ति विशेष में स्वयं को कृत्य का परिणाम माना जाता है, जिसे उसे हर हाल में भुगतना पड़ता है। पौराणिक कथाओं में अक्षम व्यक्तियों के चरित्र को बहुत ही नकारात्मक रूप में प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
अक्षमता’ इन सभी अवधारणाओं को चुनौती प्रदान करता है। अक्षम व्यक्ति अपनी जैविक अक्षमता के कारण विकलांग नहीं होते, बल्कि समाज के कारण होते हैं। • अक्षमता के संबंध में सामाजिक अवधारणा का एक
और पहलू भी है। अक्षमता तथा गरीबी के बीच गहरा संबंध होता है। कुपोषण, लगातार बच्चों को जन्म देने के कारण कमजोर हुई माताएँ, अपर्याप्त प्रतिरक्षण कार्यक्रम, भीड़-भाड़ वाले घरों में होने वाली दुर्घटनाएँ—ये सब गरीब लोगों की अक्षमता के कारण बनते हैं। इस तरह की घटनाएँ सुविधाजनक स्थितियों में रहने वालों की अपेक्षा गरीब लोगों में
अधिक होती है।
अक्षमता के कारण समाज से कट जाने तथा आर्थिक तंगी से न केवल व्यक्ति को बल्कि उसके परिवार को भीषण गरीबी का सामना करना पड़ता है। व्यापक शैक्षणिक विमर्शों में अक्षमता को मान्यता नहीं दी गई है। ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों से यह प्रमाणित होता है कि शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं में अक्षमता के मुद्दे को दो भिन्न-भिन्न धाराओं में बाँट दिया गया है-एक धारा अक्षम छात्रों के लिए है तथा दूसरी धारा अन्य छात्रों के लिए।
अक्षम लोगों को शैक्षिक विमर्शों में शामिल करने की विचारधारा अभी भी प्रायोगिक प्रक्रिया में है, जो कि कुछ सरकारी स्कूलों तक ही सीमित है।

Hope given Sociology Class 12 NCERT Solutions Chapter 5 are helpful to complete your homework.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Indian Society Chapter 5 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (Hindi Medium) Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 The Challenges of Cultural Diversity

CBSE Class 12 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 The Challenges of Cultural Diversity Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-sociology-chapter-6/

The Challenges of Cultural Diversity NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6

The Challenges of Cultural Diversity Questions and Answers Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6

Question 1.
What is meant by cultural diversity? Why is India considered to be a very diverse country? (C.B.S.E.2013)
Or
What is meant by cultural diversity? (C.B.S.E.2012)
Or
Encouraging cultural diversity is good policy from both the practical and the principle point of view. Justify the statement using India’s case of a Nation State. (C.B.S.E.2017 (D))
Answer:
The term diversity gives emphasis on differences instead of inequalities. When we say that great cultural diversity exists in India, it means that many different types of social groups and communities live over here. These communities are defined by cultural markers like religion, language, sect, race or caste.

People of many castes and religions live in India which is why their languages, eating habits, living styles, traditions, customs, etc., are different from each other. Every group has different ways of marriage, living styles, etc. Religious scriptures of every religion are different and every one pays its homage to them. Dances, art, festivals, architecture, etc., are also different. That is why India is considered as a diverse country.

Question 2.
What is community identity and how is it formed?
Answer:
Community identity is based on birth and belonging instead of some type of acquired qualification or accomplishment. It is what we are instead of what we have become. There is no need to do anything to be born into a particular community. In fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These types of identities are called ascriptive identity. They are determined by birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the concerned individuals.

Question 3.
Why is it difficult to define the nation? How are nation and state related in modern society?
Or
Why is it difficult to define the nation? (C.B.S.E.2012)
Answer:
Presently it is difficult to define a nation in any way other than to say that it is a community that has succeeded in acquiring a state of its own. Interestingly, the opposite has also become increasingly true. Just as would-be or aspiring nationalities are now more and more likely to work towards making a state, existing states are also finding it more and more necessary to claim that they represent a nation.

One of the main features of modern age is the establishment of democracy and nationalism as dominant sources of political legitimacy. It means that, nowadays, the nation is the most accepted justification for a state and the people are the most important source of legitimacy of the nation. Therefore, it can be said that states need the nation as much or even more than nations need states.

Question 4.
Why are states often suspicious of cultural diversity? (C.B.S.E.2013)
Answer:
The meaning of cultural diversity is the existence of different religions, communities, races, cultures, traditions, customs, etc., in a state. But many problems occur in the country due to cultural diversity like casteism, linguism, regionalism, communalism, terrorism, communal violence, etc. This increases tension in the which is why states are often suspicious of cultural diversity.

Question 5.
What is regionalism? What factors is it usually based on?
Or
Mention two factors that encourage regionalism. (C.B.S.E.2011, 2012)
Or
What is meant by regionalism? (C.B.S.E.2013)
Answer:
Giving preference to one’s own region and neglecting all other regions for the purpose of decision-making, availing benefits or utilising any natural or economic resources is known as regionalism. Giving encouragement to people of own region is also a form of regionalism. People of other region are considered as outsiders. Similarly, demanding interests for one’s own region is known as regionalism.

The concept of regionalism came into being after independence. After independence, Indian Government kept the same status of states as made by the Britishers. It led to the demand of making states on linguistic basis as people speaking many languages were living in various states and that is why many problems originated. Due to this, the Government of India reorganised the states in 1956 on linguistic basis and hence forth 19 states were formed. Even after this, many more states were formed on linguistic basis. From here onwards the feeling of regionalism originated.

Factors of Regionalism. Imbalance existing in different regions is the major cause of regionalism. One region getting more help from the centre and other getting less help, resources of one region in itself being more or less of other region, different languages of different regions, etc., are some of the major causes which gave birth to regionalism. That is why different political parties came into being which aroused the sentiments of regionalism.

Question 6.
In your opinion has the linguistic reorganisation of states helped or harmed India?
Or
Do you think that the linguistic recognition of states has helped or harmed India? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:
In 1956, states were reorganised by the Indian Government on linguistic basis. After this, it became quite easy for the government to run the administration and it accepted to reorganise other regions as well on linguistic basis. But no one thought about its negative impact. In my opinion, linguistic reorganisation of states has harmed India.

The feeling of regionalism aroused due to reorganisation. This, in turn gave strength to terrorism and the demand was again raised for the reorganisation of other states on the same base. Even today, people of South India hardly accept Hindi as their own language. They like to use English language with their mother tongue.

Question 7.
What is a minority? Why do minorities need protection from the state? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
When some people of the society have less representation in the population of the society, then they are known as minority groups. It means that when any group, based on religion or caste, has less number of members in the total population then that group is known as the minority group. Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Jains are the minority groups of our country.

Minority groups need more protection from the government because they are less in number. If they would not be given protection from the state then it is quite possible that they would be harassed and exploited by the majority group. It is also quite possible that, like Sri Lanka, ethnic conflict could start among various majority and minority groups. That is why minorities, in India, are given every type of protection by the state.

Question 8.
What is Communalism?
Or
What is meant by communalism in the Indian context? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
In common language, the word communalism means aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. Chauvinism itself is an attitude which sees one’s own group as the only legitimate or worthy group, with other groups being seen as illegitimate, inferior and opposed. One of the major features of communalism is its claim that religious identity overrides everything else. Whether one is rich or poor, whatever is his occupation, caste or political beliefs, alone the religion counts in it.

Question 9.
What are the different senses in which secularism has been understood in India?
Answer:
Right from the beginning of 20th century, Indian society is constantly changing from a sacred society to a secular one. Many scholars of this century observed that India could remain united on the basis of secularism because people of many religions live over here. On the basis of secularism, all the religious groups and religious beliefs of a state are considered as equal.

The meaning of secularism is to remain away from all the religions and not to give preference to any particular religion. All the religions are equal before the state and no religion is discriminated on this base. Secularism is that concept or policy in which people are not being forced to obey any particular religion.

Question 10.
What is the relevance of Civil Society Organisations today? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Or
What is the role and significance of civil society in todays world? (C.B.S.E. 2017(D))
Answer:
The broad arena which lies beyond the private domain of the family, but outside the domain of both market and the state is known as Civil Society. It is the non-market and non-state part of the public domain in which individuals voluntarily come closer to each other and create institutions and organisations. It is a sphere of active citizens where individuals take up social issues, try to influence the state, pursue their collective interests and try to get support for a number of causes.

Voluntary associations, organisations, institutions formed by groups of citizens are included in it. Political parties, trade unions, media institutions, NGO’s, religious organisations and other types of collective entities are also included in it.

The main criteria for inclusion in Civil Society are that the organisation must not be controlled by the state and it should not be a purely commercial project-making entity such as private T.V. channels. A car making company is not a part of civil society but the trade union is. Of course, these criteria allow for a lot of grey areas. For example, a newspaper could be run as a purely commercial enterprise or an NGO could be supported by government funds.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 The Challenges of Cultural Diversity Read More »

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 11 Change and Development in Rural Society

CBSE Class 12 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 11 Change and Development in Rural Society Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-sociology-chapter-11/

Change and Development in Rural Society NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 11

Change and Development in Rural Society Questions and Answers Class 12 Sociology Chapter 11

Question 1.
Read the passage given and answer the questions:
The harsh working conditions suffered by labourers in Aghanbigha were an outcome of the combined effect of the economic power of the maliks as a class and their overwhelming power as members of a dominant caste. A significant aspect of the social power of the maliks was their ability to secure the intervention of various arms of the state to advance their interests. Thus, political factors decisively contributed to widening the gulf between the dominant class and the underclass.
(i) Why do you think the maliks were able to use the power of the state to advance their own interests?
(ii) Why did labourers have harsh working conditions ?
Answer:
(i) Maliks were in a position to use power of the state to advance their own interests because the important factors of their social power is that they had the capacity to force the different parts of government to interfere in favour of their interests.

(ii) Labourers have harsh working conditions because Maliks have the economic power and they are related with dominant caste. That is why they were exploiting the labourers and labourers had no option but to accept this.

Question 2.
What measures do you think the government has taken or should take, to protect the rights of landless agricultural labourers and migrate workers?
Answer:
Before Independence the condition of landless agricultural labourers and migrate workers was very pitiful. That is why government, after Independence, took certain steps to improve their status and to protect their interests. Government initiated certain land reform programmes which are given ahead:

Those landless labourers who tilled any land, were given proprietorship of that land and were made owners of that land.
Zamindari system was abolished and surplus land of zamindars was taken away by government. That surplus land was then distributed among landless labourers.
Intermediaries were removed from agrarian society.
Land was consolidated and the ceiling of cultivated land was fixed.
Land related records were updated and were kept and maintained in a proper way.

In this way government took some measures for the security of interests of landless agricultural labourers and migrated labourers.

Question 3.
There are direct linkages between situation of agricultural workers and their lack of upward socio-economic mobility. Name some of them.
Answer:
Poverty, unemployment, indebtedness, migration, non-availability of land, lack of knowledge of government policies, lack of knowledge of new technology, etc. are some of the factors which are some of the obstacles in the upward socio-economic mobility of agricultural workers.

Question 4.
What are the different factors that have enabled certain groups to transform themselves into new wealthy, entrepreneurial, dominant classes? Can you think of an example of this transformation in your state?
Answer:
Green Revolution came in the decade of 1960 which had its own consequences. Not only production of grains increased due to Green Revolution but it also brought certain changes. Economic inequality in rural Indian society was increased due to Green Revolution.

New machines, new technology, new seeds, fertilizers, means of irrigation, pesticides etc. came in front due to Green Revolution but they were out of reach of small and marginal farmers. Rich farmers bought all these things but small and marginal farmers were unable to do so. That is why economic inequality increased between rich farmers and marginal farmers.

Rich farmers came to know about earning more profit by using developed technology and that is why also economic inequality in rural areas increased. That’s why conflict started in rural areas. New arrangement of agriculture came into being due to this dissatisfaction. Poor farmers, landless agricultural labourers were unable to take advantage of Green Revolution.

It is true that grain production in the country increased to a great extent but this production was not the same in all the areas of country. It increased to a great extent in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, etc. but other parts of the country were very less affected by this revolution. That is why economic inequality also increased among different states. One class of capitalist farmers also came into being in urban areas, who invested money in agricultural field to earn more profit.

Question 5.
Hindi and regional language films were often set in rural areas. Think of a film set in rural India and describe the agrarian society and culture that is shown in it. How do you think the portrayal is? Have you seen any recent film set in rural areas? If not how would you explain it?
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 6.
Visit a construction site in your neighbourhood, a brickyard or other such place where you are likely to find migrate workers. Find out where the workers come from. How are they recruited from their home villages, who is the ‘mukadam’? If they are from rural areas, find out about their lives in their villages and why they have to migrate to find work.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 7.
Visit your local fruit-seller and ask her/him about the fruits she/he sells, where they come from and their prices. Find out what has happened to the prices of local products after fruits began to be imported from outside of India (such as apples from Australia). Are there are any imported fruits that are cheaper than Indian fruits?
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 8.
Collect information and write a report on the environmental situation in rural India. Examples of topics: pesticides; declining water table; impact of para farming coastal areas; salinisation of soil and water logging in canal irrigated areas; loss of biodiversity. Possible source: State of India’s Environment Reports: Reports from Centre for science and Development Down to Earth.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 15 Social Movements

CBSE Class 12 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 15 Social Movements Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-sociology-chapter-15/

Social Movements NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 15

Social Movements Questions and Answers Class 12 Sociology Chapter 15

Question 1.
Imagine a society where there has been no social movement. Discuss. You can also describe how you imagine such a society to be.
Answer:
The students have to this themselves, with the help of their teacher.

Question 2.
Write short notes on:
(i) Women’s Movement.
(ii) Tribal Movements.
Answer:
(i) Women’s Movement: Many women oriented social evils existed in the Indian society right from the beginning. That’s why many women’s organisations came into being at the national and local level in the early 20th century. The Women’s India Association (WIA) (1917), All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) (1926) and National Council for Women in India (NCWI) (1925) are worth mentioning. Some of them started with a limited scope but their scope widened over time.

For example, the AIWC started with an idea of ‘Women Welfare’ and ‘Politics’ but a few years later its President stated that, “Can the Indian man or woman be free if India be a slave? How can we remain dumb about national freedom, the very basis of all great reforms?” It can be argued that this period of activity did not constitute a social movement. It can be argued otherwise as well.

It is generally thought that only middle class educated woman are involved in social movements. But we should keep in mind the women’s participation in the freedom struggle. They participated along with men in tribal revolts and struggles in rural areas during colonial times. We can take examples of the Tebhaga movement in Bengal, the Telangana arms struggle from the erstwhile Nizam’s rule and the Warli tribals revolt against bondage in Maharashtra.

One issue which is generally raised that if there was an active women’s movement before 1947, what happened after 1947. One explanation can be stated that many women who were involved in the national movement got involved in the nation building task. Some say that the case of trauma of Partition is responsible for it.

In the mid 1970’s women’s movement again started in India. Some call it the second phase of women’s movement in India. But some are of the view that the nature of both the movements is different. After independence, there was a growth of autonomous womens movements, meaning they were independent from political parties. It was felt that political parties always try to marginalise issues of women.

Except the organisational changes and change in nature, new issues were focussed in new movement like violence against women. Many campaigns were initiated, over the years, against this evil. That’s why these days, forms have columns of both the names of father and mother. Other important legal changes have also taken place because of campaign by women’s movement. Issues of employment and land rights have been fought alongside rights against dowry and sexual harassment.

(ii) Tribal Movements: Different tribal groups may share common issues, which spread all over the country, but they are very different from each other. Some of the tribal movements were started in the tribal belt of Central India like santhals, Oraons, HO’s, Mundas in Chota Nagpur and the Santhal Parganans. This tribal region constitutes the main part of Jharkhand.

Jharkhand has been carved out of South Bihar in 2000 and is one of the newly formed states of India. A century of resistance lies behind the formation of this state. The social movement for Jharkhand had a charismatic leader, Birsa Munda, who led a great revolt against the British. Birsa became an important icon of the movement after his death. We can find stories and songs about him all over Jharkhand.

The memory of Birsa’s struggle is still alive in writings. Christian missionaries which were working in Southern Bihar spread literacy in their areas. Literate tribals started to research and write about their myths and history. They wrote a lot about tribal customs and cultural practices. That’s why a unified ethnic consciousness was arosed and they shared a common identity as Jharkhandi’s.

literate adivasis got government jobs and a middle class tribal intellectual leadership emerged. It formulated the demand for creation of a separate state and lobbied for it in India and the abroad. Within South Bihar, tribals had a common hatredness against the dikus i.e. the migrant traders and money lenders. These dikus settled in their areas and grabbed its wealth, impoverishing the original inhabitants.

Most of the advantages of mining and industrial projects of this mineral rich area went to the dikus. Even adivasi’s were alienated from their land. Tribals experienced the marginalisation and their sense of injustice were mobilised to create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspire collective action which eventually led to the formation of a separate state.

Question 3.
In India, it is difficult to make a clear distinction between the old and new social movements. Discuss. –
Answer:
A number of social movements were started in India involving peasants, women, adivasi, dalits and others. Can these movement be called as ‘new social movements’? Gail Omvedt wrote a book called ‘Reinventing Revolution’, in which she points out that social inequality and unequal distribution of resources were the main elements of these movements. Peasant movements were started for a better price of their produce and against the removal of agricultural subsidies.

Dalit movements were started to save the dalits from exploitation by upper caste landowners and money lenders. Women’s movement started against gender discrimination in different fields like workplace and within the family. At the same time, these new social movements are not only about old issues of economic inequality and they were not organised along class lines alone.

Essential elements of these movements were identity politics, cultural anxieties and aspirations as these were not the issues in old movements. Generally, all the classes of the society unitedly participated in these movements. For example urban, middle class feminists and poor peasant women participated in the women’s movement. The regional movements, for separate statehood brought different groups closer to each other, who do not share homogeneous class identities. In a social movement, questions of social inequality can occur alongside other, equally important issues.

Question 4.
Environmental movements often also contain economic and identity issues. Discuss.
Answer:
The modern period has greatly emphasised the issue of development. From many decades, people are concerned about the uncontrolled use of natural resources and a model of development which creates new needs. It further demands more exploitations of the already depleted natural resources.

This model of development has also been critiqued because it has been assumed that all the sections of the society benefit from this development. So big dams displaced the people from their livelihood and homes. The impact of industrial pollution is another story. Here, we can take example of an ecological movement in which many issues are interlinked.

The Chipko movement, in the foothills of the Himalayas is an example of interlinked issues. Ramachandra Guha wrote in his book, “Unquiet Woods’, that villagers rallied together to save the rhododendron and Oak forests near their villages. When the government contractors came to cut down the trees, all the villagers stepped forward and hugged the trees to prevent them from being axed.

The villager’s subsistence was also at stake. All of them were dependent on forests to get firewood, fodder and things of daily needs. That’s why villagers stood against the government’s desire to generate revenues by selling timber. The economy of subsistence stood against the economy of profit. Alongside, the issue of social inequality, the Chipko movement also raised the issue of ecological problem. Cutting down of forests could have led to ecological destruction which could have resulted in devastating floods and landslides in the region. These red and green issues were inter-linked for the villagers.

As their survival was dependent upon forests, they also valued the forest for their own sake because ecological wealth benefits everyone. Moreover, this movement also displayed the people’s anger, living in hill villagers, against a distant government, in plains, which seemed indifferent and hositle to their concerns. So concerns of economy, ecology and political representation were important in the Chipko movement.

Question 5.
Distinguish between Peasent and New Farmer’s movements.
Answer:
The main issues of concern of peasent movements was the abolition of Zamindars, land-reforms, exploitation of farmers, land ceding laws, etc. and these movements were initiated before independence. But New Farmer’s movements were initiated after independence and their main issues were non-removal of agricultural subsidies, welfare of farmers, waiver of their loans and more value of their produce. In this way, there exist a difference in nature between the peasant and New Farmer’s movements.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12 Change and Development in Industrial Society

CBSE Class 12 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12 Change and Development in Industrial Society Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-sociology-chapter-12/

Change and Development in Industrial Society NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12

Change and Development in Industrial Society Questions and Answers Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12

Question 1.
Choose any occupation you see around you and describe it along the following lines:
(a) Social composition of the work force – caste, gender, age region
(b) Labour process – how the work takes place
(c) wages and other benefits
(d) working conditions – safety, rest times, working hours etc.
Answer:
Occupation Selected – Teaching.
(a) Social Composition of the work force. People of all the castes and both sexes work in the school in which I teach. Males and females both work with each other and no caste discrimination takes place. Old people and young ones both work with each other. Experinced teachers guide the young teachers so that they could teach in a proper way and improve their teaching skills.

(b) Labour process. All the teachers come, to school early in the morning. All the teachers know about their classes, time-table etc. Every one takes his/her class according to their period and time. School also runs busses to bring students and teachers from far off places. Teachers are given pay according to their experience and ability.

(c) Wages and other benefits. All the teachers are given pay according to their experience and ability. Some are given PGT (Post Graduate Teacher) scale, some TGT (Trained Graduate Teacher) scale and some are given PRT (Primary Teacher) scale. They have the facility of bus service free of cost. With this G.P.F. facility is also given to them. Facility of L.T.C. (Leave Travel Concession) is also there.

(d) Working Conditions. Teachers have to spend 7 hours a day in the school. They are also given free time for rest in between periods so that they do not get exhausted.

Question 2.
In the account of brickmaking, bidi rolling, software engineers or mines that are described in the boxes, describe the social composition of the workers. What are the working conditions and facilities available? How do girls like Madhu feel about their work?
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 3.
How has liberalisation affected employment patterns in India?
Answer:
The policy of liberalisation has been followed by Indian government since 1990. Foreign companies were encouraged to invest in India.. The pobcy of bberalisation has affected employment patterns in India in following ways:
(i) Now foreign products are easily available in the country. Due to this many labourers have lost their jobs.

(ii) Multinational companies like Coke, Pepsi, etc. entered Indian market. It is right that these companies have created a number of employment opportunities but it has affected Indian market. No Indian company could stand in their competition. A number of people got jobs but a number of people also lost their jobs.

(iii) Foreign companies and large business houses of India have entered the retail sector. They also provided jobs to the people but small traders, shopkeepers, hawkers, etc. lost their jobs as their small business are adversely affected by their large showrooms.

(iv) Government has followed the policy of disinvestment in which public sector companies are now sold to private companies. Private owners try to cut the cost by scritinising a number of employees with which many people loose their jobs. Some choose to take voluntary retirement. The remaining are forced to do more work.

(v) Due to multinational companies, outsourcing of work takes place and house hold works remains no more in the fray.

(vi) Due to disinvestment and liberlisation, government does not offer more permanent jobs to anyone instead it keeps workers on contract basis. People become insecure with this. In this way bberalisation has attacked employment patterns in India.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 14 Mass Media and Communications

CBSE Class 12 / Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 14 Mass Media and Communications Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. https://mcq-questions.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-sociology-chapter-14/

Mass Media and Communications NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 14

Mass Media and Communications Questions and Answers Class 12 Sociology Chapter 14

Question 1.
Trace out the changes that have been occurring in the newspaper industry. What is your opinion on these changes?
Answer:
Newspaper and magazines played a great role in the spread of the freedom movement. It was generally believed that the print media would be sidelined with the growth of television and the internet. But the circulation of newspapers grew rapidly in India. Production and circulation of newspapers has been boosted by the advent of new technologies. Many glossy magazines have also entered the market.

A number of reasons are present for the amazing growth in Indian language newspapers as well. First of all, there is a rise in the number of literate people who migrate to urban areas. The Hindi daily ‘Hindustan’ in 2003 printed 64,000 copies of the Delhi edition. It jumped to 425,000 copies by 2005. It is so because out of 147 Lakh population of Delhi, 52% came from the Hindi Belt of two states of U.P. and Bihar. Out of these, 47% have a rural background and 60% belong to the age group of 40 years or less.

Second reason is that the needs of readers of smaller areas i.e., rural areas are different from urban areas and Indian language newspapers fulfill those needs. Major dominant Indian language newspapers like ‘Malayala Manorama’ and the ‘Eenadu’ launched the concept of local news in a different way by introducing district and whenever necessary block editions.

Another leading newspaper ‘Dina Thanthi’ always used simple and colloquail language. Indian newspapers have adopted modern printing technology and also published pullouts, supplements, literary and niche booklets. The Dainik Bhaskar group grew because of marketing strategies as they carry out door to door surveys, research and consumer contact programmes.

English newspapers are generally known as ‘national dailies’ and are circulated across the regions. Indian language newspapers have greatly increased their circulation in rural areas. Newspapers, especially English and Hindi, have not only reduced their prices but they have brought out editions from multiple centres as well.

Question 2.
Is radio as a medium of mass communication dying out? Discuss the potential that FM stations have in post-liberalisation India. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The first radio broadcast in India started in 1925 when Radio Club of Bombay broadcasted its first programme. From then till today, Radio is an important means of entertainment for the rich and the poor. Radio, after newspapers, is the only means which is within the reach of common man. Even poor people can entertain himself by spending Rs. 100-150 on a Radio set.

Yet the advent of hundreds of television channels has reduced the impact of radio but this craze of radio has again increased with the opening up of F.M. Stations. Radio can reach those far off places and interiors of country where no other means of entertainment can reach.

The potential of F.M. stations has greatly increased in the modern age of globalisation. Radio stations are developing due to privatisation of radio stations and with the advent of community based radio stations. People like to listen to the local news. A number of F.M. channels are constantly increasing in the country, because they broadcast many new programmes and invites people to participate in their programmes. In this way, F.M. radio channels are becoming famous in the country. F.M. radio station have opened its branches across the country.

Question 3.
Trace the changes that have been happening in the medium of television. Discuss.
Or
Describe the changes that have been happening in the medium of television. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Doordarshan (Television): First television in India was started in ‘Aakashvani Bhavan’ in 1959 as an experiment. Service of Doordarshan, which is being provided by the Indian government, is one of the largest service of mass media in the world. In its earlier phase, it was being broadcast thrice a week. But later on, it started to broadcast its programmes daily. First satellite experiment in India was carried out in 1975-76.

It was the first step to give social education with the help of technology. The second television centre, in the country opened in 1972. Many other centres started in 1973 in the country. In 1976, Doordarshan was separated from AIR and was made a new department. Colour television was started in 1982 dining the Asian Games at Delhi. D.D. Metro was combined with Delhi Doordarshan in 1984. Initially D.D. Metro was broadcast in Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras but later on the telecast spread to the whole country. D.D. sports, a sports channel was started in 1999 to telecast different sporting events on television.

Now television is available with more than 100 crore people in the country. 87% population is within the reach of television and television covers 78% area of the country. Doordarshan has production studios in 49 cities of the country. Doordarshan telecasts many educational and entertainment programmes. Doordarshan runs many educational programmes with the help of U.G.C. and IGNOU.

Except these hundreds of private channels broadcast their programmes to entertain the masses. Sony, Zee, Starplus, Max, ESPN, Star, Ten Sports and many news channels telecast their programmes round the clock and are entertaining the people. So we can say that electronic mass media has been improved to a great deal in the country. Not only Doordarshan but hundreds of private channels are there with which people are being entertained to a great deal.

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