CBSE Class 8

These NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Questions and Answers are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts to help students while preparing for their exams.

Microorganisms: Friend and Foe NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 2

Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
a. Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a ………………
b. Blue green algae fix ……………… directly from air and enhance fertility of soil.
Alcohol is produced with the help of ………………
d. Cholera is caused by ………………
Answer:
a. microscope,
b. nitrogen,
c. yeast,
d. bacteria

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
a. Yeast is used in the production of
i. sugar
ii. alcohol
iii. hydrochloric acid
iv. oxygen
Answer:
ii. alcohol

b. The following is an antibiotic
i. Sodium bicarbonate
ii. Streptomycin
iii. Alcohol
iv. Yeast
Answer:
ii. Streptomycin

c. Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is
i. female Anopheles mosquito
ii. cockroach
iii. housefly
iv. butterfly
Answer:
i. female Anopheles mosquito

d. The most common carrier of communicable diseases is
i. ant
ii. housefly
iii. dragonfly
iv. spider
Answer:
ii. housefly

e. The bread or idli dough rises because of
i. heat
ii. grinding
iii. growth of yeast cells
iv. kneading
Answer:
iii. growth of yeast cells

f. The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called
i. nitrogen fixation
ii. moulding
iii. fermentation
iv. infection
Answer:
iii. fermentation

Question 3.
Match the organisms in Column A with their action in Column B.

Answer:
(i) → (e),
(ii) → (a),
(iii) → (b)
(iv) → (c)
(v) → (d),
(vi) → (f).

Question 4.
Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If not, how can they be seen?
Answer:
Microorganisms are too small so they cannot be seen with naked eye. They can be seen with the help of a magnifying glass or microscope. For example, fungus that grows on bread is so small that it can be seen only with the help of a magnifying glass or microscope.

Question 5.
What are the major groups of microorganisms?
Answer:
The major groups of microorganisms are: bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses.

• Bacteria: They are non-green single celled microbes. E.g., streptococcus.
• Fungi: They are long, thread like, unicellular as well as multicellular microorganisms. E.g., mushroom.
• Algae: Aquatic photosynthetic organisms commonly called seaweeds. E.g., Spirogyra.
• Protozoans: They are unicellular non-photosynthetic organisms. E.g., Amoeba.
• Viruses: They are non-cellular microbes which get activated only inside a living cell. E.g., EQV,

Question 6.
Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
Answer:
Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter and blue-green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

Question 7.
Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.
Answer:
Usefulness of microorganisms:

• Lactobacillus helps in making curd from milk.
• Yeast helps in rising of dough and batter while making various food items.
• Yeast helps in fermentation and thus in production of wine.
• Antibiotics are made from microbes.
• Microbes help in cleaning the environment by decomposing dead remains of plants and animals.
• Microbes help in nitrogen fixation in the soil.
• Some microbes in our digestive system help in the digestion of food.
• Weak strains of some microbes are utilised to make vaccines against specific diseases.
• Microbes help in making of compost.
• Lactobacillus (present in curd) is beneficial for our health.

Question 8.
Write a short paragraph on the harmful effects of microorganisms.
Answer:
Micro-organisms cause diseases in animals. For example, in humans, bacteria cause diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, etc. In cattle, the foot and mouth disease is caused by a virus. Also, several microbes cause diseases in plants. For example, the productivity of wheat, orange, apple, etc., is reduced due to microbial diseases in plants. Certain microbes, on entering into our body, produce toxic substances. This leads to food poisoning. Some microorganisms, such as fungus, spoil our food. For example, bread, when left unused under moist conditions, gets spoilt by fungus which appears as a white cotton-like- growth on the bread.

Question 9.
What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?
Answer:
A substance which kills or stops the growth of bacteria is called antibiotic. Following precautions need to be taken while taking antibiotics:

• Never take an antibiotic without consulting a doctor.
• Always follow a doctor’s prescription while taking an antibiotic.
• Always complete the prescribed dose of antibiotic. Do not stop taking an antibiotic in between.
• Keep antibiotics away from children.
• Never use an antibiotic which is past its expiry date.

NCERT Extended Learning Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Pull out a gram or bean plant from the field. Observe its roots. You will find round structures called root nodules on the roots. Draw a diagram of the root and show the root nodules.
Hint:
The round structure are root nodules.

Question 2.
Collect the labels from the bottles of jams and jellies. Write down the list of contents printed on the labels.
Hint:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
Visit a doctor. Find out why antibiotics should not be overused. Prepare a short report.
Hint:
Antibiotics are powerful drugs that treat diseases caused by bacteria. Antibiotics kill and slow down the growth of bacteria in the body and further stop them from multiplying. However, overusing antibiotics can cause adverse effects.

• Due to overuse, certain bacteria grow their resistance power and thus the medicines do not work against them any longer.
• Other bacteria can also grow and cause infections.
• Overdose of antibiotics can also cause Diarrhoea and vomiting.

Thus it is essential to store and take medication correctly.

Question 4.
Project: Requirements – two test tubes, marker pen, sugar, yeast powder, two balloons and lime water. Take two test tubes and mark them A and B. Clamp these tubes in a stand and fill them with water leaving some space at the top. Put two spoonfuls of sugar in each of the test tubes. Add a spoonful of yeast in test tube B. Inflate the two balloons incompletely. Now tie the balloons on the mouths of each test tube. Keep them in a warm place, away from sunlight. Watch the set-up every day for next 3-4 days. Record your observations and think of an explanation.

Now take another test tube filled 1/4 with lime water. Remove the balloon from test tube B in such a manner that gas inside the balloon does not escape. Fit the balloon on the test tube and shake well. Observe and explain.

Hint:
The test tube B containing yeast shows inflated balloon due to formation of carbon dioxide gas by the yeast. Also, when carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water, it turns milky.

Activity 1

Objective: To prepare and study the temporary mount of bread mould.
Materials Required: A piece of bread, microscope, slide, coverslip, stain, a pair of forceps, water and bowl.
Procedure:

• Moisten a little piece of bread and put it in a bowl. Leave it undisturbed in a dark and cool place.
• After 4-5 days, prepare a slide of the mould growing on the bread.

Observations:

• The mould growing on the bread is fungus.
• Spores are black or dark in colour.
• Sporangiophores bear sporangium that contain spores.

Conclusion: The bread mould is a fungus. Fungus depends on others for food. It is saprotrophic in nature.

iv. Protozoa: Protozoans are unicellular organisms. Protozoans do not have cell wall and chloroplast, but they do have nucleus. Protozoans are animal like just as algae are plant-like. Some are parasites that live in the bodies of other organisms, including human beings. Amoeba, Paramecium and Plasmodium are some examples of protozoa.

Viruses: Viruses are also microscopic but they are not considered as true living beings. They are considered as a borderline case between living and non-living. A virus behaves as a non-living thing when it is outside the host cell, i. e., a virus does not carry out nutrition, respiration or reproduction when it is outside the host. But once it is inside the host, it behaves like a living being, i. e., it carries out nutrition, respiration and reproduction. For example: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), etc.

Friendly Microorganisms:
i. Lactobacillus is an example of a bacteria. Lactobacillus facilitates conversion of milk into curd.

Activity 2

Objective: To make curd.
Materials Required: Milk, teaspoonful of curd and a bowl.
Procedure:

• Heat some milk in a pan until it is lukewarm (40 – 45°C).
• Add a teaspoonful of pre-made curd to it and stir.
• Cover and leave it for 6-8 hours.
• The milk will get converted into curd.

Observation: When we add a teaspoonful of pre-made curd into a lukewarm milk, it gets converted into curd.
Conclusions: Milk is turned into curd with the help of a friendly bacteria (Lactobacillus), which was transferred to the milk as inoculum of curd.

ii. Yeast causes fermentation of many food items. The process by which sugar solution changes into alcohol due to anaerobic respiration by microbes is called fermentation.
iii. When yeast is added to batter of cake, idli or pakora, there is a production of carbon dioxide gas due to respiration by yeast cells. Carbon dioxide gas creates bubbles in dough or batter which makes fluffy cakes, breads, idli and dosa.
iv. Microorganisms are used in cleaning up of the environment as decomposers. For example, the organic wastes (vegetable peels, remains of animals, faeces, etc.) are broken down into harmless substances by bacteria.
v. In agricultural fields, microorganisms are used to increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen.

Commercial Use of Microorganisms:

• Microorganisms are used for large scale production of alcohol, wine and acetic acid (vinegar). For commercial production of alcohol and wine, yeast is grown on natural sugars present in grains like barley, wheat, rice, crushed fruit juices, etc.
• Yeast is used commercially in the bakery industries for production of cakes, breads, etc.

Activity 3

Objective: To study the action of curd (or yeast) on the maida dough.
Materials Required: Maida, curd/yeast, a glass/stainless steel bowl.
Procedure:

• Take about 100 g of maida in a bowl, and mix it with a little warm water and about 30-40 g of curd or a little yeast.
• Knead it to a soft dough.
• Leave it at a warm place (around 35°C) for about 2-3 hours.

Observation: 2-3 hours later, the maida dough rises up and becomes fluffy.
Conclusion: When yeast/curd is added to the madia, there is a production of carbon dioxide gas due to respiration by yeast. Carbon dioxide gas creates bubbles in the dough or batter which makes the dough fluffy.

Antibiotic: Whenever we fall ill, the doctor may give us some antibiotic tablets, capsules or injections, like penicillin, which are made up of microorganisms. These are the medicines produced from bacteria and fungi used to kill or stop the growth of the disease causing microorganisms. Several antibiotics such as streptomycin, Chloromycetin, tetracycline, etc., are obtained from various fungi and bacteria. Antibiotics are used to cure a large number of diseases.

Antibody: When a disease causing microbe enter our body, our internal defensive mechanisms produce substances called antibodies in our blood to fight the disease causing microbe.

Vaccine: When a disease-carrying microbe enters our healthy body, the body produces antibodies which fights and kill these microbes. The body also remembers how to fight the microbe if it enters again. The antibodies remain in the body for a long time and protect us from the disease causing microbes. The substance which is injected into the body to trigger the body to initiate this entire process is called a vaccine. Vaccine contains dead or weakened pathogens which trigger the formation of suitable antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide protection from the actual disease. The process of giving vaccine to people is known as vaccination. Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine for smallpox in 1798. Vaccines are now available for many diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, hepatitis, etc.

Harmful Microorganisms: A microbe which causes disease is called a pathogen. Diseases caused by pathogens can be broadly grouped into two categories:
i. Communicable Disease: The disease which can spread from one person to another is called a communicable disease. Some insects and animals that carry such pathogens from one body to another are called carriers or vectors, for example, housefly.
ii. Non-communicable Disease: The disease cannot spread from one person to another are called non-communicable diseases. Some common pathogens and diseases caused by them in animals and humans are listed below:

Microbes also cause diseases in animals, such as anthrax disease in cattle is caused by bacterium Bacillus anthracis, and in plants, like citrus canker which is caused by bacteria in citrus fruits. Other plant diseases include rust of wheat (caused by a fungus) and yellow vein mosaic of okra (caused by a virus).

Food Poisoning: Some bacteria produce toxic substances in food. Consuming a food item with toxic substance can result in food poisoning. Food poisoning is a serious case and needs immediate hospitalisation. Lack of timely care in case of food poisoning may prove fatal.

Food Preservation: The process by which spoilage of perishable food is prevented using chemical or physical methods is called food preservation. We know that microbes proliferate very fast in the presence of food, Common preservatives used are common salt, sugar, edible oils, vinegar, sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite. Boiling and storing the things at low temperature also help in preserving food items. Dry fruits and even vegetables are sold in sealed air-tight packets to prevent the attack of microbes.

Pasteurisation: It is the process in which milk is heated at about 70°C for 15 to 30 seconds and then swiftly chilled and stored. This process prevents the growth of microbes. This process was conceptualised by Louis Pasteur in 1857 therefore, it is known as pasteurisation.

Nitrogen Fixation: The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites which can be taken up and used by plants to make the required molecules is known as fixing of nitrogen.

Nitrogen cycle: The circulation of nitrogen through living things (plants and animals) and non-living environment (air, soil and water) is called nitrogen cycle in nature. Some bacteria and blue green algae, present in the soil, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into nitrogenous compounds. Once nitrogen is converted into these usable compounds, it can be utilised by plants from the soil through their root system. On the other hand, when plants and animals die, bacteria and fungi present in the soil convert the nitrogenous wastes into nitrogenous compounds to be used by the plants again. Nitrogen gas is also released to the atmosphere during this process. Due to this nitrogen cycle, the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere remains more or less constant.

Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Additional Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are microorganisms?
Answer:
Organisms which cannot be seen by naked eyes are called microorganisms or microbes.

Question 2.
Name two habitats of microorganisms.
Answer:
Soil and water.

Question 3.
What are viruses?
Answer:
Very tiny microscopic organisms which reproduce only inside the cells of the host organisms are called viruses.

Question 4.
Name some diseases caused by Protozoans.
Answer:
Dysentery and malaria.

Question 5.
Mention two groups of microorganisms which live in colonies.
Answer:
Bacteria and fungi.

Question 6.
Mention some diseases caused by bacteria.
Answer:
Typhoid and tuberculosis (TB) are bacterial diseases.

Question 7.
Name the most popular vaccination programme.
Answer:
Pulse polio programme.

Question 8.
What is polio?
Answer:
Polio is a disease which affects nerves and results in paralysis, especially of legs.

Question 9.
What is a communicable disease? Give examples.
Answer:
A disease which can spread from one person to another is called a communicable disease. Example: cholera and chickenpox.

Question 10.
What do you mean by antibodies?
Answer:
Antibodies are the substance released by the immune system of the body to fight off and kill the disease causing pathogens that enter our bodies.

Question 11.
What is a vaccine?
Answer:
A preparation containing usually killed or weakened microorganisms that is given to a person to provide protection against a particular disease is called a vaccine.

Question 12.
What do you mean by vaccination?
Answer:
The process of administering a vaccine in the body of an individual is called vaccination.

Question 13.
What are the carriers of diseases- causing microbes.
Answer:
The insects and animals which help in the transmission of the pathogens from source to a healthy person are called carriers of disease-causing microbes.

Question 14.
Name the carrier of dengue virus.
Answer:
Female Aedes mosquito.

Question 15.
What is nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
The process of changing atmospheric nitrogen into usable compounds of nitrogen which can be taken up by plants is called nitrogen fixation.

Question 16.
Name the pathogen of anthrax.
Answer:
Bacillus anthracis.

Question 17.
What do you mean by symbiotic relationship?
Answer:
The relationship between two organisms in which both the organisms are benefitted is called a symbiotic relationship. For example, association of fungi and algae in lichens.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main characteristics of viruses?
Answer:
The main characteristics of viruses are:

• They have no cell wall.
• They cause various diseases like eye flu.
• They multiply only in the host body.
• Antibiotics do not affect them.

Question 2.
Describe the different types of bacteria on the basis of their shape giving examples.
Answer:
a. Bacilli: Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria that look like cylinders, arranged singly or in chains. For example, Lactobacillus.
b. Cocci: Cocci are round, spherical-shaped bacteria. They can occur as a single bacterium or can be arranged in pairs. For example, Staphylococcus.
c. Spirilla: These are twisted spiral-shaped bacteria that look like a ribbon such as Spirillum.
d. Vibrio: These are comma-shaped bacteria which look like a bent rod. For example, Vibrio cholerae.

Question 3.
Describe the discovery of Penicillin.
Answer:
Alexander Flemming, a British scientist, was the first to discover that Penicillium mould produces an antibiotic called penicillin. He detected penicillin just by chance, when he observed that Penicillium grown in his culture of bacteria (staphylococcus), prevented the growth of bacteria in the culture. Now several antibiotics such as streptomycin, Chloromycetin, tetracycline, etc., are obtained from various fungi and bacteria.

Question 4.
Why do antibiotics have no effect on viruses?
Answer:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses because viruses do not have a metabolism of their own. The antibiotics act by hampering the metabolism of the microorganisms rendering them harmless or killing them. Since the viruses have no metabolism of their own and they rely on the host enzymes and machinery, thus antibiotics have no effect on them.

Question 5.
How do the microorganisms survive under adverse conditions?
Answer:
Under unfavourable conditions of temperature, water and availability of food, microorganisms generally form a hard and tough covering called cyst or spore. This covering protects them from the harsh conditions. The covering is shed away when favourable conditions reappear.

Question 6.
What is the role of yeast in baking industry?
Answer:
Yeast plays an important role in the baking industry. Yeast reproduces rapidly and produces carbon dioxide during respiration. Bubbles of the gas fill the dough and increase its volume. Thus, they are helpful in baking industry and make the stuffs soft, spongy and fluffy.

Question 7.
How does a vaccine work?
Answer:
When a vaccine is inoculated in the body of an individual, the body prepares antibodies against it. Thus, the body learns and remembers how to fight with that particular microbe in future. In this way, vaccination helps in prevention against a particular disease.

Question 8.
Describe the role of blue-green algae and bacteria in enhancing the fertility of soil.
Answer:
Some bacteria and blue green algae fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and enrich soil with nitrogen, thereby increasing its fertility. These microbes are commonly called biological nitrogen fixers. Thus, bacteria and blue green algae increase the soil fertility. For example, Rhizobium, Azotobactor and Clostridium.

Question 9.
How do the microbes help in cleaning the environment?
Answer:
Many microbes feed on dead remains of plants and animals. These microbes play the role of decomposers. Thus, microbes help in clearing organic waste from our surroundings. Dead cattle, waste from meat and fish shop, waste from vegetable market, etc., are decomposed and cleaned away by the action of microbes.

Question 10.
How do microorganisms spoil food?
Answer:
Microorganisms grow on the food materials and multiply rapidly. They release toxins in the food and make it unfit for consumption. They breakdown the food molecules into amines and change the taste, texture and appearance of food. This results in food poisoning.

Question 11.
What do you understand by pasteurisation?
Answer:
Pasteurisation involves heating the milk to 70°C for about 15 to 30 minutes and it is then quickly cooled down and stored. It helps in killing the microbes which may be present in the milk. It is a method of food preservation. Milk is pasteurised before being packed.

Question 12.
Differentiate between yeasts and moulds.
Answer:

Question 13.
Suggest three methods to prevent the growth of moulds.
Answer:
Methods to prevent the growth of moulds are as follows:

• Storing the things at low temperatures and in clean, closed containers.
• Keeping the things in dry conditions or in dry storage.
• Sun Drying: This is a traditional c. Using preservatives for storing the food.
• Keeping the articles away from the reach of microorganisms present in the air.

Question 14.
Suman bought some mangoes from a market. She could not eat them for a few days. After a few days, she found that they were spoilt and rotten. But she knows that the mango pickle her mother makes does not spoil for a long time. Her mother told her that bacteria are responsible for the spoilage of fruits.
a. Why did mangoes get spoilt?
b. Give the names of any four fruits and vegetables which are preserved in salt and sugar.
Answer:
a. Mangoes get spoiled because they have much higher moisture content (water content) which promotes the growth of food spoiling microorganisms.
b. Raw mango, amla, carrot, beans.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are food preservatives? Explain some common methods of food preservation.
Answer:
Some common chemicals generally used to check the growth of microbes are called food preservatives. We know that microbes proliferate very fast in presence of food, moisture, oxygen and ambient temperature. All the methods of food preservation are aimed at ruling out the food, moisture, oxygen and ambient temperature for microbes so that they won’t proliferate. Some common methods of food preservation are as follows:

a. Sun drying: This is a traditional method of food preservation. Sun-drying helps in removing moisture from the food. Grains are dried in the Sun before being stored. Many vegetables are also Sun-dried so that they can be used in off-season.

b. Preservation by Common Salt: When a food item is kept in plenty of salt, water from the food comes out because of osmosis. It results in dehydration of the food item. Absence of moisture helps to prevent the growth of microbes. Fish, meat and pickles are preserved by adding salt.

c. Preservation by Sugar: Sugar preserves food by reducing moisture in it. Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved by adding sugar.

d. Preservation by Oil and Vinegar: The layer of oil on the top of food prevents oxygen from entering the food. Some microbes do not survive in the absence of oxygen. Some microbes cannot survive in acidic environment and thus vinegar is an effective food preservative.

e. Storage and Packing: Some food items are stored in air-tight packets so that oxygen is not available for proliferation of microbes. Some food items are packed in cans, along with some preservatives. Oily food, such as potato chips, is packed in air-tight packets which are filled with nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas prevents the oily food from becoming rancid.

f. Boiling and freezing: Boiling kills many microbes. Similarly, we keep our food in refrigerator. Low temperature inhibits the growth of microbes. Meat, fish, fruits, etc., need extensive freezing and sterilisation facilities for storage.

Question 2.
Mention the places where the following microorganisms are found:
a. Bacteria
b. Protozoa
c. Fungi
d. Algae
e. Viruses.
Answer:
a. Bacteria: They are found almost everywhere especially in soil, hot springs and organic matter.
b. Protozoa: They are found mostly in soil and fresh and marine water. Some are found in living organisms and cause diseases like malaria.
c. Fungi: They are mostly found in warm and humid places. They are also found on decaying organic matter such as food, fallen logs, etc.
d. Algae: They are often present in ponds. Some algae are found in snow and some in hot springs. They also grow in moist soil, on barks of trees and on rock surfaces.
e. Viruses: Viruses inhabit and reproduce only inside the cells of living organisms such as plants, animals and human beings.

Question 3.
Explain the uses of bacteria, fungi and algae.
Answer:
a. Uses of Bacteria:

• They are used to increase the soil fertility by fixing nitrogen.
• Some bacteria are used to produce antibiotics.
• Some bacteria help in many functions of our body.
• Lactobacillus bacterium converts milk into curd. It also helps in the digestion of food.

b. Uses of Fungi:

• Yeast is used to prepare alcohol and vinegar by fermentation.
• Yeast is used to produce breads, cheese, bear, wine, etc.
• Mushrooms are eaten as food.
• Yeast is used to produce vitamin B.
• Penicillin is an antibiotic formed from a fungus called Penicillium.

c. Uses of Algae:

• Algae are used to make jellies.
• They are used in soups, ice creams, jellies and jams as thickening agent.
• Chlorella is used to produce vitamin B.
• Silica from diatoms is used in toothpastes.

Question 4.
Explain the nitrogen cycle in nature.
Answer:
Our atmosphere has 78% nitrogen gas. The atmospheric nitrogen cannot be taken up directly by plants and animals. Certain bacteria and blue- green algae present in the soil fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into compounds of nitrogen. Once nitrogen is converted into these usable compounds, it can be utilised by plants from the soil through their root system. Nitrogen is then used for the synthesis of plant proteins and other compounds. Animals feeding on plants get these proteins and other nitrogenous compounds. When plants and animals die, bacteria and fungi present in the soil convert their nitrogenous wastes into nitrogenous compounds to be used by the plants again. Certain other bacteria convert some part of them back to the nitrogen gas which goes back into the atmosphere. As a result, the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere remains more or less constant.

Question 5.
Explain some indications which help to detect the spoilage of food.
Answer:
Following indications help us in detecting the spoilage of food:

• Odour: When food gives out bad smell, it is the indication that the bacteria have spoiled the food.
• Discolouration: Growth of microbes on food results in discolouration of food e.g., black moulds on breads.
• Souring: Sometimes the cooked food starts tasting sour. It is due to the production of acids by the action of certain bacteria.
• Sliminess: Sometimes the food becomes slimy. It is also due to action of certain bacteria.
• Gas formation: Due to action of bacteria gases, like carbon dioxide are produced. They also spoil the food by making it spongy or swollen.

Question 6.
Make a table of common human diseases caused by microbes.
Answer:

Picture-Based Questions

Question 1.
a. Draw a diagram to show any two algae and name them.
b. Draw a diagram to show any two protozoa and name them.
Answer:
a. Algae – Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra.

b. Protozoa – Amoeba and Paramecium.

Question 2.
a. Draw a diagram of: (i) Bread mould, (ii) Penicillium and (iii) Aspergillus.
b. Name the group to which the above microorganisms belong.
Answer:
a.

b. Above microorganisms belong to the fungi group.

Question 3.
Draw a diagram of roots of leguminous plant with root nodules. Name the bacteria that live in these roots.
Answer:
The bacteria that live in these roots are Rhizobium bacteria

These NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Questions and Answers are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts to help students while preparing for their exams.

Crop Production and Management NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 1

Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

Page 13-15

Question 1.
Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks.
float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation
a. The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called ……………….
b. The first step before growing crops is ………………. of the soil.
c. Damaged seeds would ………………. on top of water.
d. For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight and ………………. and ………………. from the soil are essential.
Answer:
a. crop,
b. preparation,
c. float,
d. water, nutrients.

Question 2.
Match items in column A with those in

Answer:
(i) → (e),
(ii) → (d),
(iii) → (b),
(iv) → (c)

Question 3.
Give two examples of each:
a. Kharif crop
b. Rabi crop
Answer:
a. Paddy and maize,
b. Wheat and mustard.

Question 4.
Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following.
a. Preparation of soil
b. Sowing
c. Weeding
d. Threshing
Answer:
a. Preparation of soil: The basic step before the cultivation of a crop is the preparation of the soil. It involves loosening the soil resulting in deeper penetration of the roots. This process increases the growth of several microbial organisms, earthworms, etc., which enrich the soil with humus and other essential nutrients of the soil. Tilling of soil brings the rich nutrients of the soil to the top surface. Basically, plants require nutrients for their proper growth and functioning. The process of loosening the soil is called tilling or ploughing the soil. Ploughing takes place with the help of a bull and appropriate equipment like plough, hoe or cultivator. This helps the plants to completely utilise the nutrients obtained from the soil for their growth.

b. Sowing: Sowing is an important process in the production of crops. The process of placing the seeds in the soil for the growth of the plants is sowing. Seed selection is important for better growth of the plant. The net production of the crop, i.e., yield is improved through sowing. It is done traditionally by a tool or a seed drill. The tool is funnel-shaped and was used traditionally for seed sowing in the soil. Nowadays, seed sowing is done through a tractor by the usage of seed drills. The seeds are dispersed uniformly in the soil through this tool and are sown at a particular depth. This new method of sowing is time-saving and also ensures seed protection from the birds.

c. Weeding: The unwanted plants in the crops are called weeds. These weeds absorb the nutrients from the soil. So it is necessary to remove them. Weeds are either removed manually or by mechanical tools. The process of removal of weeds is called weeding. Some chemicals like 2,4-D are also used to kill the weeds. Weedicides are sprayed to get of weeds.

d. Threshing: It is the process of separating the grains or seeds from chaff. This process takes place after the harvesting of the crop. It generally takes place with the help of a machine known as ‘combine’. This machine is a combination of both harvester and thresher. It cleans the harvested grains from chaff.

Question 5.
Explain how fertilisers are different from manure.
Answer:

Question 6.
What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.
Answer:
Plants need plenty of water to grow. Farmers need to supply water to the crops at regular intervals. This practice is called irrigation. Two methods of irrigation which conserve water are as follows:

a. Sprinkler System: The sprinkler system is composed of a series of pipelines. Vertical sprinklers are fitted at suitable gaps on the pipes. Water is pushed through the pipes with the help of a pump. The nozzle of the sprinkler keeps on rotating. It results in a jet of water being sprinkled on plants. Sprinkler system is ideal for irrigation on uneven land.

b. Drip Irrigation: In this system, pipes are laid near the base and along the queue of plants. The pipes have small holes at frequent gaps. The holes facilitate gradual dripping of water on the base of plants. This method is ideal for areas which are suffering from shortage of water.

Question 7.
If wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen? Discuss.
Answer:
Kharif come during rainy season hence it is not a wise idea to grow wheat in Kharif season. Crop of wheat requires moderate temperature, moderate amount of water and a long period of frost-free days. If wheat is grown in kharif season it may not grow properly because of very high temperature. Some of the plants may also get damaged due to flooding. This will result in poor yield.

Question 8.
Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field.
Answer:
We know that plants take nutrients from the soil and thus exhaust the soil from most of the nutrients with passage of time. Thus, continuous plantation of crops in the field results in loss of fertility of the soil. The soil may become infertile in the long run because the soil does not get enough time to replenish its lost nutrients.

Question 9.
What are weeds? How can we control them?
Answer:
Any unwanted plant which grows along with crops is called weed. Removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is usually done manually by using a trowel. Weeds are also removed during ploughing. Weedicides are the chemicals which destroy weeds. 2, 4-D is an example of weedicide. Weedicides are sprayed before flowering and seeding in weeds.

Question 10.
Arrange the following boxes in proper order to make a flow chart of sugarcane crop production.

Answer:
Flow chart of the production:

Question 11.
Complete the following cross word puzzle with the help of clues given below.
Down
1. Providing water to the crops.
2. Keeping crop grains for a long time under proper conditions.
5. Certain plants of the same kind grown on a large scale.
Across
3. A machine used for cutting the matured crop.
4. A rabi crop that is also one of the pulses.
6. A process of separating the grain from chaff.

Answer:
1. Irrigation
2. Storage
3. Harvester
4. Gram
5. Crop
6. Winnowing

NCERT Extended Learning Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Sow some seeds in the soil and arrange to water them by drip irrigation. Observe daily.
a. Do you think it can save water?
b. Note the changes in the seed.
Hint:
a. Yes, it will save water because in the drip irrigation method, pipes are laid near the base and along the queue of plants. The pipes have small holes at frequent gaps. The holes facilitate gradual dripping of water on the base of plants. This method is ideal for areas which are suffering from shortage of water.

b. We can see the change in seed day by day. As long as we give proper care and sunlight to the seed, it grows properly. Adding manure/fertiliser to the soil will help the seed to grow faster.

Question 2.
Collect different types of seeds and put them in small bags. Label them.
Hint:
Seeds should be as dry as possible when you collect them. Pick a dry day when there isn’t too much wind as many seeds are very light and can easily be blown away.

Question 3.
Collect pictures of some other agricultural machines and paste them in a file. Write their names and uses.
Hint:
The following agricultural machines are used nowadays:
Shredders and cutters, wheel tractor-scrapper, cotton harvester, tillage planter, drag harrow, sprayer.

Question 4.
Visit a farm, nursery or a garden nearby. Gather information about
a. importance of seed selection.
b. method of irrigation.
c. effect of extreme cold and extreme hot weather on the plants.
d. effect of continuous rain on the plants.
e. fertilisers/manure used.
Hint:
a. By removing the inferior seeds, the farmer is able to grow stronger and healthier seedlings. While seed selection is mainly aimed at obtaining healthier seeds, it can also be used to maintain and improve the quality of the crop variety. In a crop field, farmers may observe differences in traits between plants.

b. There are two types of modem irrigation methods:

1. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of irrigation in which water is sprayed or sprinkled through the air in the form of rain-like drops.
2. In drip irrigation method, pipes are laid near the base and along the queue of plants. The pipes have small holes at frequent gaps. The holes facilitate gradual dripping of water on the base of plants.

c. Extreme heat will slow down the growth and also increase moisture loss in the plants. The temperatures for optimal growth vary with the type of plant. Extremely hot or cold soil temperatures can also hamper the plant growth and seed germination.

d. Rainwater drains out nutrients and minerals that the plant needs to survive from the soil. If it rains continuously, the soil will lose its fertility and the plants won’t get the required nutrients. Plants get destroyed due to excess of rain.

e. Fertilisers supply specific type of nutrients to the plant. Fertilisers are the chemicals which add minerals like potassium, phosphorus and nitrates to soil. They use manure because it is a cheap fertiliser and environment- friendly. Fertilisers are used because they increase crop production.

Activity 1

Objective: To observe the effect of manure and fertilisers on the growth of plants.
Materials Required: Three empty flower pots, soil, cow dung manure, urea fertiliser, water and some gram seeds.
Procedure:

• Take three empty flower pots and mark them A, B, and C.
• Put some ordinary soil in pot A. Add some soil mixed with little cow-dung manure in pot B and take some soil mixed with a little urea fertiliser in pot C.
• Pour the same amount of water in all the three flower pots.
• Now take some gram seeds and germinate them.
• Select equal sized seedlings of gram.
• Plant these seedlings in each of the three flower pots.
• Keep the flower pots in a sunny place and water them daily.
• Observe and compare the growth of seedlings in the three flower pots after 7 to 10 days.

Observations:

• The pot A containing ordinary soil shows slow and poor growth.
• The pot B containing manure shows better growth.
• The pot C containing the fertiliser shows the fastest growth.

Conclusion: This activity shows that manure and fertilisers are essential for better growth of plants.

iv. Irrigation: Plants need plenty of water to grow. Farmers need to supply water to the crops at regular intervals. This practice is called irrigation. Different types of crops require different amount and frequency of irrigation. Kharif crops need more water than rabi crops.

Sources of Irrigation: Wells, tube-wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, etc., are the sources of irrigation.

Traditional Methods of Irrigation: In the traditional methods, human or animal labour is used. Following are some traditional methods of irrigation:
a. Moat (pulley-system): This is composed of a pulley and a rope. A bucket is tied to one end of the rope. Another end of the rope is pulled through over the pulley in order to draw water.

b. Chain Pump: Chain pump is composed of a wheel which is turned with the help of a chain. Many circular discs are fitted along with the chain. Movement of discs along with the chain helps in drawing water.

c. Dhekli: Dhekli is composed of a long wooden beam which turns around a lever. A bucket is fitted at the longer end of the beam. The shorter end is pressed and raised by foot to fill and lift water.

d. Rahat: Rahat is also called Persian wheel because its concept came from Persia. Rahat is composed of a big wheel with buckets fitted on the rim. Rahat is turned with the help of cattle, which helps in drawing water from a reservoir.

Manual pumps are now being replaced by motor-driven pumps. Such motors are powered either by electricity or by diesel engine.

Modern Methods of Irrigation: There are two modem methods of irrigation as follows:
a. Sprinkler System: The sprinkler system is composed of a series of pipelines. Vertical sprinklers are fitted at suitable gaps on the pipes. Water is pushed through the pipes with the help of a pump. The nozzle of the sprinkler keeps on rotating. It results

b. Drip Irrigation: In this system, pipes are laid near the base and along the queue of plants. The pipes have small holes at frequent gaps. The holes facilitate gradual dripping of water on the base of plants or directly on the roots. This method is ideal for areas which are suffering from shortage of water.

v. Protection from Weeds
Weeds: Any unwanted plant which grows along with the main crop is called weed.
Weeding: The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is necessary because weeds affect the growth of the crop by competing with the crop plants for water, nutrients, space and light.
Weed Control: The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds. The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, from time to time with the help of a khurpi. Weeds are also controlled by spraying certain chemicals, called weedicides, in the fields to kill the weeds. These chemicals do not damage the crops.

vi. Harvesting: The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting. In harvesting, the crops are pulled out or cut close to the ground. Harvesting is done manually by sickle or by a machine.

Threshing: In the harvested crop, the seed grains need to be separated from the chaff with the help of a machine called ‘combine’. It is in fact a combined harvester and thresher. This process is called threshing.
Winnowing: Separation of grains and chaff in small land holdings is called winnowing. Winnowing is done manually or by machines.

vii. Storage: Grains obtained by threshing are dried in the Sun. The dried grains are stored in gunny bags and placed in properly ventilated cemented halls, known as godowns. Farmers keep dried grains in jute bags or metallic bins or mud bins. Large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries. For storing large quantities of grains in big godowns, specific chemical treatments are used to protect them from pests and microorganisms.

• Food from Animals: Animals are an important source of food for us. Many animals are reared for milk. Some animals are reared for meat, e.g., goats and poultry. Fish is an important source of meat. Honey is obtained from honeybees.
• Animal Husbandry: Food is obtained from animals for which animals are reared and provided with proper food, shelter and care. When done on a large scale, it is called animal husbandry.

Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Additional Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is agriculture?
Answer:
Cultivation of plants and rearing of animals for food and other beneficial products and services is called agriculture.

Question 2.
What is a crop?
Answer:
When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.

Question 3.
Which agricultural practice comes first: harvesting or weeding?
Answer:
Weeding.

Question 4.
What is sowing?
Answer:
Putting seeds in soil is called sowing.

Question 5.
What are fertilisers?
Answer:
Fertilisers are chemicals which contain a particular plant nutrient.

Question 6.
What is irrigation?
Answer:
The process of supplying water to crops at regular intervals is called irrigation.

Question 7.
What are weeds?
Answer:
Unwanted plants which grow along with the crops are called weeds.

Question 8.
What is winnowing?
Answer:
Separation of grains from chaff with the help of blowing wind is called winnowing.

Question 9.
What is manure?
Answer:
Manure is an organic substance prepared by the decomposition of plants and animals waste.

Question 10.
What are manures and fertilisers used for?
Answer:
Manures and fertilisers are used to maintain the fertility of the soil and enhance crop yield.

Question 11.
Write any two uses of hoe.
Answer:

1. It is used to remove the weeds,
2. It is used to loosen the soil.

Question 12.
What do you mean by storage?
Answer:
The process of keeping the grains viable for a longer time by saving them from moisture, insects, rats and microorganisms is called storage.

Question 13.
Mention three animals which provide meat.
Answer:
Goat, pig and poultry.

Question 14.
What do you mean by animal husbandry?
Answer:
Animal husbandry is the process of rearing animals by providing them proper food, shelter and care at a large scale.

Question 15.
Why is it necessary to dry grains before storage?
Answer:
The grains are properly dried in the Sun to reduce the moisture in them. This prevents the attack by insects, pests, fungi and bacteria. Moisture changes colour of grains and they lose their germination capacity.

Question 16.
Write some sources of irrigation.
Answer:
Wells, tube wells, ponds, rivers and canals are the main sources of irrigation.

Question 17.
Which oil is obtained from fish and which vitamin is it rich in?
Answer:
Cod liver oil is obtained from fish which is rich in vitamin D.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is humus? How is it formed?
Answer:
Humus is an organic matter rich in nutrients. It is formed by the microbial action on dead and decaying animal bodies and leaves. It is generally formed on those spots where there are denser layers of trees. The soil below it becomes dark having more number of bacteria. These bacteria decompose the decaying organic matter and convert it into manure.

Question 2.
Explain the traditional method of sowing.
Answer:
Traditionally, the tool used for sowing is shaped like a funnel. The seeds to be sown are filled into the funnel and passed down through two or three pipes, having sharp ends. These sharp ends pierce into the soil and place the seeds in the soil. Broadcasting is another method in which seeds are simply scattered in the soil manually by hands.

Question 3.
Explain the modern method of sowing.
Answer:
The modem method of sowing seeds is through a seed drill. The seed drill is powered by a tractor and it helps to sow the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. It also ensures that seeds, once dropped, get covered by the soil after sowing. This prevents the wastage of seeds caused due to damage by the birds. It also saves time and labour and ensures a uniform spreading of the seeds.

Question 4.
What is the significance of ploughing?
Answer:
Significance of ploughing:

• This allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil.
• Loose soil allows the root tips to breathe easily when they go deep into the soil.
• It allows proper mixing of nutrients and humus into the soil.
• Loosening of soil brings nutrients and minerals to the top and thus plants are able to utilise these minerals.
• Loosened soil promotes the growth of organisms like earthworms and microbes which are the farmers’ friends as they further turn and loosen the soil and add humus to it.

Question 5.
What are the advantages of fertilisers?
Answer:
Advantages of fertilisers:

• Fertilisers give quicker results as compared to the manure.
• Use of fertilisers has helped farmers in significantly improving the farm yield.

Question 6.
What is the difference between kharif and rabi crops?
Answer:

Question 7.
What do you understand by the fertility of soil? Mention any four methods of replenishment of soil fertility.
Answer:
The ability of soil to supply all the essential plant nutrients to a crop and provide suitable soil structure to support the growth of plants is called soil fertility. The soil fertility can be replenished or regained by the following methods:

• By keeping the field uncultivated for one or two seasons.
• By putting manure and fertilisers in the soil.
• By practising crop rotation.
• By practising multiple cropping (or mixed cropping).

Question 8.
Why is an earthworm called a farmer’s friend?
Answer:
Earthworms are considered to be ‘friends of farmers’. They are eco-friendly organisms. Earthworms loosen the soil by burrowing deep into it. This is similar to tilling of the soil. Earthworms consume animal and plant wastes and release organic matter as excreta. This excreta of earthworms increases soil fertility. It improves the water holding capacity of the soil. The process of using worms to decompose animal and plant wastes is called vermicomposting. The manure produced after decomposing of wastes in this manner is called vermicompost.

Question 9.
What are the various methods for the improvement of crops?
Answer:
Following are the ways for the improvement of crops:

• Improved fertility of the soil.
• Protection against pests and weeds.
• Better transport and storage facility.
• Introduction of high yielding variety of seeds (HYV seeds).
• Use of improved irrigation methods.

Question 10.
What are the advantages of levelling?
Answer:
Advantages of levelling:

• It compresses the loosened top soil, thus decreasing erosion.
• It helps in uniform distribution of water.
• It helps in proper sowing and uniform growth of crop plants.

Question 11.
What is the use of soil for the cultivation of plants?
Answer:
Importance of the soil in agriculture:

• Soil fixes up the plants in the land. It holds the roots firmly and anchors the plant.
• It retains water which is absorbed by plants as a vital nutrient.
• It provides space for useful animals, such as earthworms, which turn up the soil and make it fertile.
• Soil, being porous, provides enough air to plants and organisms for respiration.

Question 12.
Write a short note on the storage of crops.
Answer:
Proper storage of harvested crop is important to prevent damage from moisture and pests. Grains are Sun dried before being stored. Grains are stored in silos. Silos can be of varying heights, ranging from one metre to several metres. Fruits and vegetables are stored in cold storage. Suitable pesticides are used while storing grains. Neem leaves are also used as pesticides.

Question 13.
What are the advantages of using manure?
Answer:
The advantages of manure:

• Manure increases nutrients in soil and soil fertility.
• It improves soil texture.
• It improves water retaining capacity of the soil.
• It is free of any toxic material and thus is environment friendly.

Question 14.
Explain the method of preparing of manure by the farmer.
Answer:
Manure is prepared by decomposition of plant and animal waste. Farmers dump the farm waste in the field and leave it to decompose. Sometimes, the farm waste may be covered with a layer of soil to hasten the process of decomposition. Sometimes, farmers take the help of earthworms to hasten the process. Farmers also make compost pits to prepare manure.

Question 15.
Write two disadvantages of fertilisers.
Answer:
Disadvantages of fertilisers:

• Excessive use of fertilisers can make the soil infertile.
• Harmful chemicals in fertilisers pollute the soil and groundwater.

Question 16.
Explain the traditional methods of irrigation.
Answer:
In traditional methods, human or animal labour is used. The various traditional ways are:

• Moat (pulley system): This is composed of a pulley and a rope. A bucket is tied to one end of the rope. Another end of rope is pulled through over the pulley in order to draw water.
• Chain pump: Chain pump is composed of a wheel which is turned with the help of a chain. Many circular discs are fitted along with the chain. Movement of discs along with the chain helps in drawing water.
• Dhekli: Dhekli is composed of a long wooden beam which turns around a lever. A bucket is fitted at the longer end of the beam. The shorter end is pressed and raised by foot to fill and lift the water.
• Rahat: Rahat is also called Persian wheel because its concept came from Persia. Rahat is composed of a big wheel with buckets fitted on the rim. Rahat is turned with the help of cattle, which helps in drawing water from a reservoir.

Question 17.
Write the importance of irrigation.
Answer:
The importance of irrigation is as follows:

• Plants contain nearly 90% water.
• Water is essential for germination of seeds.
• Water is essential for proper growth of plants.
• Water is essential for proper development of flowers, fruits and seeds.
• Water protects the plants from frost and also from the hot air currents.

Question 18.
What is harvesting?
Answer:
Harvesting involves cutting and gathering of the mature crop from the fields. Traditionally, harvesting is done manually by using sickles. Combine harvesters are used on large farms. A combine harvester does harvesting and threshing at one go.

Question 19.
A group of science club students made a compost pit in their school. They collected all the bio-degradable waste from the school canteen and used it to prepare the compost.
a. Give two wastes that can be used for making the compost and two wastes obtained from canteen which cannot be used for the compost making?
b. What is the other important component required for making the compost?
Answer:
a. The two wastes that can be used for the compost are vegetable and fruit peel and the two wastes obtained from canteen which cannot be used for the compost are plastic and polythene.
b. Bacteria present in the soil are used as component for making compost.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the various agricultural practices.
Answer:
The following practices are used in agriculture:
a. Preparation of soil: The first step of cultivation is preparation of soil. This is done by loosening and turning the soil. A plough is used for this purpose. If the soil becomes too hard then farmer may resort to watering the soil before ploughing. Traditionally, animal-drawn ploughs have been used by farmers. Nowadays, tractor-drawn ploughs are used for this purpose.

b. Sowing: Seeds are sown in the field after ploughing. A farmer needs to separate the damaged seeds from the good ones. The seeds should be sown at proper gaps and at proper depth. This ensures adequate sunlight, moisture, air and nutrients to the growing plants.

c. Adding manure and fertilisers: We know that plants take nutrients from the soil and thus exhaust the soil of most of the nutrients with passage of time. Manures and fertilisers need to be added to the soil to replenish soil nutrients. Manure and fertilisers are essential to increase the crop production.

d. Irrigation: Plants need plenty of water to grow. Farmers need to supply water to crops at regular intervals. This practice is called irrigation. Different types of crops require different amount and frequency of irrigation. Kharif crops need more water than rabi crops.

e. Harvesting: Harvesting involves cutting the mature crop. Traditionally, harvesting is done manually by using sickles. Combine harvesters are used on large farms. A combine harvester does harvesting and threshing at one go.

f. Storage: Proper storage of harvested crop is necessary to prevent damage from moisture and pests. Grains are generally dried in the Sun before being stored. Silos of different sizes are used for storing grains. Fruits, vegetables and other perishable items are stored in cold storage. Pesticides are also used while storing grains.

Question 2.
Explain various methods of harvesting in our country.
Answer:
Harvesting is the process of cutting and gathering of the ripened crop. In harvesting, crops are pulled out or cut close to the ground.

There are two modes of harvesting:
a. Manual mode of harvesting: In India, most of the harvesting is done manually and sickle is the only tool that is used for this purpose. The sickles are of two types, namely, plain and saw-shaped (serrated). The serrated sickles are used for cutting paddy and wheat crops.

b. Mechanical harvesting: Machines such as reapers, threshers and even combine harvesters are used. The harvesting with the help of machines enables the farmers to complete the process within a short period and thus the loss of crop due to untimely rains and storms can be saved to a large extent. This also gives farmers sufficient time to prepare the field for the next sowing.

Question 3.
Explain fallow field and crop rotation as methods of replenishing soil nutrients.
Answer:
a. Fallow Field: When the field is left uncultivated for a season or two, it is called fallow land. Leaving the field fallow allows the soil to recuperate nutrients through natural processes.

b. Crop Rotation: This involves growing a legume crop between two successive cereal crops. Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules of legume plants. These bacteria help in nitrogen fixation in soil. Thus, legume plants facilitate replenishment of nutrients in the soil.

Question 4.
Describe the tools for loosening and turning of soil.
Answer:
The tools for loosening and turning of soil are:
a. Plough: A plough is composed of ploughshare and ploughshaft. The ploughshare is made of iron and is triangular in shape. The ploughshaft is made of wood and is very long. It is harnessed to a pair of bullocks or other cattle with the help of a beam which remains perpendicular to the ploughshaft.

b. Hoe: The hoe is used for levelling the soil and for removing weeds. It is made of iron or wood. It is a long beam with a handle. Sometimes a heavy and flat beam of wood is utilised as a hoe. In the iron hoe; a sharp blade is fixed on one end. A hoe is usually pulled by animals but sometimes it is pulled by a tractor as well.

c. Cultivator: A cultivator is composed of a series of iron discs or ploughshares which are fitted on an iron frame. Cultivator is pulled by a tractor. Cultivator helps in tilling a large area in less time. It is ideal for big-sized farms.

Picture-Based Questions

Question 1.
Draw a labelled diagram of a hoe. Also state the function of a hoe.
Answer:

It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil.

Question 2.
Observe the given picture. Recognise it and write its function.

Answer:
The given figure is of a cultivator driven by a tractor. In today’s time, the ploughing is done by a cultivator driven by a tractor. It reduces labour and time.

Question 3.
a. Draw a diagram of a plough and label the following parts.
(i) Ploughshaft (ii) Ploughshare
b. Write the function of a plough.
c. Name the animals which are used to draw the plough.
Answer:
a.

b. The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil, bringing fresh nutrients to the surface, while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops and allowing them to break down and improve soil fertility.

c. The plough is drawn by a pair of bulls or other animals like horse, camel, etc.

Question 4.
Observe the given figure and identify it. Write its function.

Answer:
The given figure is sprinkler system of irrigation. This is a modem method of irrigation. In this method, horizontal pipes having rotating nozzles in their top are used to sprinkle water on the crops.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 14 आर्यभटः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 14 आर्यभटः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
एकपेदन उत्तरत-
(क) सूर्यः कस्यां दिशायाम् उदेति?
उत्तरम्:
पूर्वदिशायाम्।

(ख) आर्यभटस्य वेधशाला कुत्र आसीत्?
उत्तरम्:
पाटलिपुत्रे।

(ग) महान् गणितज्ञ: ज्योतिर्विच्च कः अस्ति?
उत्तरम्:
आर्यभटः।

(घ) आर्यभटेन कः ग्रन्थः रचितः?
उत्तरम्:
आर्यभटीयम्।

(ङ) अस्माकं प्रथमोपग्रहस्य नाम किम् अस्ति?
उत्तरम्:
आर्यभटम्

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत-
(क) कः सुस्थापितः सिद्धांत?
उत्तरम्:
आर्यभटः सूर्योत्वलः पृथिनी च चला या स्वकीये अक्षे धूर्णतिइति साम्प्रतं सुस्थापितः सिद्वान्तः।

(ख) चन्द्रग्रहणं कथं भवति?
उत्तरम्:
यदाप्रथिव्याः छायापातेन चन्द्रस्य प्रकाशः अवरूध्यते तदा चन्द्राग्रहणं भवति।

(ग) सूर्यग्रहणं कथं दृश्यते?
उत्तरम्:
पृथ्वी सूर्ययोः मध्ये समणतस्य चन्द्रस्य छायापातेन सूर्य ग्रहणं भवति।

(घ) आर्यभटस्य विरोधः किमर्थमभवत्?
उत्तरम्:
आर्यभटस्य विरोधः भारतीय ज्योतिः शास्ते अभवत्।

(ङ) प्रथमोपग्रहस्यं नाम आर्यभटः इति कथं कृतम?
उत्तरम्:
आधुनिकैः वैज्ञानिकैः तस्य सिद्धान्तै समादरः प्रकटितः अस्यादेव कारणाद् प्रथमोपग्रहस्थ नाम आर्यभटः कृतम।

प्रश्न 3.
रेखांकितपदानि आधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत-
(क) सूर्यः पश्चिमायां दिशायाम् अस्तं गच्छति?
उत्तरम्:
सूर्यः कस्यां दिशायाम् अस्तं गच्छति?

(ख) पृथिवी स्थिरा वर्तते इति परम्परया प्रचलिता रूढिः?
उत्तरम्:
पृथिवी स्थिरा वर्तते इति कया प्रचलिता रूढि:?

(ग) आर्यभटस्य योगदानं गणितज्योतिष संबद्धः वर्तते?
उत्तरम्:
आर्यभटस्य योगदानं कः संबद्धः वर्तते?

(घ) समाजे नूतनविचाराणाम् स्वीकरणे प्रायः सामान्यजनाः काठिन्यमनुभवन्ति?
उत्तरम्:
समाजे नूतनविचाराणाम् स्वीकरणे प्रायः के काठिन्यमनभवन्ति?

(ङ) पृथ्वीसूर्ययोः मध्ये चन्द्रस्य छाया पातेन सूर्य ग्रहणं भवति?
उत्तरम्:
कयो: मध्ये चन्द्रस्य छाया पातेन सूर्य ग्रहणं भवति?

प्रश्न 4.
मञ्जूषातः पदानि चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
(नौकाम्, पृथिवी, तदा, चला, अस्त)
(क) सूर्य पूर्वदिशायाम् उदेति पश्चिमदिशि च _________ गच्छति।
(ख) सूर्य अचल: पृथिवी च _________।
(ग) _________ स्वकीये अक्षे घूर्णति।
(घ) यदा पृथिव्याः छायापातेन चन्द्रस्य प्रकाशः अवरूहयते _________ चन्द्रग्रहणं भवति।
(ङ) नौकायाम् उपविष्ट: मानव: _________ स्थिरामनुभवति।
(च) उदाहरणानुसारं पदपरिचयं ददत
उत्तरम्:
(क) सूर्य पूर्वदिशायाम् उदेति पश्चिमदिशि च अस्तं गच्छति।
(ख) सूर्य अचल: पृथिवी च चला।
(ग) पृथिवी स्वकीये अक्षे घूर्णति।
(घ) यदा पृथिव्याः छायापातेन चन्द्रस्य प्रकाशः अवरूहयते तदा चन्द्रग्रहणं भवति।
(ङ) नौकायाम् उपविष्ट: मानव: नौकां स्थिरामनुभवति।
(च) उदाहरणानुसारं पदपरिचयं ददत

प्रश्न 5.
सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुतं-
(क) ग्रन्थोऽयम् – _______ + _________
(ख) सूर्याचलः – _______ + _________
(ग) तथैव – _______ + _________
(घ) कालातिगामिनी – _______ + _________
(ङ) प्रथमोपग्रहस्य – _______ + _________
उत्तरम्:
(क) ग्रन्थोऽयम् – ग्रन्थः + आयम
(ख) सूर्याचलः – सूर्य + अचलः
(ग) तथैव – तथा + एव
(घ) कालातिगामिनी – काल + अतिगामिनी
(ङ) प्रथमोपग्रहस्य – प्रथम + उपग्रहस्य

प्रश्न 6(अ).
अधोलिखितपदानां विपरीतार्थकपदानि लिखत-
(क) उदयः – __________
(ख) अचलः – __________
(ग) अन्धकारः – __________
(घ) स्थिरः – __________
(ङ) समादरः – __________
(च) आकाशस्य – __________
उत्तरम्:
(क) उदयः – अस्तः
(ख) अचलः – चल:
(ग) अन्धकारः – प्रकाशः
(घ) स्थिरः – अस्थिरः
(ङ) समादरः – निरादरः
(च) आकाशस्य – पातालस्य

प्रश्न 6(आ).
अधोलिखितपदानां समानार्थकपदानि पाठात् चित्वा लिखत-
(क) संसारे – ___________
(ख) इदानीम् – ___________
(ग) वसुन्धरा – ___________
(घ) समीपम् – ___________
(ङ) गणनम् – ___________
(च) राक्षसौ – ___________
उत्तरम्:
(क) संसारे – लोके
(ख) इदानीम् – अधुना
(ग) वसुन्धरा – पृथ्वी
(घ) समीपम् – निकषा
(ङ) गणनम् – आकलनं
(च) राक्षसौ – दानवों

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितानि पदानि आधुत्य वाक्यानि रचयत-
साम्प्रतम्: – __________
निकषा – __________
परितः – __________
उपविष्टः – __________
कर्मभूमिः – __________
वैज्ञानिक: – __________
उत्तरम्: – __________
उत्तरम्:

योग्यता-विस्तार
आर्यभट को अश्मकाचार्य नाम से भी जाना जाता है। यही कारण है कि इसके जन्मस्थान के विषय में विवाद है। कोई इन्हें पाटलिपुत्र का कहते हैं तो कोई महाराष्ट्र का।

आर्यभट ने दशमलव पद्धति का प्रयोग करते हुए π (पाई) का मान निर्धारित किया। उन्होंने दशमलव के बाद के चार अंकों तक π के मान को निकाला। उनकी दृष्टि में π का मान है 3.1411 आधुनिक गणित के π का मान, दशमलव के बाद सात अंकों तक जाना जा सकता है, तदनुसार π = 3.14169261 भारतीयज्योतिषशास्त्र का उद्भव हुआ। कालान्तर में इसके अन्तर्गत ग्रहों का संचार, वर्ष, मास, पक्ष, वार, तिथि, घंटा आदि पर गहन विचार, किया जानेलगा। लगध, आर्यभट, वराहमिहिर, ब्रह्मगुप्त, भास्कराचार्य, बालगंगाधर तिलक, रामानुजन् आदि हमारे देश के प्रमुख ज्योतिषशास्त्री हैं। आर्यभटीयम्, सौरसिद्धान्त: बृहत्संहिता लीलावती, पञ्चसिद्धान्तिका आदि ज्योतिष के प्रमुख संस्कृत ग्रन्थ हैं।

आर्यभटीयम्-आर्यभट ने 499 ई. में इस ग्रन्थ की रचना की थी। यह ग्रन्थ 20 आर्याछन्दों में निबद्ध है। इसमें ग्रहों की गणना के लिए कलि संवत् (499 ई. में 3600 कलि संवत्) को निश्चित किया गया है।

गणितज्योतिष-संख्या के द्वारा जहाँकाल की गणना हो वह गणित ज्योतिष है। ज्योतिषशास्त्र की तीन विधाओं यथा-सिद्धान्त, फलित एवं गणित में यह सर्वाधिक प्रमुख है।

फलितज्योतिष-इसके अन्तर्गत ग्रह नक्षत्रों आदि की स्थिति के आधार पर भाग्य, कर्म आदि का विवेचन किया जाता है। वेधशाला-ग्रह, नक्षत्र की गति, स्थिति की जानकारी जहाँ गणना तथा यान्त्रिक विधि के आधार पर ली जाए वह वेधशाला है। यथा-जन्तर-मन्तर।

परियोजना-कार्यम्

• योग्यता विस्तार में उल्लेखित विद्वानों की कृतियों के नाम का सङ्कलन करें।
• योग्यता विस्तार में उद्धत पुस्तकें के लेखक का नाम बताए।
• आर्यभट्ट के अतिरिक्त कुछ अन्य गणितज्ञों के नाम तथा उनके कार्यों की सूची तैयार करें।

Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 14 आर्यभटः Summary

पाठ परिचय
ज्ञान-विज्ञान की सुदीर्घ परमपरा भारतवर्ष की अमूल्य निधि है। इस परम्परा को प्रबुद्ध मनीषियों ने सम्पोषित किया। आर्यभट इन्हीं मनीषियों में अग्रगण्य थे। दशमलव पद्धति आदि के प्रारम्भिक प्रयोक्ता आर्यभट ने गणित को विज्ञान बनाने वाले तथा गणितीय गणना पद्धति के द्वारा आकाशीय पिण्डों (नक्षत्रों) की गति के प्रवर्तन करने वाले ये प्रथम आचार्य थे। आचार्य आर्यभट के इसी वैदुष्य के उद्घाटन प्रस्तुत पाठ में है। अधिक जानकारी के लिए ‘योग्या-विस्तार:’ द्रष्टव्य है।

शब्दार्थ-
उदेति – उदित होता है; लोके – संसार में; अवबोध्यम् – जानने योग्य; अचलः – गतिहीन; स्थिर चला – अस्थिर, गतिशील; स्वकीये – अपने; अक्षे – धुरी पर; घूर्णति – घूमती है; सुस्थापितः – भली-भाँति स्थापित; प्राथम्येन – प्राथमिकता से; ज्योतिविद् – ज्योतिषी; रूढिः – प्रथमा, परम्परा प्रत्यादिष्टा – खण्डन किया; ख्रिस्ताब्दे – ईस्वी में; षट्सप्ततिः – छिहत्तर; वयसि – आयु में ; निकषा – निकट; वेधशाला – ग्रह-नक्षत्रों को जानने की प्रयोगशाला; आकलनम् – गणना; आदधाति – रखता है; भ्रमन्त्या – रूक जाता है। अपरत्र – दूसरी ओर; अवस्थितः – स्थित: उपेक्षिता – नहीं माने गए; पण्डितम्मन्यानाम् – स्वयं को अधिक विद्वान मानने वालो की; कालातिगामिनी – समय को लाँघने वाली; प्रकटितः – प्रकट किया; असौ – वह।

मूलपाठः
पूर्वदिशायाम्…………वेत्ति।

सरलार्थः
सूर्य पूर्व दिशा में उदित होता है। और पश्चिम दिशा में अस्त हो जाता है। यह देखा जाता है संसार में। परन्तु इससे यह नहीं समझना चाहिए कि सूर्य गतिशील है, ऐसा। सूर्य स्थिर है और पृथ्वी गतिशील है जो अपने अक्ष (धुरी) पर घूमती है यह सिद्धान्त अब पूरी तरह स्थापित है। यह सिद्धान्त सबसे पहले जिसने स्थापित किया वे थे – महान् गणितज्ञ और ज्योतिषी ‘आर्यभट’। पृथ्वी स्थिर है’ इस परम्परा वाली प्रथा को उन्होंने नकार दिया। उन्होंने उदाहरण दिया कि ‘गतिशील नौका में बैठा हुआ व्यक्ति नौका के स्थिर होने का अनुभव करता है और दूसरे पदार्थो को गतिशील समझता है।’ इसी प्रकार गतिशील पृविी में स्थिर मानव पृथ्वी को स्थिर समझता है। और सूर्यादि ग्रहों को गतिशील जानता है।

तमे ख्रिस्ताब्दे……………..दृश्यते।

सरलार्थः
476 ई. में सन में आर्यभट्ट ने जन्म लिया। यह उनके द्वारा ‘आर्यभटीयम् नामक ग्रन्थ’ में लिखित है यह ग्रन्थ उन्होंने तेईसवे (23वें) वर्ष में रचा। ऐतिहासिक स्रोतों से ज्ञात होता है कि पाटलिपुत्र (वर्तमान पटना) के निकट आर्यभट को वेधशाला की। इससे यह अनुमान किया जाता है कि उसकी कर्मभूमि पाटलिपुत्र ही थी।

आर्यभट का योगदान गणित ज्योतिष से है, जहाँ संख्याओं का आकलन (गणना) महत्त्व रखता है। आर्यभट फलितज्योतिष में विश्वास नहीं करते थे। गणितीय पद्धति के लिए गए आकलन को ही आधार मानकर उन्होंने प्रतिपादित किया कि ग्रहण में राहु व केतु राक्षस कारण नहीं है इसमें सूर्य, चन्द्र और पृविी ये तीन ही कारण है। सूर्य के चारों और धूमती दुई पृथ्वी व चन्द्रमा के परिक्रमा। पथ के संयोग होने के कारण ग्रहण होता है। जब पृथ्वी की छाया पड़ने से चन्द्रमा का प्रकाश रूक जाता है। तब चन्द्रग्रहण होता है। वैसे ही पृथ्वी और सूर्य के बीच आए हुए चन्द्रमा की छाया पड़ने से सूर्यग्रहण दिखाई देता है।

समाजे……….आसीत्।

सरलार्थः
समाज के नए विचारों को अपनाने में प्रायः सामान्य लोग कठिनाई का अनुभव करते हैं। भारतीय ज्योतिष शास्त्र में उसी प्रकार आर्यभट का विरोध भी हुआ। उसके सिद्धान्तों की उपेक्षा की गई। वे स्वयं को विद्वान मानने वाले लोगों में उपहास के पात्र बने। फिर भी उनकी दृष्टि काल को लाँघने वाली थी। आधुनिक वैज्ञानिकों के द्वारा उनमें व उनके सिद्धान्तों में आदर प्रकट किया गयाहै। इसी कारण से हमारे प्रथम उपग्रह का नाम ‘आर्यभट’ रखा गया। वास्तव में ये भारतीय गणित-परम्परा तथा विज्ञान-परम्परा के शिखर श्रेष्ठ पुरुष’ थे।

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 13 क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 13 क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि एकपदेन लिखत-
(क) इयं धरा कैः स्वर्णवद् भाति?
उत्तरम्:
शष्यैर्धरयं।

(ख) भारतस्वर्णभूमिः कुत्र राजते?
उत्तरम्:
क्षितौ।

(ग) इयं केषां महाशक्तिभिः पूरिता?
उत्तरम्:
अणून।

(घ) इयं भूः कस्मिन् युतानाम् अस्ति?
उत्तरम्:
प्रबनधे।

(ङ) अत्र किं सदैव सुपूर्णमस्ति?
उत्तरम्:
खाद्यान्नभाण्ड।

प्रश्न 2.
समानार्थकपदानि पाठात् चित्वा लिखत-
(क) पृथिव्याम् __________ (क्षितौ / पर्वतेषु / त्रिलोक्याम्)
(ख) सुशोभते __________ (लिखते / भाति / पिबति)
(ग) बुद्धिमताम् __________ (पर्वणाम् / उत्सवानाम् / विपश्चिज्जनानाम्)
(घ) मयूराणाम् __________ (शिखीनाम् / शुकानाम् / पिकानाम्)
(ङ) अनेकेषाम् __________ (जनानाम् / वैज्ञानिकानाम् / बहूनाम्)
उत्तरम्:
(क) पृथिव्याम् क्षितौ
(ख) सुशोभते भाति
(ग) बुद्धिमताम् विपश्चिज्जनानाम्
(घ) मयूराणाम् पिकानाम्
(ङ) अनेकेषाम् बहूनाम्

प्रश्न 3.
श्लोकांशमेलनं कृत्वा लिखत-

उत्तरम्:
(क) त्रिशूलाग्निनागैः पृथिव्यास्त्रधोरैः – अणूनां महाशक्तिभिः पूरितेयम्
(ख) सदा पर्वणामुत्सवानां धरेयम् – क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः
(ग) वने दिग्गजानां तथा केशरीणाम् – तटीनामियं वर्तते भूधराणाम
(घ) सुपूर्ण सदैवास्ति खाद्यान्नभाण्डम् – नदीनार जलं यत्र पीयूषतुल्यम्
(ङ) इयं वीरभोग्या तथा कर्मसेव्या – जगद्वन्दनीया च भू:देवगेया

प्रश्न 4.
चित्रं दृष्ट्वा (पाठात्) उपयुक्तपदानि गृहीत्वा वाक्यपूर्ति कुरुत-

(क) अस्मिन् चित्र एका _________ वहति।
(ख) नदी _________ निःसरति।
(ग) नद्याः जलं _________ भवति।
(घ) _________ शस्यसेचनं भवति।
(ङ) भारतः _________ भूमिः अस्ति।
उत्तरम्:
(क) अस्मिन् चित्र एका नद्यः वहति।
(ख) नदी पर्वतात् निःसरति।
(ग) नद्याः जलं पीयूष तुल्यं भवति।
(घ) नद्यस्य जलात् शस्यसेचनं भवति।
(ङ) भारतः स्वर्ण भूमिः अस्ति।

प्रश्न 5.
चित्राणि दृष्ट्वा (मञ्जूषातः) उपयुक्तपदानि गृहीत्वा वाक्यपूर्ति कुरुत-

(अस्त्राणाम्, भवति, अस्त्राणि, सैनिकाः, प्रयोगः, उपग्रहाणां)
(क) अस्मिन् चित्रे ___________ दृश्यन्ते।
(ख) एतेषाम् अस्त्राणां ___________ युद्धे भवति।
(ग) भारतः एतादृशानां ___________ प्रयोगेण विकसितदेश: मन्यते।
(घ) अत्र परमाणुशक्तिप्रयोगः अपि ___________।
(ङ) आधुनिकैः अस्त्रैः ___________ अस्मान् शत्रुभ्यः रक्षन्ति।
(च) ___________ सहायतया बहूनि कार्याणि भवन्ति।
उत्तरम्:
(क) अस्मिन् चित्रे अस्त्राणि दृश्यन्ते।
(ख) एतेषाम् अस्त्राणां प्रयोगः युद्धे भवति।
(ग) भारतः एतादृशानां उपग्रहाणां प्रयोगेण विकसितदेश: मन्यते।
(घ) अत्र परमाणुशक्तिप्रयोगः अपि भवति।
(ङ) आधुनिकैः अस्त्रैः सैनिकाः अस्मान् शत्रुभ्यः रक्षन्ति।
(च) अस्त्राणाम् सहायतया बहूनि कार्याणि भवन्ति।

प्रश्न 6(अ).
चित्रं दृष्ट्वा संस्कृते पञ्चवाक्यानि लिखत-

उत्तरम्:
(क) इदम् दीपमालिकोत्यवस्य चित्रम् अस्ति।
(ख) दीपमालिकोत्सवः कार्तिकमासे भवति।
(ग) इदम् अस्माकं धार्मिकोत्सवः अस्ति।
(घ) अस्मिन् दिनेजनाः मिष्ठान्नं खादन्ति।
(ङ) जनाः परस्परं मिलित्वा प्रहर्षिता भवन्ति।

प्रश्न 6(आ).
चित्रं दृष्ट्वा संस्कृते पञ्चवाक्यानि लिखत-


उत्तरम्:
(क) रक्षाबन्धनं भारतीयानां मुख्योत्सवः अस्ति।
(ख) भविन्याः भ्रातृवां हस्तेषु रक्षासूत्रं निबहृन्ति।
(ग) भ्रातरः अपि ताषां रक्षाकृते संकल्पयन्ति।
(घ) भ्रातरः भगिन्यश्च परस्परम् उपहाणि यच्छन्ति।
(ङ) ते मिलित्वा मिष्ठानानि चापि खादन्ति।

प्रश्न 7.
अत्र चित्रं दृष्ट्वा संस्कृतभाजया पञ्चवाक्येजु प्रकृतेः वर्णनं कुरुत-


उत्तरम्:
(क) इदम् उद्यानस्य चित्रम् अस्ति।
(ख) अत्र वहवः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
(ग) वृक्षेषु वहवः पक्षिणः सन्ति।
(घ) अत्र एको व्याघ्रः अपि दृश्यते।
(ङ) उद्याने मृगः तिष्ठति तत्रै मयूरः अपि अस्ति।

योग्यता-विस्तार
प्राचीन काल में भारत को सोने की चिड़िया कहा जाता था, इसी भाव को ग्रहण कर कवि ने प्रस्तत पाठ में भारतभूमि की प्रशंसा करते हुए कहा है कि आज भी यह भूमि विश्व में स्वर्णभूमि बनकर ही सुरभित हो रही है।

कवि कहते हैं कि आज हम विकसित देशों की परम्परा में आगण्य होकर मिसाइलों का निर्माण कर रहे हैं. परमाणु शक्ति का प्रयोग कर रहे हैं। इसी के साथ ही साथ हम ‘उत्सवप्रियाः खलु मानवाः नामक उक्ति को चरितार्थ भी कर रहे हैं कि ‘अनेकता में एकता है हिंद की विशेषता’ इसी आधार पर कवि के उद्गार हैं कि बहुत मतावलम्बियों के भारत में होने पर भी यहाँ ज्ञानियों, वैज्ञानिकों और विद्वानों की कोई कमी नहीं है। इस धरा ने सम्पूर्ण विश्व को शिल्पकार, इंजीनियर, चिकित्सक, प्रबंधक, अभिनेता, अभिनेत्री और कवि प्रदान किए हैं। इसकी प्राकृतिक सषमा अद्भुत है। इस तरह इन पद्यों में कवि ने भारत के सर्वाधिक महत्त्व को उजागर करने का प्रयास किया है।

पाठ में पों और उत्सवों की चर्चा की गई है ये समानार्थक होते हए भी भिन्न हैं। पर्व एक निश्चित तिथि पर ही मनाए जाते हैं, जैसे-होली, दीपावली, स्वतंत्रता दिवस, गणतंत्र दिवस इत्यादि। परन्तु उत्सव व्यक्ति विशेष के उद्गार एवं आह्वाद के द्योतक हैं। किसी के घर संतानोत्पत्ति उत्सव का रूप ग्रहण कर लेती है तो किसी को सेवाकार्य में प्रोन्नति प्राप्त कर लेना, यहाँ तक कि बिछुड़े हुए बंधु-बांधवों से अचानक मिलना भी किसी उत्सव से कम नहीं होता है।

Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 13 क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः Summary

पाठ परिचय
प्रस्तुत पाठ्यांश डॉ. कृष्णचन्द्र त्रिपाठी द्वारा रचित हैं, जिसमे भारत के गौरव का गुणगान है। इसमें देश की खाद्यान्न सम्पन्नता, कलानुराग, प्राविधिक प्रवीणता, वन एवं सामरिक शक्ति की महनीयता को दर्शाया गया है। प्राचीन परम्परा, संस्कृति, आधुनिक मिसाइल क्षमता एवं परमाणु शक्ति सम्पन्नता के गीत द्वारा कवि ने देश की सामर्थ्यशक्ति का वर्णन किया है। छात्र संस्कृत के इन श्लोकों का सस्वर गायन करें तथा देश के गौरव को महसूस करें, इसी उद्देश्य से इन्हें यहाँ संकलित किया गया है।

शब्दार्थ:
पीयूषतुल्यम् – अमृत समान, भाति – सुशोभित होती है, शस्यैः – फसलों से, धरेयम् – धरा + इयम् = यह पृथ्वी, क्षितौ – क्षिति (पृथ्वी) पर, त्रिशूलाग्निनागैः पृथिव्यस्त्रधोरैः – त्रिशूल, अग्नि, नाग, पृथ्वी तथा आकाश – पाँच मिसाइलों (अस्त्रों) के नाम, मेदिनी – पृथ्वी, पर्वणामुत्सवानाम् – पर्व और उत्सवों की, निमज्जति – विद्वज्जनों की, विपश्चिज्जनानाम् – यन्त्रविद्या को जानने वालों की, यन्त्रविद्याधराणाम् – मध्य भाग तक, भिषक् – वैद्य, चिकित्सक, प्रबन्धे युतानाम् – ‘प्रबन्धक’ समुदाय प्रबन्ध कार्यों में, लग हुए, नट, नटी – अभिनेता, अभिनेत्री, केसरीणाम् [केश+रि+डी (औणादि)]- सिंहों की, तटीनाम् – नदियों की, भूधराणाम् – पर्वतों का, पिकानाम् – कायेलो का, शिखीनाम् – मोरों की।

मूलपाठः
सुपूर्ण सदैवास्ति खाद्यान्नभाण्डं
नदीनां जलं यत्र पीयूषतुल्यम्।
इयं स्वर्णवद् भाति शस्यैर्धरेयं
क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः ॥1॥

सरलार्थः
सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी खाद्यान्न की भंडार है, पदियों का जल अमृत के समान है, पृथ्वी पर लगी फसलें स्वर्ण भूमि के समान सुशोभित है।

त्रिशूलाग्निनागैः पृथिव्यस्त्रघोरैः
अणूनां महाशक्तिभिः पूरितेयम्।
सदा राष्ट्ररक्षारतानां धरेयम्
क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः ॥2॥

सरलार्थः
त्रिशुल, अग्नि, नाग, पृथ्वी, और आकाश परमाणु शक्तियों के परिपूर्ण है जो सदा राष्ट्र की रक्षा में तत्तपर है। सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी पर भारत देश स्वर्ण भूमि के समान सुशोभित है।

इयं वीरभोग्या तथा कर्मसेव्या
जगद्वन्दनीया च भूः देवगेया।
सदा पर्वणामुत्सवानां धरेयं
क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः ॥3॥

सरलार्थः
यह भारत देश वीरों एवं कर्म सेवकों की भूमि की पुरे विश्व में देवताओं द्वारा प्रशंसनीय है, सदा पर्वो एवं उत्सवों से परिपूर्ण है। सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी पर भारत देश स्वर्णभूमि के समान सुशोभित है।

इयं ज्ञानिनां चैव वैज्ञानिकानां
विपश्चिज्जनानामियं संस्कृतानाम्।
बहूनां मतानां जनानां धरेयं
क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः ॥4॥

सरलार्थः
यह पृथ्वी ज्ञानियों, वैज्ञानिकों बृद्धिजीवियों, श्रेष्ठ संस्कृतिधारकों और अनेकों मतों वाली लोगों की हैं सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी पर भारत देश स्वर्ण भूमि के समान सुशोभित है।

इयं शिल्पिनां यन्त्रविद्याधराणां
भिषक्शास्त्रिणां भूः प्रबन्धे युतानाम्।
नटानां नटीनां कवीनां धरेयं
क्षितौ राजतै भारतस्वर्णभूमिः ॥5॥

सरलार्थः
यह पृथ्वी हस्तकलाओं, अभियंताओं, आयुर्वेदाचार्यो, समुदाय कार्यों में लगे, अभिनेतओं कवियों से परिपूर्ण है। सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी पर भारत देश स्वर्णभूमि के समान सुशोभित है।

वने दिग्गजानां तथा केशरीणां
तटीनामियं वर्तते भूधराणाम्।
शिखीनां शुकानां पिकानां धरेयं
क्षितौ राजते भारतस्वर्णभूमिः ॥6॥

सरलार्थः
यह पृथ्वी वनों, हाथियों, सिंहों, नदियों, पर्वतों, मोरों, तोता, कोयल से परिपूर्ण हैं सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी पर भारत देश स्वर्णभूमि के समान सुशोभित है।

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 12 कः रक्षति कः रक्षितः Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 12 कः रक्षति कः रक्षितः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि एकपदेन लिखत-
(क) केन पीडितः वैभवः बहिरागतः?
उत्तरम्:
विद्युद्भावेन!

(ख) भवनेत्यादीनां निर्माणाय के कर्त्यन्ते?
उत्तरम्:
भवनेत्यादीनां निर्माणाय वृक्षाः कर्त्यन्ते।

(ग) मार्गे किं दृष्ट्वा बालाः परस्परं वार्तालाप कुर्वन्ति?
उत्तरम्:
यत्र-तत्र अवकार भाण्डारं।

(घ) वयं शिक्षिताः अपि कथमाचरामः?
उत्तरम्:
अशिक्षिता इवाचरामः।

(ङ) प्लास्टिकस्य मृत्तिकायां लयाभावात् कस्य कृते महती क्षतिः भवति?
उत्तरम्:
पर्यावरणस्य।

(च) अद्य निदाघतापतप्तस्य किं शुष्कतां याति?
उत्तरम्:
तालुहि।

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तराणि लिखत-
(क) परमिन्दर् गृहात् बहिरागत्य किं पश्यति?
उत्तरम्:
परमिन्दर् गृहात् बहिरागत्य यत् वायुवेगः तु सर्वथाऽवरुद्ध पश्यति।

(ख) अस्माभिः केषां निर्माणाय वृक्षाः कर्त्यन्ते?
उत्तरम्:
भवनानां, मैट्रोभार्गाणां, उपरिगामि सेतूनाम् मार्गेत्यादीनां निर्माणाय वृक्षाः कर्त्यन्ते।

(ग) विनयः संगीतामाहूय किं वदति?
उत्तरम्:
विनयः संगीतामाहूय पश्य-पश्य उपरितः इदानीमपि अवकरः मार्गे क्षिप्यते।

(घ) रोजलिन् आगत्य किं करोति?
उत्तरम्:
रोजलिन् आगत्य स्वक्षिप्तमवकरम् मार्गे विकीर्णमन्यदवकरं चापि संग्रह अवकरकण्डो ले पातयति।

(ङ) अन्ते जोसेफः पर्यावरणक्षायै कः उपायः बोधयति?
उत्तरम्:
अन्ते जोसेफ: पर्यावरणक्षायै प्लास्टिकस्य अवरोधः, नदी जले निमज्जिताः पशवः अपित रक्षणीयाः उपाय: बोधयति।

प्रश्न 3.
रेखांकितपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत-
(क) जागरूकतया एव स्वच्छताऽभियानमपि गतिं प्राप्यति?
उत्तरम्:
कस्या एव स्वच्छताऽभियानमपि गतिं प्राप्स्यति।?

(ख) धेनुः शाकफलानामावरणैः सह प्लास्टिकस्यूतमपि खादति स्म?
उत्तरम्:
धेनुः कस्मै सह प्लास्टिकस्यूतमपि खादति स्म?

(ग) वायुवेगः सर्वथाऽवरुद्धः आसीत्?
उत्तरम्:
कः सर्वथाऽवरुद्धः आसीत्?

(घ) सर्वे अवकरं संगृह्य अवकरकण्डोले पातयन्ति?
उत्तरम्:
सर्वे अवकरं संगृह्य केन पातयन्ति?

(ङ) अधुना प्लास्टिकनिर्मितानि वस्तूनि प्रायः प्राप्यन्ते?
उत्तरम्:
अधुना प्लास्टिकनिर्मितानि कानि प्रायः प्राप्यन्ते?

(च) सर्वे नदीतीरं प्राप्ताः प्रसन्नाः भवति?
उत्तरम्:
सर्वे कुत्र प्राप्ताः प्रसन्नाः भवति?

प्रश्न 4.
सन्धिविच्छेदं पूरयत-
(क) ग्रीष्मतौं – ________ + ऋतौ
(ख) बहिरागत्य – बहिः + ________
(ग) काञ्चित् – ________ + चित्
(घ) तद्वनम् – ________ + वनम्
(ङ) कलमेत्यादीनि – कलम + ________
(च) अतीवानन्दप्रदोऽयम् – ________ + आनन्दप्रदः + ________
उत्तरम्:
(क) ग्रीष्मतौं – ग्रीष्म + ऋतौ
(ख) बहिरागत्य – बहिः + आगत्य
(ग) काञ्चित् – कश्यित् + चित्
(घ) तद्वनम् – तत् + वनम्
(ङ) कलमेत्यादीनि – कलम. + इत्या
(च) अतीवानन्दप्रदोऽयम् – अति + आनन्दप्रदः + अयम्

प्रश्न 5.
विशेषणपदैः सह विशेष्यपदानि योजयत-

उत्तरम्:

प्रश्न 6.
शुद्धकथनानां समक्षम् आम् अशुद्धकथनानां समक्षं च न इति लिखत-
(क) प्रचण्डोष्मणा पीडिताः बालाः सायंकाले एकैकं कृत्वा गृहाभ्यन्तरं गताः।
उत्तरम्:
आम्

(ख) मार्गे मित्राणि अवकरभाण्डारं यत्र-तत्र विकीर्ण दृष्ट्वा वार्तालापं कुर्वन्ति।
उत्तरम्:
आम्

(ग) अस्माभिः पर्यावरणस्वच्छतां प्रति प्रायः ध्यानं न दीयते।
उत्तरम्:
आम्

(घ) वायुं विना क्षणमपि जीवितुं न शक्यते।
उत्तरम्:
आम्

(ङ) रोजलिन् अवकरम् इतस्ततः प्रक्षेपणात् अवरोधयति बालकान्।
उत्तरम्:
आम्

(च) एकेन शुष्कवृक्षेण दह्यमानेन वनं सुपुत्रेण कुलमिव दह्यते।
उत्तरम्:
न

(छ) बालकाः धेनुं कदलीफलानि भोजयन्ति।
उत्तरम्:
आम्

(ज) नदीजले निमज्जिताः बालाः प्रसन्नाः भवन्ति।
उत्तरम्:
आम्

प्रश्न 7.
घटनाक्रमामनुसारं लिखत-
(क) उपरितः अवकरं क्षेप्तुम् उद्यतां रोजलिन् बालाः प्रबोधयन्ति।
(ख) प्लास्टिकस्य विविधापक्षान् विचारयितुं पर्यावरणसंरक्षणन पशूनेत्यादीन् रक्षितुं बालाः कृतनिश्चयाः भवन्ति।
(ग) गृहे प्रचण्डोष्मणा पीडितानि मित्राणि एकैकं कृत्वा गृहात् बहिरागच्छन्ति।
(घ) अन्ते बालाः जलविहारं कृत्वा प्रसीदन्ति।
(ङ) शाकफलानामावरणैः सह प्लास्टिकस्यूतमपि खादन्तीं धेनुं बालकाः कदलीफलानि भोजयन्ति।
(च) वृक्षाणां निरन्तरं कर्तनेन, ऊष्मावर्धनेन च दुःखिताः बालाः नदीतीरं गन्तुं प्रवृत्ताः भवन्ति।
(छ) बालैः सह रोजलिन् अपि मार्गे विकीर्णमवकरं यथास्थानं प्रक्षिपति।
(ज) मार्गे यत्र-तत्र विकीर्णमवकरं दृष्ट्वा पर्यावरणविषये चिन्तिताः बालाः परस्परं विचारयन्ति।
उत्तरम्:
(ग) गृहे प्रचण्डोष्मणा पीडितानि मित्राणि एकैकं कृत्वा गृहात् बहिरागच्छन्ति।
(ज) मार्गे यत्र-तत्र विकीर्णमवकरं दृष्ट्वा पर्यावरणविषये चिन्तिताः बालाः परस्परं विचारयन्ति।
(क) उपरितः अवकरं क्षेप्तुम् उद्यतां रोजलिन् बालाः प्रबोधयन्ति।
(घ) अन्ते बालाः जलविहारं कृत्वा प्रसीदन्ति।
(ङ) शाकफलानामावरणैः सह प्लास्टिकस्यूतमपि खादन्तीं धेनुं बालकाः कदलीफलानि भोजयन्ति।
(ख) प्लास्टिकस्य विविधापक्षान् विचारयितुं पर्यावरणसंरक्षणन पशूनेत्यादीन् रक्षितुं बालाः कृतनिश्चयाः भवन्ति।
(च) वृक्षाणां निरन्तरं कर्तनेन, ऊष्मावर्धनेन च दुःखिताः बालाः नदीतीरं गन्तुं प्रवृत्ताः भवन्ति।
(छ) बालैः सह रोजलिन् अपि मार्गे विकीर्णमवकरं यथास्थानं प्रक्षिपति।

Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 12 कः रक्षति कः रक्षितः Summary

पाठ परिचय
प्रस्तुत पाठ स्वच्छता तथा पर्यावरण सुधार को ध्यान में रखकर सरल संस्कृत में लिखा गया एक संवादात्मक पाठ है। हम अपने आस-पास के वातावरण को किस प्रकार स्वच्छ रखें तथा यह भी ध्यान रखें कि नदियों को प्रदूषित न करें, वृक्षों को न काटें, अपितु अधिकाधिक वृक्षारोपण करें और धरा को शस्यश्यामला बनाएँ। प्लास्टिक का प्रयोग कम करके पर्यावरण संरक्षण में योगदान करें। इन सभी बिन्दुओं पर इस पाठ में चर्चा की गई है। पाठ का प्रारंभ कुछ मित्रों की बातचीत से होता है, जो सायंकाल में दिन भर की गर्मी से व्याकुल होकर घर से बाहर निकले हैं-

शब्दार्थ:
विद्युदभावे – बिजली चले जाने पर, प्रचण्डोष्मणा – बहुत गर्मी से, (प्रचण्ड + ऊष्मणा), निष्क्रामति – निकलता है, अवरुद्धः – रुका हुआ है, स्वेदबिन्दवः – पसीने की बूंदें, स्वेदधाराः इव – पसीने की नदियाँ सी, प्रस्रवन्ति – बह रही हैं, निदाघतापतप्तस्य – ग्रीष्म के ताप से दुःखी मनुष्य का, पुंसो भयार्दितस्येव – भयभीत मनुष्य के समान, उपरिगामिसेतूनाम् – ऊर्ध्वगामी पुलों के, कर्त्यन्ते – काटे जा रहे हैं, वह्निना – आग से, दह्यते – जलाया जाता है, चेत् – शायद, अवकरभाण्डारम् – कूड़े के ढेर, प्लास्टिकस्यूतानि – प्लास्टिक के लिफाफे, इवाचरामः (इव+आचराम:) – के समान व्यवहार करते हैं, क्षिप्यते – फेंका जा रहा है, आहूय – बुलाकर (आवाज़ लगा कर), मार्गे भ्रमत्सु – रास्ते में चलने वालों पर, देयाः – देने योग्य, विकीर्णम् – बिखरा हुआ, संगृह्य – इकट्ठा कर के, शाकफलानामावरणैः सह – सब्जियों और फलों के छिलकों के साथ, पिहिते अवकरकण्डोले – ढके हुए कूड़ेदान में, कार्पासेन – कपास से, चर्मणा – चमड़े से, आलपन्तः – बात करते हुए।

मूलपाठः
गद्यांश – वैभवः – अरे परमिन्दर! अपि त्वमपि विद्युदभावेन पीडितः बहिरागतः?

सरलार्थः
वैभवः – अरे परमिन्दर क्या बिजली नहीं रहने के कारण बाहर आए हो?

गद्यांश – परमिन्दर् : आम् मित्र! ……… पवनः।

सरलार्थ:
हाँ मित्र! एक तो बहुत गर्मी दूसरी और बिजली का अभाव बाहर पर भी हवा रूका हुआ सा है। सही कहा गया है कि – ‘हवा के बिना संसार नहीं, यदि हवा एक क्षण के लिए भी पृथ्वी पर नहीं हो तो पृथ्वी के सभी जीव नष्ट हो जायेगे।

गद्यांश – विनयः – अरे मित्र…………… नैव दृश्यन्ते॥

सरलार्थः
अरे मित्र पसीने की बँदे से शरीर पसीने की नदियाँ के समान बह रही है। शुक्ल महादेय ने श्लोक में लिखा है – तेज गर्मी के कारण जल की बुन्दे आकाश से विलुप्त ठीक वैसे ही जैसे सामान्य लोग आरक्षित की जगह नहीं होते।

गद्यांश – परमिन्दर – आम् …………….. जायते वपुः।

सरलार्थः
हाँ, यह तो बिल्कुल है – ‘तेज गर्मी के कारण दुःखी मनुष्य का ओंठ सुख जाता हैं जैसे डर के कारण मनुष्य के शरीर में पसीना सुख जाता है।

गद्यांश – जोसेफः मित्राणि ……………………… कुलं यथा।

सरलार्थः
दोस्तों, यहाँ-वहाँ बहुत धरती पर भवन भूमि के अन्दर के रास्ता, विशेषरूप से मैट्रो मार्ग, उर्ध्वगामी पुलों के, मार्गों के निर्माण में बहुत से वृक्ष काटे गए है जिससे पर्यावरण की उपेक्षा हुई है। हम लोग तो बहुत भुल गए हैं – जैसे एक सुखे पेड़ के टकराने से उत्पन्न अग्नि से पुरा जंगल जल जाता हैं ठीक इसी प्रकार एक कुपुत्र से पूरा वंश नष्ट हो जाता है।

गद्यांश – परमिन्दर – आम् ………….. शक्ष्येम।

सरलार्थः
हाँ ये सभी सत्य हैं आओ नदी के किनारे जाते हैं। वहाँ कहीं शान्ति प्राप्त होगी।

गद्यांश – जोसेफ: – पश्यन्तु मित्राणि ……… अनने प्रकारेण ……..

सरलार्थः
देखों मित्रों यहाँ-वहाँ प्लास्टिक के वस्तुएँ फेंकी हुई है। कहते हैं स्वास्थ्य के लिए स्वच्छता आवश्यक लेकिन हम लोग शिक्षित होकर भी अशिक्षित का आचरण कर रहे हैं।

गद्यांश – वैभवः – गृहाणि तु ……… न दीयते।

सरलार्थः
घर की सफाई पर हम लोग प्रतिदिन ध्यान देते हैं लेकिन पर्यावरण एवं स्वच्छता पर ध्यान न देते

गद्यांश – विनयः – पश्य-पश्य ………………. एवं संस्कारा देयाः।

सरलार्थः – देखो-देखों ऊपर सड़क पर बेकार चीजें फेंकी जा रही है कृपाकर ऐसा न करें। यह तो अशोभनीय है हम लोगों की भाँति बच्चों में भी ऐसा संस्कार होगा।

गद्यांश – रोजलिन् – आम् पुत्र! ……………… गति प्राप्यति।

सरलार्थः
हाँ पुत्र! सदा सत्य बोलते हो। क्षमा करो मैं बगीचा जाता हूँ। हम लोगों में जागरूकता होनी चाहिए और प्रधानमंत्री महोदय् के स्वच्छता अभिमान को गति प्रदान करनी चाहिए।

गद्यांश – विनयः – पश्य तत्र धेनुः …………. अवकरकण्डोले क्षिपन्ति।

सरलार्थः
देखो-देखों गाये फल और सब्जी के बाह्य छिलके के साथ प्लास्टिक की थैली भी खा जा रही है। ऐसा करने से रोकना है, रास्ते में केला बेचने वाला से लड़का केला खरीदकर गाय को खाने के लिए देता है और प्लास्टिक की थैली ढके हुए कुडेदान में डालने की सलाह दो।

गद्यांश – परमिन्दर – प्लास्टिकस्य मृत्तिकायां ………. प्राप्यन्ते।

सरलार्थः
परमिन्दर प्लास्टिक से बनी मुत्तियों से हमारे पर्यावरण की अपार क्षति होती है। पहले तो कपास से, चमड़ा से, लोहा से, लाख से, मिट्टी से, लकड़ी से वस्तुएँ बनायी जाती थीं अब इसके स्थान पर प्लास्टिक से बनी वस्तुएँ प्रयोग होती है।

गद्यांश – वैभवः – आम् घटिपट्टिका ……………. भवन्ति।
सरलार्थः
हाँ, घड़ी की पट्टी और अनेकों प्रकार की वस्तुएँ, कलम आदि वस्तुएँ तो प्लास्टिक से बनी हुई है।

गद्यांश – जोसेफः – आम् अस्माभिः ………….. सम्भवो भुवि।

सरलार्थः
हाँ। हम लोगों को अभिभावकों एवं शिक्षकों के सहयोग से प्लास्टिक के ऊपर अलग-अलग प्रकार से विचार करनी चाहिए। पर्यावरण से ही पशुओं की भी रक्षा होती है। इसके बाद सभी नदी के किनारे गए, नदी के जल में स्नान करते हुए गाने लगे – ‘यदि मित्रो पर्यावरण सही नहीं हैं तो कुछ भी नही है। सारा संसार पर्यावरण से ही संभव है।

गद्यांश – सर्वे – अतीवानन्दप्रदोऽयं जलविहारः।

सरलार्थः
सभी काफी खुशी के साथ जल विहार करने लगे।

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 11 सावित्री बाई फुले Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 11 सावित्री बाई फुले

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत-
(क) कीदृशीनां कुरीतीनां सावित्री मुखरं विरोधम् अकरोत्?
उत्तरम्:
सामाजिक।

(ख) के कूपात् जलोद्धरणम् अवारयन्?
उत्तरम्:
उच्च वर्गीयाः।

(ग) का स्वदृढनिश्चयात् न विचलति?
उत्तरम्:
सावित्री बाईफुले।

(घ) विधवानां शिरोमुण्डनस्य निराकरणाय सा कैः मिलिता?
उत्तरम्:
साक्षात् नापितैः।

(ङ) सा कासां कृते प्रदेशस्य प्रथम विद्यालयम् आरभत?
उत्तरम्:
महाराष्ट्रस्य पुणे नगरे।

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत-
(क) किं किं सहमाना सावित्रीबाई स्वदृढनिश्चयात् न विचलति?
उत्तरम्:
धूलिं प्रस्तरखण्डं सहमाना सावित्रीबाई स्वदृढनिश्चयात् च विचलति।

(ख) सावित्रीबाईफुलेमहोदयायाः पित्रोः नाम किमासीत्?
उत्तरम्:
सावित्रीबाईफुलेमहोदयायाः पित्रोः नाम खंडोजी आसीत्।

(ग) विवाहानन्तरमपि सावित्र्याः मनसि अध्ययनाभिलाषा कथम् उत्साहं प्राप्तवती?
उत्तरम्:
विवाहानन्तरमपि सावित्र्याः मनसि अध्ययनाभिलाषा स्त्री शिक्षा पर्बल समर्थकः उत्साह प्राप्तवती।

(घ) जलं पातुं निवार्यमाणाः नारी: सा कुत्र नीतवती किञ्चाकथयत्?
उत्तरम्:
जलं पातुं निवार्यमाणाः नारी: सा निजगृहं नीतवती अकथयत्।

(ङ) कासां संस्थानां स्थापनायां फुलेदम्पत्योः अवदानं महत्त्वपूर्णम्?
उत्तरम्:
महिला सेवामण्डल, शिशुप्रतिबन्ध गृहं संस्थानां स्थापनायां फुलेदम्पत्योः अवदानं महत्त्वपूर्णम्।

(च) सत्यशोधकमण्डलस्य उद्देश्यं किमासीत्?
उत्तरम्:
सत्यशोधकमण्डलस्य उत्त्पीड़ितानां, समुदायानां स्वाधिकारान् प्रति जागरणम् उद्देश्यं आसीत्।

(छ) तस्याः द्वयोः काव्यसङ्कलनयोः नामनी के?
उत्तरम्:
काव्यफूले, सुबोधरत्नाकर द्वयोः काव्यसङ्कलनयोः नामनी।

प्रश्न 3.
रेखांकितपदानि अधिकृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणम् कुरुत-
(क) सावित्रीबाई, कन्याभिः सविनोदम् आलपन्ती अध्यापने संलग्ना भवति स्म?
उत्तरम्:
सावित्रीबाई, कामिः सविनोदम् आलपन्ती अध्यापने संलग्ना भवति स्म।

(ख) सा महाराष्ट्रस्य प्रथमा महिला शिक्षिका आसीत्?
उत्तरम्:
सा कस्य प्रथमा महिला शिक्षिका आसीत्।

(ग) सा स्वपतिना सह कन्यानां कृते प्रदेशस्य प्रथम विद्यालयम् आरभत?
उत्तरम्:
सा स्वपतिना सह काम् कृते प्रदेशस्य प्रथम विद्यालयम् आरभत।

(घ) तया मनुष्याणां समानतायाः स्वतन्त्रतायाश्च पक्षः सर्वदा समर्थितः?
उत्तरम्:
तया काम् समानतायाः स्वतन्त्रतायाश्च पक्षः सर्वदा समर्थितः।

(ङ) साहित्यरचनया अपि सावित्री महीयते?
उत्तरम्:
साहित्यरचनया अपि का महीयते।

प्रश्न 4.
यथानिर्देशमुत्तरत-
(क) इदं चित्रं पाठशालायाः वर्तते- अत्र ‘वर्तते’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किम्?
उत्तरम्:
पाठशालायाः।

(ख) तस्याः स्वकीयम् अध्ययनमपि सहैव प्रचलति – अस्मिन् वाक्ये विशेष्यपदं किम्?
उत्तरम्:
स्वकीयम् अध्ययनमपि।

(ग) अपि यूयमिमा महिलां जानीथ- अस्मिन् वाक्ये ‘यूयम्’ इति पदं केभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तरम्:
छात्राणां

(घ) सा ताः स्त्रियः निजगृहं नीतवती – अस्मिन् वाक्ये ‘सा’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्यै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तरम्:
सावित्रीबाईफूले।

(ङ) शीर्णवस्त्रावृताः तथाकथिताः निम्नजातीयाः काश्चित् नार्यः जलं पातुं याचन्ते स्म – अत्र ‘नार्यः’ इति पदस्य विशेषणपदानि कति सन्ति, कानि च इति लिखत?
उत्तरम्:
शीर्णवस्त्रावृता, निम्नजातीयाः।

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखितानि पदानि आधृत्य वाक्यानि रचयतः-
स्वकीयम् – __________
सविनोदम् – __________
सक्रिया – __________
प्रदेशस्य – __________
मुखम् – __________
सर्वथा – __________
उत्तरम्:

प्रश्न 6(अ).
अधोलिखितानि पदानि आधुत्य वाक्यानि रचयत-
(क) उपरि – __________
(ख) आदानम् – __________
(ग) परकीयम् – __________
(घ) विषमता – __________
(ङ) व्यक्तिगतम् – __________
(च) आरोहः – __________
उत्तरम्:
(क) उपरि – उपरि निर्मितं चित्रं पश्यत।
(ख) आदानम् – विद्यायाः आदानं क्रियेत।
(ग) परकीयम् – परकीयम् वस्तुं न स्वीक्रियात्।
(घ) विषमता – अस्नाकं जीवने बहुनि विषमंग भवति।
(ङ) व्यक्तिगतम् – कस्यापि व्याक्तिगतं स्वतन्त्रता न तननीना।
(च) आरोहः – बसमानम् अरोहेत शनैः।

प्रश्न 6(आ).
अधोलिखितपदानां समानार्थकपदानि पाठात् चित्वा लिखत-
मार्गे, अविरतम, अध्यापने, अवदानम्, यथेष्टम्, मनसि
(क) शिक्षणे – __________
(ख) पथि – __________
(ग) हृदय – __________
(घ) इच्छानुसारम् – __________
(ङ) योगदानम् – __________
(च) निरन्तरम् – __________
उत्तरम्:
(क) शिक्षणे – अध्यापने
(ख) पथि – मार्गे
(ग) हृदय – यथेष्टम्
(घ) इच्छानुसारम् – मनसि
(ङ) योगदानम् – अवदानम्
(च) निरन्तरम् – अविरतम

प्रश्न 7(अ).
अधोलिखितानां पदानां लिङ्ग, विभक्तिं, वचनं च लिखतः-

उत्तरम्:

प्रश्न 7(आ).
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य लकारपरिवर्तनं कुरुतः।
वर्तमान कालः अतीतकाल:
यथा – सा शिक्षिका अस्ति। (लङ्लकारः) सा शिक्षिका आसीत्।
1. सा अध्यापने संलग्ना भवति। (लटलकार:)
2. सः त्रयोदशवर्षकल्पः अस्ति। (लङ्लकार:)
3. महिलाः तडागात् जलं नयन्ति। (लोट्लकारः)
4. वयं प्रतिदिनं पाठं पठामः। (विधिलिङ्ग)
5. यूयं किं विद्यालयं गच्छथ? (लटलकार:)
6. ते बालकाः विद्यालयात् गृहं गच्छन्ति। (लङ्लकार:)
उत्तरम्:

Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 11 सावित्री बाई फुले Summary

पाठ परिचय
भारतवर्ष में प्राचीन काल में विदुषियों का उल्लेख मिलता है। कलान्तर में एक ऐसा कलंकित काल आया तब स्त्री शिक्षा लगभग समाप्त हो गई। शिक्षा हमारा अधिकार है। हमारे समाज में कई समुदाय इससे लम्बे समय तक वंचित रहे हैं। उन्हें इस अधिकार को पाने के लिए लम्बा संघर्ष करना पड़ा है। लड़कियों को तो ओर ज्यादा अवरोध झेलना पड़ता रहा है। प्रस्तुत पाठ इस संघर्ष का नेतृत्व करने वाली सावित्री बाई फुले के योगदान पर केन्द्रित है। जब-जब स्त्री शिक्षा के इतिहास की बात होगी, तब-तब फुले जैसी नारियों को चिर काल तक स्मरण किया जाएगा।

शब्दार्थ-
वर्तते-है; आदाय – लेकर; प्रस्तरखण्डान – पत्थर के टुकड़ों को; अजायन – पैदा हुई; अभिहितौ – कहे गए है; परिणीता – ब्याही गई; यतोहि- क्योंकि प्रारब्ध – आरम्भ किया; निराकरणाय – दूर करने के लिए; नापित – नाई; रूढौ – रुढि में; निकषा – निकट; सोढुम – सहने में; उत्पीडितानाम् – सताए हुओं का; अश्रान्तम – बिना थके हुए; महीयते – बढ़ चढ़कर है। पद्यबद्धम् – कविता के रूप में; गहनावबोधाय – गहराई से समझने के लिए; निधनम् – मृत्यु को; अध्येतव्यम् – पढ़ना चाहिए।

मूलपाठः
उपरि निर्मितः………….फूले नामधेया।

सरलार्थः
ऊपर बने हुए चित्र को देखो। यह चित्र किसी पाठशाला का है। यह साधारण पाठशाला नहीं है यह है महाराष्ट्र की पहली कन्या पाठशाला। एक शिक्षिका घर से पुस्तकें लेकर चलती है। मार्ग में कोई उस पर धूल फेंकता है। और कोई पत्थर के टुकड़े परन्तु वह अपने दृढ़ निश्चय से नहीं हटती। अपने विद्यालय में बालिकाओं से हँसी-मजाक से बातें करती हुई वह (उन्हें) पढ़ाने में लगी रहती है। उसका अपना अध्ययन भी साथ ही चलता है। कौन है यह महिला? क्या तुम सब इस महिला को जानते हैं? यह ही महाराष्ट्र की प्रथम महिला शिक्षिका है जिसका नाम ‘सावित्री बाई फुले’ है।

जनवरी मासस्य……………………अध्ययनं कृतवती।

सरलार्थः
जनवरी महीने तीसरे दिन सन् 1831 ईस्वी में महाराष्ट्र के नायगाँव नामक स्थान पर सावित्री जन्मी। उसकी माता का नाम लक्ष्मीबाई तथा पिता खंडोजी थे। नौ वर्ष वाली वह ज्योतिबा फुले महोदय से ब्याही गई। वे भी तब तेरह वर्ष के ही थे। क्योंकि वह स्त्री शिक्षा के प्रबल समर्थक थे इसलिए सावित्री के मन में स्थित अध्ययन की अभिलाषा स्रोत को पा गई। इससे पहले उसने आग्रहपूर्वक आङ्गल भाषा का अध्ययन भी किया। सन् 1948 ई. में पुणे नगर में सावित्री ने ज्योतिबा महोदय के साथ कन्याओं के लिए प्रदेश का पहला विद्यालय प्रारम्भ किया। जब वह केवल सत्रह वर्ष की थी। 1951 ई. में छुआछूत से तिरस्कृत की बालिकाओं के लिए उसने अलग से विद्यालय आरम्भ किया।

सामाजिककुरीतीनां सावित्री…………………….सर्वथा समर्थितः।

सरलार्थः
सामाजिक कुरीतियों का सावित्री ने मुखर विरोधी किया। विधवाओं के लिए मुंडाने का निराकरण करने के लिए वह साक्षात् नाइयों से मिली। परिणामत : कुछ नाइयों, ने इस रूढ़ि का साथ छोड़ दिया। एक बार सावित्री ने मार्ग में देखा कि कुएँ के पास फटे-पुराने कपड़े में लिपटी तथा कथित निम्न जाति की कुछ नारियाँ जल पीने के लिए माँग रही थीं। उच्च वर्ग वालों कने उपहास करते हुए कुएँ से जल निकालने के लिए रोक दिया। सावित्री यह अपमान नहीं सह सकी। वह उन स्त्रियों को अपने घर ले गई और तालाब दिखाकर कहा कि जितना चाहो उतना जल ले लो। यह तालाब सार्वजतिनक है। इससे जल लेने में जाति का बन्धन नहीं है। उसने मनुष्यों की समानता व स्वतन्त्रता के पक्ष का पूरी तरह से हमेशा समर्थन किया।

‘महिला सेवामण्डल’…………अवश्यम् अध्येतव्यम्।

सरलार्थः
‘महिला सेवा मण्डल’,’शिशु हत्या प्रतिबन्धक गृह इत्यादि संस्थाओं की स्थापना में फुले दम्पत्ति का महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान है। सत्यशोधक मण्डल की गतिविधियों पर भी सावित्री अत्यधिक सक्रिय थी इस मण्डल का उद्देश्य था सताए हुए समुदायों को अपने अधिकारी के लिए जाग्रत करना।’ सावित्री ने अपने प्रशासनकौशल से अनेक संस्थाओं का संचालन किया। अकाल और प्लेग के समय उसने पीड़ित लोगों को बिना थके सेव की सहायता सामग्री की व्यवस्था के लिए भरस्क प्रयास किया महामारी फैलने के समय सेवा में लगी हुई वह स्वयं असाध्य रोग से ग्रस्त होकर सन् 1867 ई. में स्वर्गवासी हो गई। साहित्य रचना में भी सावित्री आगे है उसके दो काव्य सकलन है। काव्यफुले और सुबोध रत्नाकर, भारत देश में महिलाओं के उत्थान की गहन जानकारी के लिए सवित्री के जीवन चरित्र का अध्ययन अवश्य करना चाहिए?