Author name: Prasanna

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 History Chapter 1 From the Beginning of Time Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

From the Beginning of Time NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 1

From the Beginning of Time Questions and Answers Class 11 History Chapter 1

Question 1.
Look at the diagram showing the positive feedback mechanism on page 13 (refer to text book). Can you list the inputs that went into tool making? What were the processes that were strengthened by tool making?
Answer:
The inputs that were into tool making were basically related to the increase in size and capacity of brain. It resulted in visual , surveillance and upright walking before hands free for other tasks to be performed.

The motor-nerves of brain and freedom of main executive organ (i.e. hands) led the primates to develop various kinds of tools and implement useful for foraging and hunting. Tool making strengthened the processes of cutting, scraping, decorating, bruising and folding etc.

Question 2.
Humans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviour and anatomy. This indicates that humans possibly evolved from apes. List these resemblances in two columns under the headings of
(a) behaviour and
(b) anatomy. Are there any differences that you think are noteworthy?
Answer:
Resemblance of humans and mammals
Basis for analysis— Humans and apes
(a) Behaviour— There is certain resemblance of humans to the apes and monkeys in terms of behaviour. Both of these grip their food in hand and eat the same by using teeth. Both have fingers in their hands and make its multi uses. Sometimes, both of them move bipedal.

(b) Anatomy—

• Flexible limbs
• traces of tail are also found in humans
• Hairs on body
• Neck and skull
• Nails
• Eyebrows
• Long gestation period following birth
• Mammary glands
• Different types of teeth.

Differences— Besides above anatomical resemblances, there are certain differences in humans and the apes. These differences are that of size of brain, posture (upright), hand-grip etc.

Question 3.
Discuss the arguments advanced in favour of the regional continuity model of human origins. Do you think it provides a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The regional continuity model states that it is the effect of living in different regions that evolved at different rates, the archaic Homo sapiens. This argument is based on the regional differences in the features of present day humanHistorians supporting this view say that these dissimilarities are due to differences between the pre¬existing Homo erectus and Homo-Heidelbergenesis populations that occupied the same region.

The argument above provides a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence because we still see certain features different between people in North India and those living in South. As per archaeological report, hominids are divided into branches genus of which Australopithecus and Homo are important.

The difference between these genus is that of brain size, jaws and teeth viz. Australopithecus has smaller brain size, heavier jaws and larger teeth. Again we see that Australopithecus, early Homo, Homo erectus had developed at the same time in Sub-saharan Africa (i.e.5-lmya) and Homo erectus, archaic Homo sapiens, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens-sapiens were developed in Africa, Asia and Europe during lmya to 40,000 years ago.

Question 4.
Which of the following do you think is best documented in the archaeological record:
(a) gathering
(b) tool making
(c) the use of fire?
Answer:
The representation of different stages shows that it is tool making stage of Homo sapiens properly and the best way documented by the Archeologists. We can see a number of pictures showing tools of varied types made for different uses. Styles estimated of the tool making, have also been documented.

Question 5.
Discuss the extent to which
(a) hunting and
(b) constructing shelters would have been facilitated by the use of language. What other modes of communication could have been used for these activities?
Answer:
As we read, there are different views of development among primates. The hominid language involved gestures or hand movements. Spoken language was preceded by vocal but non-verbal communication such as singing or humming.

According to another view, human speech probably began with calls like the ones that have been observed among primates. Scrutiny of the brain of Homo habilis reveals certain features developed like vocal-tract around 2 lakh years ago.

Whatever the views extended above are, we should confine our answer to the assistance got by primates by the use of language while hunting and constructing shelters. During hunting operation, the primates would have learnt extracting different sounds or tones of the birds or animals of prey.

He would have executed hunting in an organized way viz. making group of people, training to them on manners and methods of hunting including introduction with the birds/animals of prey, planned area, all these act only with the help of language.

Similarly, in course of shelter construction, the primates would have ensured more help from other people with application of the tool of language. Language would have effaced their ignorance, superstition, fear and prejudice and filled their head and heart with skill, expertise, tact and cognition of the components of each and all works.

Other modes of communication with the primates used are- physical gestures (use of fingers, lips, neck, forehead etc.) preguess of sound to be practiced observing them with consecutive results or the effects and through indication of thing analogous to the one needed.

Question 6.
Choose any two developments each from Timelines 1 and 2 at the end of the chapter and indicate why you think these are significant.
Answer:
Two developments in Time line l(mya)—The first development, we would like to say that of primates conversion into Hominoids (36- 24mya). This anatomical and physiological change could take place after a longer interval of 12mya. Thus, monkey (hominoid) in Africa could become African ape (hominid) our first ancestor.

The second important development is that of change taken place due to Tropical climate formed and Australopithecus turned into the genes Homo. It took time about 3 millions (i.e. 5.6 – 2mya). From here, the human instincts started developing in primates with the fastest pace. The gradual process of anatomical and physiological could complete in further period of three lakh years when we are in present form i.e. Homo sapiens-sapiens.

Two Developments in Time line- II—The first important development, we would say that of development of voice box (vocal chord) in human anatomy far back in 2 lakh years ago. It would have helped greatly the development of skill and expertise in doing things easier than the period, humans had not vocal chord.

As the time line itself is evidence of emergence of modern humans 1,95,000 years ago. That anatomical or biological feature would have made the primates able to construct his languages in order to communicate with his other fellows associated with works and genes.

The second important development in this time line could be construed the period of 21 thousand years ago when sewing needles, the primates could invent. It may be presumed that till then iron and fire would have been invented by the primates. Invention of sewing needle would have brought revolution in the fields of growing cotton, jute, silk etc. fiber crops, weaving, spinning etc.

Industries like tanneries, packaging, tool manufacturing etc. are owed to the invention of sewing needle and human brain circumambulated round it to make use of it for different purposes and creation of something analogous to needle but more yielding and useful.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 20 Development Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Development NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 20

Development Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 20

Question 1.
What do you understand hytheterm development? Would all sections of society benefit from such a definition of development?
Answer:
The concept of development has a very wide meaning, although it has been used in narrower sense. It has been used for change, progress, growth and advancement of the society. In the broadest sense of the term the concept of development conveys the ideas of improvement progress, well being and an aspiration for a better life.

The aim of the development is based on the vision of the society’ for the kind of life they wish and plan to lead. Therefore development is a process of various measures taken for the socio-economic and cultural transformation of the society in such a way that the fruits of development and progress reach to the last man in the que.

Lucian Pye “ The Aspects of Development” gives the meaning of development as the process of judicious utilization of the available resources to build a modern society. He explained development in number of aspects like development as change, development as state building, development as nation building, development as modernisation, development as political socialisation, mobilisation and as a process of cultural diffusion and also as the mechanism of modernisation of the society. Its ultimate aim is to make the growth and progress within the reach of every common man. Its purpose is definitely to change the face of every man of every section of the society.

Question 2.
Discuss some of the social and ecological costs of the kind of development which has been pursued in most countries.
Answer:
In fact the concept of development has been understood differently in different parts of the world, hence it is implemented accordingly which have not produced the desired results in spite of incurrence of heavy financial costs which has put them to enormous debts. Its critics allege that this kind of directionless development has social and environmental costs which can be discussed as under.

1. Social costs of development
In the process of development large number of people have been displaced from their local places in rural as well as urban areas due to construction of big dams, industrial activities and mining activities which has led to more impoverishment and misries of the people. In the wake of this kind of development people are losing their cultural identities and their traditional occupations, which is making people poorer. The disparities and inequalities are on increase.

Such displacement persons have become passively restless and are causing social and political turmoil. The particular examples of Narmada Bachao Andolan against the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada can be referred.

2. Environmental costs of development
Present mode of development has its environmental costs also, it has disturbed the ecological equilibrium and has caused high degree of environmental degradation in many countries. Global warming and green house gases into atmosphere which are fatal for the existence of man “kind are the consequences of this unimaginative mode of development. Tsunami havoc can be referred as the heavy environment cost of this typer of developer

Question 3.
What are some of the new claims for rights whicn the process of development has generated?
Answer:
New claims as Democratic participation: In democratic framework of society and polity and in the modem age, every one wants to lead a life of better quality. It is therefore that every one like us to be involved in decision making process and in formulating the goals of development and also in the mechanism and machinery of its implementation. It is for the serving the purpose of participation and empowerment.

Development and democracy are concerned with realizing the common good. Democratic polities aims to achieve the rights of the people of common good with the process of development by maximum utilization of the resources and to take the fruits of development to the common man.

Is democratic societies the right of participation of the people has been appreciated and emphasized. One of the method of such participation is suggested to ensure is to allow decision making bodies to take decisions about developmental projects in the local area. It is therefore the powers and resources of the local bodies are being increased.

73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of the Indian Constitutions.are such steps in this direction. Through these amendments, efforts are being made to ensure the participation of all sections of the society including the weaker sections like women and SCs and STs and backward classes in these local bodies, so that they can initiate the developmental projects.

Involvement in Planning and formulating policies allows people to direct resources towards their needs. Therefore there is need to evolve a model of development which could serve the objective of democratic, modern society of achieving the goal of welfare i.e. common good as conceived in the present modern scientific, technological world.

Question 4.
What would be the advantages of democracy over other forms of government for ensuring that decisions regarding development are made to promote the common good?
Answer:
Democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. It means that the democratic government belongs to people only and ultimate powers rests with the people.

Unlike dictatorship, where power is concentrated in the hands of one person or group of the persons where people do not have any say in the decision making process. It is therefore the democratic form of government is more advantageous over other forms of government, particularly with regard to taking care of common good of the people.

The democratic government is more concerned about the interests, rights and welfare of the people. The democracy is based on following postulates:-

• It is based on equality
• It is based on justice
• It seeks to promote rights of the people
• It promotes liberty
• It promotes brotherhood
• It provides wide consultation
• It is based on discussion, debate and dissent
• It is based on decentralisation of powers
• Ultimate power rests with the people
• Democracy allows fuller expression of the people.

Above features of democracy are available in none other system. It is therefore democratic system of government is more condusive for the realisation of common good than other systems of governance. Democratic culture allows the diffusion of developmental process involving every aspect of life of the people and nations.

Question 5.
In your view how successful have popular struggles like been in making the state responsive to the social and environmental costs of development ? Discuss with examples.
Answer:
In the name of development the governments of number of states and also central government have undertaken number of ambititious projects in different fields. But these projects have their own social and environmental costs. For example in the Narmada Bachao Andolan etc. the local people under the leadership of social activists and environmentalists like Mega Patekar and Sunder Lai Bahugana have started the agitations against these projects which has resulted in the politicisation of the whole issue.

Some new controversial projects of the government have emerged in recent years. One of such project is SEZ (creation of Special Economic Zone) which has evoked the anger of local farmers which is politicised by the different political parties. The local people have not accepted the new future as a result of such developmental activities. These cause has been taken by the social activists.

Such a movement is Narmada Bachao Andolan has been a leading movement against the Sardar Sarovar Dam which is built on Nannada river for the purpose of generating electricity and will help in irrigating the larger areas of land and will also provide the drinking water to the desert areas of Kutch and Saurastra.

However the opponents of this project disagree with these claims and have been agitating vigorously under the leadership of social activists and environmentalists like Mega Patekar. Such movements have certainly compelled to the governments to think all the aspects of the issue.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Peace Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Peace NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19

Peace Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19

Question 1.
Do you think that a change towards a peaceful world, needs a change in the way people think? Can mind promote peace and is it enough to focus only on the human mind?
Answer:
It is rightly said that nothing is good or bad but thinking makes it so. Therefore it is the manner of thinking that creates tension or peace. It is thinking which is to be taken care of. Thinking is the outcome of the psyche and psyche is created and influenced by hereditary and environmental factors.

Ultimately environment is to be reformed and improved, so that it could lead to make healthy mind and positive thinking. Mind plays very important role in shaping the behaviour of man. Every study dealing with the peace has underlined the need of psyche, mind and resulting behaviour of man. Gautam Buddha said “All wrong doing arises because of mind. If mind is transformed can wrong doing remove.

Philosophycally there have ever been both things i.e. goodness and evil, violence and non-violence, tension are inconceivable. What is required is the management of socio-economic environment in such a way that the psyche and human behaviour is shaped in such a way that it becomes condusive to peace. The world cannot liye in two extreme situation. In fact what is desirable in the normal life with normal environment.

Only few philosophers thought or talked about Utopia. Violence is to be curbed and controlled to produce good behaviour and good environment. If environment is good, it will make good mind which will lead to good behaviour and ultimately to peace.

Question 2.
A state must protect the lives and rights of its citizens. However, at times its own actions are a source of violence against some of its citizens. Comment with the help of some examples.
Answer:
If we go to the history of origin feature of the state, there have been different perceptions about state in different period by different theorists. Initially Aristotle considered state as a welfare institution. Socialist thinkers created the state for maintaining law and property and for the protection of lives and property of the people.

Modem state is also concerned with controlling law and order and protection of lives and property as compulsory functions besides other optional works in the name of development and welfare.

State is sovereign institution which is given absolute power to take the decisions in the interests of the people and get them implemented. To maintain law and order and to protect the lives of the people is ultimate responsibility of the state and to fulfil this duty, the state is entitled to take any action/decision which state considered necessary.

Sometimes it becomes necessary’ for the state to resort to violent action as punishment to the wrong doer and offenders and law breakers. State is supposed to take punishing actions against the offenders but within the norms and in the parameters of justness. When the state violates these norms and limits then it is called as excess on the part of the state. In modern terminology, it is called as state terrorism. Police and Military have to face such charges when they perform their duties maintaining law and order.

Question 3.
Peace can be best realised when there is freedom, equality and justice. Do you agree?
Answer:
It is true that freedom, equality and justice are the essential constituent of peace. History bears the proof that whenever there have been absense of equality, freedom and justice, there have also been the absence of peace also. Inequalities, justice and domination or slavery will create the tension and conflict which will automatically lead to loss of peace.

Traditional post system was based on hierarchy in which certain group of people were declared untouchable who were subjected to social exclusion and deprivation of worst sort, based on grave inequalities, injustice and loss of freedom. These inequalities ultimately lead to tension and conflict in which the peace becomes the casuality.

Similarly the women have been victim of male domination and many orthodox practices which resulted in the systematic subordination and discrimination against women. Its manifestations have been in worst forms of exploitation of women in which she is denied freedom, equality and justice.

Colonialism has been another worst system in which there has been prolonged and direct subjugation, exploitation and injustice which ultimately led to revolt and breach of peace. Similarly racism and communalism involve the stigmatization and oppression of an entire racial group or community.

It is therefore can be concluded that to achieve an environment based on equality, justice-and freedom is must. If any one of these values is missing, there will be danger to the peace.

Question 4.
Use of violence does not achieve just ends in the long run. What do you think about this statement?
Answer:
This statement is very much true. Violence leads to violence, which puts the ultimate objective far away. It is the tolerance and non-violence which help in achieving the just ends. However sometimes it is said that violence helps in achieving certain ends. Violence becomes necessary in certain circumstances.

But that is not a permanent feature. The violence cannot achieve lasting peace. It is only through the non violence that lost peace can be achieved: It is for this reason that supporters of non-violence, who consider peace tote a supreme value, take a moral stand against the use of violence even for attaining just ends.

They advocate opposition of violent methods. But they advocate the use of love and tolerance. They went to stop violence through the change of heart. They consider violence as the last resort.

Question 5.
Differentiate between the major approaches, discussed in the chapter, to the establishment of peace in the world.
Answer:
Many approaches have been given for the realisation and maintainance of peace. Main approaches are the following three approaches:-
First approach keeps emphasis on states, respects their sovereignty and treats the competition among them as a fact of life. Its main concern is with the proper management of this competition and to establish balance of power for peace.

The second approach also focuses on deep-rooted state rivalry, but it stresses the positive presense and possible interdependence. It underscores the growing social and economic co-operation among nations. The third approach considers the system to be a passing phase in history. It considers the community as the surest guarantee

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Secularism Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Secularism NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18

Secularism Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18

Question 1.
Which of the following do you feel are compatible with the idea of secularism ? Give reasons.
a. Absence of domination of one religious groups by another.
b. Recognition of a state religon.
c. Equal state support to all religions.
d. Mandatory prayers in schools.
e. Allowing separate educational Institutions for any minority community.
f. Appointment of temple management bodies by the government.
g. Intervention of state to ensure entry of Dalits in temples.
Answer:
Following statements are compatible with the secularism:-

a. Absence of domination of one religious group by another.
Explantation
Separation of state and religion is first and foremost essential condition of Secularism but it is also necessary for secularism that there should not be any inter or intra religions domination because secularism stands for equality, freedom and absence of discrimination and exploitation also.

e. Allowing separate educational institutions for any minority community.
Secularism does not bar for opening an educational institution by any minority community. In India every educational institution run by minority community can avail government’s assistance on the basis of equality. The purpose of education is enlightment.

Question 2.
Some of the key characteristics of western and Indian model of secularism have got mixed up. Separate them and make a new table.

Answer:

Question 3.
What do you understand by secularism? Can it be equated with religious tolerance?
Answer:
Secularism stands for neutrality of state in matter of religion. It means that state should not have attached itself with any religion. It should neither patronize any religion nor it should discriminate against any religion. People should be left free in matter of religion considering

that it is their personal matters. Secularism is concerned not only with the separation of state and religious but also with the establishment of equality based social system and it aims at removing the inter religions and intra-religious dominations and exploitation.

Secularism also seeks to promote freedom within religions, and equality between as well as within religions. Secularism is a vision. Secularism cannot be equated with religious tolerance. It is only one aspect of Secularism.

Question 4.
Do you agree with the following statements? Give reasons for supporting or opposing any of them.
a. Secularism does not allow us to have a religious identity.
b. Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.
c. Secularism has a western-Christian origin. It is not suitable for India.
Answer:
a. No we do not agree with the ‘a’ statement that secularism does not allow us to have a religious identity. We do not support it. Secularism does not bar any one to have his religious identity. Secularism treats religious as the personal matter of man and it seeks separation of state and religion. Man can have his/her any religious identity of his/her choice.

b. Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.
Answer:
Secularism does not mean only the separation of religion and politics but it also emphasis equality within the religious community and also between two different religious groups. It also seeks to remove all forms of discrimination in different religious groups.

A state which calls itself as secular must be committed to principles and goals which are at least partly derived from non-religious sources. These end should include peace, religious freedom equality and freedom from discrimination.

c. Secularism has a western-Christian origin. It is not suitable for India.
Answer:
Secularism has definitely western and particular American origin which proposes complete separation of politics and religion. Neither state will interfere in the affairs of state nor religion will interfere in state’s affairs. Each has a separate sphere of its own with independent jurisdiction.

Similarly state cannot aid any religious institution. It cannot give financial support to educational institutions run by the religious. communities. Religion is purely a private matter and not a matter of state policy of law. There is no scope for the idea that a community has the liberty to follow practices of its own choosing. There is little scope for community-based rights or minority rights.

Indian secularism is not the exact replica of western form of secularism. Only common perception is that separation of religion and politics (state) and state not having its own religion. There are many. differences between the two. It allows support to all religion but not allow discrimination. It also allow minority rights and giving financial aids to educational institutions run by the religious institutions.

Question 5.
Indian secularism focuses more than the religion-state separation. Explain.
Answer:
Like many western and American countries, Indian secularism also emphasises the separation of state and religion. But it is not the only condition and feature of Indian secularism; it is definitely more than this. Its objective is to remove the discrimination among the different social groups.

It also seeks to establish equality and justice in inter and intra religious communities. We see in India there are number of cases of exploitation not only in Inter-religious groups but also with the same religious community. Indian secularism seeks to remove this. Another aspect of Indian secularism is that it can interfere in the matters of religion to bring about social reform.

Nehru himself played a key role in enacting laws abolishing discrimination and wrong social evils like dowry and sati and extending legal rights and social freedom to Indian women. For Nehru secularism meant complete opposition to communalism.

Question 6.
Explain the concept of principled distance.
Answer:
The important common feature of Indian view and western view of secularism is the separation between state and religion. State should neither theocratic nor do they establish a religion. Therefore it is will established principle of secularism that state will not interfere in the affairs of religion and in the same way religion will not interefere in the affairs of a state. State should not have its own religion and it should be left with the man as his private affairs. Both state and religion should have their independent separate jurisdiction.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Nationalism Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Nationalism NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17

Nationalism Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17

Question 1.
How is a nation different from other forms of collective belonging?
Answer:
Man is a social being. It is because of this nature man always lead his life in different groups. His first such group from where he starts his life is Family. From the family he comes in the contact of society and different association. Then after association is state or we can say Nation.

State is most disciplined and organised institution. State is organised and disciplined because it has sovereignty i.e. supreme power over the citizens and subjects. Among all these groupings the basis of collective organisation of nation is different to others.

The basis of family is blood relation, the basis of society is interdependence of the people and groups and the basis of associations is to achieve the definite objective. All these social groupings are the groups of people.

The basis of organisation of Nation is nationality which is the group of people of same race, same history, same culture, same ethos and beliefs and same geography. Nationality generates the feelings of patriotism. Because of commanalities of various elements, they share common future vision. It is in this way that the nation is different from other collective social groups.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the right to national self¬determination? How has this idea resulted in both formation of and challenges to are nation states?
Answer:
The theory of self-determination is the bases of democratic and plural culture of the society. The theory of self-determination was given by Former President just at the time of First World War. Right of Self-determination is that every social and cultural group or the people of identical culture and geography must have the right to choose the law of choice. It also means the law governing a social group must reflect the social, cultural, linguistic, regional and geographical aspirations of the social groups for which that law is made.

Through this right, the nations seek to govern themselves and determine their future development. In making such claims a nation seeks recognition and acceptance by the international commun ity of its status as a distinct political entity. Most of these claims have come from the people who have lived together on a specific land for a long time and who developed a sense of common identity.

On the one hand this right has made the people of such nationalities confident and participative in the affairs of state and ensured their development but at the same time, this right has created challenges to the state system and separatist tendencis are emerging.

Thus this right has created paradoxical situation when we see diverse trends of unification and disintegration. USSR has broken down due to acceptence of right of self-determination into 15 nation states. Since most of the societies are plural and diverse, every state is facing this problem of minor nationalities. We can give example of Sri Lanka where LTTE is asking separate state and in India different terrorist

groups are demanding JK. as Nation State. The answer lies in the compromise and adjustment between the national interests and the interests of local and regional social groups.

Question 3.
“We have seen that nationalism can unite people as well as divide them, liberate them as well generate bitterness and conflict.” Illustrate your answer with examples.Neither descent, nor language, nor religion or ethnicity can claim to be a common factor in nationalisms all over the world. Comment.
Answer:
Nationalism refers to feeling for one’s nation, national interests, national dignity and honour and dedication for the national cause. With the feeling of nationalism our subordinates his personal, regional and linguistic and such parochial interests for the cause and honour of the nation. Nationalism is generated in the people of same nationality i.e. the group of people of same culture, race, history, dialects and geography.

It is the result of awareness of the importance of one’s nation and national history and glory. Today nationalism is linked to patriotism i.e. the spirit and feeling of sacrifice for the country. Nationalism is a emotional and psychological concept which glorify the, land flag, songs of the country. The land is referred as ‘ Maa’ i.e. mother land and is supposed to lay down his everything for the sake of mother i.e. mother land i.e. nation.

History is full of examples which shows how the nationalism liberated the nations and people from the colonial and empirical exploitation. In 19th century and early 20th century many Asian and African countries were liberated as a result of nationalism from the yolk of British colonialism.

In positive sense nationalism is a religion but when one community practice it in its extreme form it is harmful for the mankind. Its extreme and negative form is called as charnism. There are number of philosophies which were developed on the basis of extreme nationalism. In Germany Nazism and in Italy Fascism philosophies emerged which generated the sense of inferiority and superiority and created bitterness, tensions and wars.

Question 4.
Illustrate with suitable examples the factors that lead to the emergence of nationalist feelings.
Answer:
Followings are the main factors which raises the nationalist feelings:-
1. Common beliefs
The feelings of nationalism is produced when there is sense of togetherness and sense to togetherness is developed when people share common beliefs. When there is collectivity of team they have common objective and aspirations.

2. Common History
When people have the common history of griefs and happiness, glory and defeat, loss and achievements, war and peace, violence and non violence the sense of unity is developed which is an essential feature of nationalism. When the people articulate a sense of their own h istory by drawing on collective memories, legends and historical.records, they use the historical records to evoke the nationalistic feelings.

India has had a long and glorious history as a civilisation which is the basis of India as a nation and the factor for evoking the nationalism in India. Pt. Nehru in his famous book ‘Discovery of India’ has described the glorious civilisation of India.

3. Common Territory
Common Territory is another factor which evokes nationalism. The territory which is a part of land is emotionalised and spritualised which attach all the people together and creates nationalist feelings and nationalism.

4. Common future aspirations
Future common aspirations unite the people and creates the feeling of nationalism. Shared vision of the future and collective socio, economic and political aspirations for the future unite the people for the cause of nation arid nationalism. They develop values and urge commitments for them. For example P.L.O

5. Common culture
Common culture is another important factor for evoking and generating the nationalism. Common culture constitute, common traditions, festivals, history, geographies and dilects and languages creates collectivity of interests and objective which creates nationalist feelings.

Question 5.
How is a democracy more effective than authoritarian governments in dealing with conflicting nationalist aspirations?
Answer:
Democracy is a system of governance which is based on equality, pluralism, liberalism and secularism. It is also based on more humanist value. Nationalism is certainly a positive feeling but when the nationalism become negative which is called chaunism, it becomes dangerous and harmful for the society. Extreme nationalism is not desirable because in extreme nationalism man starts to harm the people of other region, religion, culture and language and develops the feelings of intolerence.

Democracy controls and pacifies this kind of extreme nationalism and develops the feeling of tolerence. Democracy brings the people of different religions, regions and culture together in a definite territory. In democracy we cherish the values of equality, justice, equal treatment and liberty for all.

The democracy strengthens equality among all the sections of society and forge the unity of identity based in common culture, common history, territory and language and shared political beliefs. Democracy enlightens the people and thus removes the conflicting feelings of nationalism.

Question 6.
What do you think are the limitations of nationalism?
Answer:
As said earliar that nationalism is a desirable and positive feeling which is developed in the people of common identity on the basis of same history, common territory, common dilects and languages and common future aspirations. The feeling of nationalism leads to patriotism which teach the people commitment and sacrifice for the motherland.

The extreme patriotism is a negative feeling and is undesirable and harmful in any society. It leads to intolerance of the people of other religions, regions, culture and nationalities. Therefore there has to be same checks on the extreme and negative form of nationalism. Followings are the main factors which put some limitations on the nationalism and particularly on extreme nationalism

1. Democracy
Democracy is based on equality, justice, tolerance and human values which remove any kind of extremism. There is no place of extremism in democracy. In this way democracy is a big factor in checking and limiting the nationalism.

2. Secularism
Secularism is another important factor which limit the nationalism to the extent of its desirability. Secularism teaches the lesson of peaceful co-existance of all the people of different religion, belief and culture.

3. Pluralism
Pluralism is a feeling which unite the people of diverse society. It is also important factor which limit the nationalism.

4. Internationalism!
Increasing interdependent of one nation over the other also check the negative aspect of nationalism.

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 11 Political Science Chapter 16 Citizenship Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Citizenship NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 16

Citizenship Questions and Answers Class 11 Political Science Chapter 16

Question 1.
Citizenship as full and equal membership of a political community involves both rights and obligations. Which rights could citizens expect to enjoy in most democratic state today? What kind of obligation will they have to their state and fellow citizens?
Answer:
There was a time when privileges rights and key responsibilities were limited to the limited sections of the society who could be considered worthy of it on the basis of caste, hereditary and socio-economic status. Rarest members of the society were considered incapable of rights as well as the obligations. The society was totally compartmentalised. Now the total environment is changed and no society is so hierarchic due to increasing mobility and means of communication.

In this situation the understanding of the idea of citizenship has gone under change. Now the citizenship has been accepted in its broader sense in its meaning, areas and its scope. It provides large number of people, irrespective of their caste, colour and socio, economic status, the full’and 6c(6a1f membership bf the political community with corresponding rights and obligations.

In modem liberal democratic systems the citizens are given number of rights and duties as per the formulation of T.H. Marshall who has given three kinds of rights

• i.e. Civil Rights
• Political Rights
• Social Rights.

Civil Rights are related with individual’s life and liberty. Political Rights enable people to participate in the political process and process of governance. Social Rights are related with individual’s access to education and employment.

State and all the political communities expect certain duties and obligations from the citizens which are related with law and order, morality, descency, national integration, national service, maintenance of culture and historical monuments and strengthening communal harmony.

Question 2.
All citizens may be granted equal rights but all may not be able to equally exercise them. Explain.
Answer:
Most of the societies have been organised in hierarchic order built on the people’sstatus deteimined on their capabilities and capacities, which may be different as per their socio, economic environment and availability of basic needs and facilities.

In the changed and expanded meaning of the concept of citizenship and in the democratic framework of polity, more and more people are involved in the affairs of the state as citizens. As citizens they are entitled to number of rights, duties and related obligations. In the wake of universal citizenship, people’s participation and involvement is improved manifold.

To ensure equal rights and opportunities for all the citizens may be granted but it will not be a simple matter. Different groups of people may have different needs problems, capabilities and capacities because of their socio-economic environment. The rights for citizens of different group may conflict with the rights of another group. Equal rights also does not mean uniform policies for different groups. To make people more and more equal, the different needs and claims of people, would have to be taken into account.

Another important fact is that aiU the citizens may be granted equal rights but it is not necessary all the citizens will exercise them and enjoy ‘ them equally. Indian Constitution has provided number of fundamental rights to its citizens but only microscopic section of the society has necessary capacities and capabilities to avail them.

Question 3.
Write a short note on any two struggles for full enjoyment of citizen rights which have taken place in India in recent years. Which rights were being claimed in each case?
Answer:
We can identify the following struggles which were undertaken for full enjoyment of citizens rights jn recent years, whose purpose was to change public opinion about their needs.
1. Women’s movement
2. Dalit’s movement

1. Women’s movement : Although India got independence on 15th August, 1947 yet majority of women remained dependent and victim of injustice and discrimination. They were considered inferior to man and incapable to do anything worthwhile. The plight of rural woman was more grim.

But with the spread of literacy and democratic process, more and more women got aware of their capacities and capabilities, which led to the woman’s movement. These women movement attracted the attention of public as well as government which helped in influencing the policies of the government in their favour.

Now, as a result of women’s movement women have entered in all the fields of National life. There is a movement for women empowerment and protection their rights. In India National Women Commission has been set for the promotion of women interests and to ensure their security.

2. Dalit’s movement : Dalits have been another exploited class of Indian society not only before independence but also after independence. They also have been victim of injustice and exploitation for a very long time. In the wake of several social reformer movements and political awakening in the democratic framework of the government Dalit movements also started at different level which helped in changing the scenario

Government took the causes of Dalits at top priority. Reservation is made for them in government jobs as well as in education and politics. Like women, Dalits seats have also been reserved at grass root level also besides in Assemblies and Parliament. As a result of these Dalit movement, they l have now come into the national mainstream and have integrated into the society. They are occupying a respectable positions in society, politics and administration.

Question 4.
What are some of the problems faced by refugees? In > what ways could the concept of global citizenship benefit them? ‘
Answer:
Refugees are the persons who become stateless and try to ;-: settle in other states or are in search of their settlement. These refugees become stateless either due to war, or natural calamities like famine, floods etc. Generally people become refugees in neighbouring countries. . The refugees face number of social, economic and humanitarian problems.

If no state is willing to accept them, they cannot return home ‘ because they have already become homeless. They are homeless and stateless in complete uncertainty. They are forced to live in camps as illegal migrants. Often they cannot legally work and educate their children.

Their children also face uncertain future. They do not own any property. Their problem is so grave that UN has appointed a High – Commissioner for Refugees to try and help them. In 1947 during division of India thousands of people had become Refugees.

All the people (refugees) cannot be absorbed by any state. In fact . this problem is confronting not only to the Refugees but also to the whole world community.The idea of Global citizenship can certainly solve this problem at least to some extent, if not totally. N ew means of communication such as the internet, TV and cell phones have made the idea of global ‘ citizenship more acceptable and feasible.

Supporters of the global citizenship argue that although a world community and global society does not yet exist, people feel linked to each other across national boundaries. People of the international community come together in any kind of natural calamity in any part of the world. This feeling of togetherness strengthen the idea of global citizenship which will go a ‘ long way in solving the problem of refugees.

Question 5.
Migration of people to different regions within the country is often resisted by the local inhabitants. What are some of the contributions that the migrants could make to the local economy?
Answer:
The process of migration and resulting number of refugees with their related problems have evoked sharp reactions which we see in locals. They consider them as their competitors. A division soon develops between insiders and outsiders. Outsiders are seen as threat to their life.

Similar trends are visible in cities regions and even different nations. Palestinian people have not yet settled. Similar is the dispute in Sri Lanka. Local people make every effort to check the entry of outsiders. We see slogans in India like Mumbai for Mumbaiwalas, Haryana is for Haryanvis. North-South feelings are also developed. The theory of son of soil is also developed in this context.

This situation of confrontation between the insides and outsiders, locals and refugees have given rize to the need of full and equal membership for every one. Number of coqflicts are reported from North East states, Mumbai and Punjab. Biharis have migrated to different parts of the country in search of job, where they have created riot between the Beharis and the locals.

The migration of people from one part of the state to another part is search of jobs and business has both negative as well as positive aspects. They have generated rift between insiders and outsiders or they may have posed threat to jobs and civic facilities like education, health, water and electricity but they have positive aspect also. Such migrated people are generally hard workers and make useful contribution in the economy of the state where they work as outside workers.

Labourers, workers and specialist workers are working in different states and are making useful contributions and names. Unskilled workers from UP, Bihar and Bengal are earning their livelihood in Haryana, Western UP and Punjab which they are unable to earn in their homes. Some people even travel outside the country.

Markets for skilled workers have developed in different part of the country. I T. professionals (Computer Engineers) are doing good jobs in Bangalore and nurses from Kerela are serving in all the states of the country. They are doing useful and valuable service of mankind without considering to which state they belong.In the booming building industries people and road development, skilled and unskilled workers are doing jobs for them and the country. In our country right of movement is granted by the constitution which is proving very useful.

Question 6.
“Democratic citizenship is a project rather than an accomplished fact even in countries like India which grant equal citizenship.” Discuss some of the issues regarding citizenshi being raised in India today.
Answer:
Ideal definition of citizenship implies full and equal membership of a political community. This defination becomes more and more desirable in a democratic political community. It is a matter of satisfaction that lot of awareness regarding democratic citizenship i e. full and equal membership is generated in most of the countries of the world, yet lot of ground is yet to be covered to achieve the objective of full and equal citizenship in practice.

Therefore it is rightly said that the idea of democratic citizenship is still a project rather than an accomplished fact even in a democratic political community like India which has travelled more than 59 years of democratic electoral politics based on adult Franchise and people’s participation.

The Constitution adopted an essentially democratic and inclusive ‘ citizenship. In India, citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration and naturalisation. The rights and obligations of citizens are listed out in the Constitution. It is also provided that state should not discriminate against citizens or any of them. Such inclusive rights have also not produced the desired results.

The Women movements, the Dalit movements increasing gulf between the rich and poor represent the prevailing situation of compartments of social groups. New issues are constantly being raised as societies change and new demands are made by groups who feel marginalised and alienated from the main stream of the society. In a democratic state these demands have to be attended for the integrated society.